New Process Steel, L. P. v. National Labor Relations Board

(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2009 1

Syllabus

NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is

being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.

The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been

prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.

See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

Syllabus

NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NATIONAL LABOR

RELATIONS BOARD

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR

THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT

No. 08–1457. Argued March 23, 2010—Decided June 17, 2010

The Taft-Hartley Act increased the size of the National Labor Relations

Board (Board) from three members to five, see 29 U. S. C. §153(a),

and amended §3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act to increase

the Board’s quorum requirement from two members to three and to

allow the Board to delegate its authority to groups of at least three

members, see §153(b). In December 2007, the Board—finding itself

with only four members and expecting two more vacancies—

delegated, inter alia, its powers to a group of three members. On De

cember 31, one group member’s appointment expired, but the others

proceeded to issue Board decisions for the next 27 months as a two

member quorum of a three-member group. Two of those decisions

sustained unfair labor practice complaints against petitioner, which

sought review, challenging the two-member Board’s authority to is

sue orders. The Seventh Circuit ruled for the Government, conclud

ing that the two members constituted a valid quorum of a three

member group to which the Board had legitimately delegated its

powers.

Held: Section 3(b) requires that a delegee group maintain a member

ship of three in order to exercise the delegated authority of the Board.

Pp. 4–14.

(a) The first sentence of §3(b), the so-called delegation clause, au

thorizes the Board to delegate its powers only to a “group of three or

more members.” This clause is best read to require that the delegee

group maintain a membership of three in order for the delegation to

remain valid. First, that is the only way to harmonize and give

meaningful effect to all of §3(b)’s provisions: (1) the delegation clause;

(2) the vacancy clause, which provides that “[a] vacancy in the Board

2 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Syllabus

shall not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise all of

the powers of the Board”; (3) the Board quorum requirement, which

mandates that “three members of the Board shall, at all times, con

stitute a quorum of the Board”; and (4) the group quorum provision,

which provides that “two members shall constitute a quorum” of any

delegee group. This reading is consonant with the Board quorum re

quirement of three participating members “at all times,” and it gives

material effect to the delegation clause’s three-member rule. It also

permits the vacancy clause to operate to provide that vacancies do

not impair the Board’s ability to take action, so long as the quorum is

satisfied. And it does not render inoperative the group quorum pro

vision, which continues to authorize a properly constituted three

member delegee group to issue a decision with only two members

participating when one is disqualified from a case. The Govern

ment’s contrary reading allows two members to act as the Board ad

infinitum, dramatically undercutting the Board quorum require

ment’s significance by allowing its permanent circumvention. It also

diminishes the delegation clause’s three-member requirement by

permitting a de facto two-member delegation. By allowing the Board

to include a third member in the group for only one minute before her

term expires, this approach also gives no meaningful effect to the

command implicit in both the delegation clause and the Board quo

rum requirement that the Board’s full power be vested in no fewer

than three members. Second, had Congress intended to authorize

two members to act on an ongoing basis, it could have used straight

forward language. The Court’s interpretation is consistent with the

Board’s longstanding practice of reconstituting a delegee group when

one group member’s term expired. Pp. 4–9.

(b) The Government’s several arguments against the Court’s inter

pretation—that the group quorum requirement and vacancy clause

together permit two members of a three-member group to constitute

a quorum even when there is no third member; that the vacancy

clause establishes that a vacancy in the group has no effect; and that

reading the statute to authorize the Board to act with only two mem

bers advances the congressional objective of Board efficiency—are

unconvincing. Pp. 9–14.

564 F. 3d 840, reversed and remanded.

STEVENS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ROBERTS,

C. J., and SCALIA, THOMAS, and ALITO, JJ., joined. KENNEDY, J., filed a

dissenting opinion, in which GINSBURG, BREYER, and SOTOMAYOR, JJ.,

joined.

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 1

Opinion of the Court

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the

preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to

notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash

ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order

that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

_________________

No. 08–1457

_________________

NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P., PETITIONER v.

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF

APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT

[June 17, 2010]

JUSTICE STEVENS delivered the opinion of the Court.

The Taft-Hartley Act, enacted in 1947, increased the

size of the National Labor Relations Board (Board) from

three members to five. See 29 U. S. C. §153(a). Concur

rent with that change, the Taft-Hartley Act amended §3(b)

of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) to increase

the quorum requirement for the Board from two members

to three, and to allow the Board to delegate its authority to

groups of at least three members. See §153(b). The ques

tion in this case is whether, following a delegation of the

Board’s powers to a three-member group, two members

may continue to exercise that delegated authority once the

group’s (and the Board’s) membership falls to two. We

hold that two remaining Board members cannot exercise

such authority.

I

As 2007 came to a close, the Board found itself with four

members and one vacancy. It anticipated two more vacan

cies at the end of the year, when the recess appointments

of Members Kirsanow and Walsh were set to expire, which

would leave the Board with only two members—too few to

2 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

meet the Board’s quorum requirement, §153(b). The four

sitting members decided to take action in an effort to

preserve the Board’s authority to function. On December

20, 2007, the Board made two delegations of its authority,

effective as of midnight December 28, 2007. First, the

Board delegated to the general counsel continuing author

ity to initiate and conduct litigation that would normally

require case-by-case approval of the Board. See Minute of

Board Action (Dec. 20, 2007), App. to Brief for Petitioner

4a–5a (hereinafter Board Minutes). Second, the Board

delegated “to Members Liebman, Schaumber and Kir

sanow, as a three-member group, all of the Board’s pow

ers, in anticipation of the adjournment of the 1st Session

of the 110th Congress.” Id., at 5a. The Board expressed

the opinion that its action would permit the remaining two

members to exercise the powers of the Board “after [the]

departure of Members Kirsanow and Walsh, because the

remaining Members will constitute a quorum of the three

member group.” Ibid.

The Board’s minutes explain that it relied on “the statu

tory language” of §3(b), as well as an opinion issued by the

Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), for the proposition that the

Board may use this delegation procedure to “issue deci

sions during periods when three or more of the five seats

on the Board are vacant.” Id., at 6a. The OLC had con

cluded in 2003 that “if the Board delegated all of its pow

ers to a group of three members, that group could continue

to issue decisions and orders as long as a quorum of two

members remained.” Dept. of Justice, OLC, Quorum

Requirements, App. to Brief for Respondent 3a. In seek

ing the OLC’s advice, the Board agreed to accept the

OLC’s answer regarding its ability to operate with only

two members, id., at 1a, n. 1, and the Board in its minutes

therefore “acknowledged that it is bound” by the OLC

opinion. Board Minutes 6a. The Board noted, however,

that it was not bound to make this delegation; rather, it

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 3

Opinion of the Court

had “decided to exercise its discretion” to do so. Ibid.

On December 28, 2007, the Board’s delegation to the

three-member group of Members Liebman, Schaumber,

and Kirsanow became effective. On December 31, 2007,

Member Kirsanow’s recess appointment expired. Thus,

starting on January 1, 2008, Members Liebman and

Schaumber became the only members of the Board. They

proceeded to issue decisions for the Board as a two

member quorum of a three-member group. The delegation

automatically terminated on March 27, 2010, when the

President made two recess appointments to the Board,

because the terms of the delegation specified that it would

be revoked when the Board’s membership returned to at

least three members, id., at 7a.

During the 27-month period in which the Board had

only two members, it decided almost 600 cases. See Letter

from Elena Kagan, Solicitor General, to William K. Suter,

Clerk of Court (Apr. 26, 2010). One of those cases involved

petitioner New Process Steel. In September 2008, the two

member Board issued decisions sustaining two unfair

labor practice complaints against petitioner. See New

Process Steel, LP, 353 N. L. R. B. No. 25 (2008); New Proc

ess Steel, LP, 353 N. L. R. B. No. 13 (2008). Petitioner

sought review of both orders in the Court of Appeals for

the Seventh Circuit, and challenged the authority of the

two-member Board to issue the orders.

The court ruled in favor of the Government. After a

review of the text and legislative history of §3(b) and the

sequence of events surrounding the delegation of authority

in December 2007, the court concluded that the then

sitting two members constituted a valid quorum of a

three-member group to which the Board had legitimately

delegated all its powers. 564 F. 3d 840, 845–847 (CA7

2009). On the same day that the Seventh Circuit issued

its decision in this case, the Court of Appeals for the Dis

trict of Columbia announced a decision coming to the

4 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

opposite conclusion. Laurel Baye Healthcare of Lake

Lanier, Inc. v. NLRB, 564 F. 3d 469 (2009). We granted

certiorari to resolve the conflict.1 558 U. S. ___ (2009).

II

The Board’s quorum requirements and delegation pro

cedure are set forth in §3(b) of the NLRA, 49 Stat. 451, as

amended by 61 Stat. 139, which provides:

“The Board is authorized to delegate to any group of

three or more members any or all of the powers which

it may itself exercise. . . . A vacancy in the Board

shall not impair the right of the remaining members

to exercise all of the powers of the Board, and three

members of the Board shall, at all times, constitute a

quorum of the Board, except that two members shall

constitute a quorum of any group designated pursuant

to the first sentence hereof.” 29 U. S. C. §153(b).

It is undisputed that the first sentence of this provision

authorized the Board to delegate its powers to the three

member group effective on December 28, 2007, and the

last sentence authorized two members of that group to act

as a quorum of the group during the next three days if, for

example, the third member had to recuse himself from a

particular matter. The question we face is whether those

two members could continue to act for the Board as a

quorum of the delegee group after December 31, 2007,

when the Board’s membership fell to two and the desig

nated three-member group of “Members Liebman,

Schaumber, and Kirsanow” ceased to exist due to the

——————

1 Several other Courts of Appeals reached the same conclusion as the

Seventh Circuit, although not always following the same reasoning.

See Northeastern Land Servs., Ltd. v. NLRB, 560 F. 3d 36, 41 (CA1

2009); Snell Island SNF LLC v. NLRB, 568 F. 3d 410, 424 (CA2 2009);

Narricot Industries, L. P. v. NLRB, 587 F. 3d 654, 660 (CA4 2009);

Teamsters Local Union No. 523 v. NLRB, 590 F. 3d 849, 852 (CA10

2009).

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 5

Opinion of the Court

expiration of Member Kirsanow’s term. Construing §3(b)

as a whole and in light of the Board’s longstanding prac

tice, we are persuaded that they could not.

The first sentence of §3(b), which we will call the delega

tion clause, provides that the Board may delegate its

powers only to a “group of three or more members.” 61

Stat. 139. There are two different ways to interpret that

language. One interpretation, put forward by the Gov

ernment, would read the clause to require only that a

delegee group contain three members at the precise time

the Board delegates its powers, and to have no continuing

relevance after the moment of the initial delegation.

Under that reading, two members alone may exercise the

full power of the Board so long as they were part of a

delegee group that, at the time of its creation, included

three members. The other interpretation, by contrast,

would read the clause as requiring that the delegee group

maintain a membership of three in order for the delega

tion to remain valid. Three main reasons support the

latter reading.

First, and most fundamentally, reading the delegation

clause to require that the Board’s delegated power be

vested continuously in a group of three members is the

only way to harmonize and give meaningful effect to all of

the provisions in §3(b). See Duncan v. Walker, 533 U. S.

167, 174 (2001) (declining to adopt a “construction of the

statute, [that] would render [a term] insignificant”); Mar

ket Co. v. Hoffman, 101 U. S. 112, 115–116 (1879) (“[A]

statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed that, if it

can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall be . . .

insignificant” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Those

provisions are: (1) the delegation clause; (2) the vacancy

clause, which provides that “[a] vacancy in the Board shall

not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise

all of the powers of the Board”; (3) the Board quorum

requirement, which mandates that “three members of the

6 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

Board shall, at all times, constitute a quorum of the

Board”; and (4) the group quorum provision, which pro

vides that “two members shall constitute a quorum” of any

delegee group. See §153(b).

Interpreting the statute to require the Board’s powers to

be vested at all times in a group of at least three members

is consonant with the Board quorum requirement, which

requires three participating members “at all times” for the

Board to act. The interpretation likewise gives material

effect to the three-member requirement in the delegation

clause. The vacancy clause still operates to provide that

vacancies do not impair the ability of the Board to take

action, so long as the quorum is satisfied. And the inter

pretation does not render inoperative the group quorum

provision, which still operates to authorize a three

member delegee group to issue a decision with only two

members participating, so long as the delegee group was

properly constituted. Reading §3(b) in this manner, the

statute’s various pieces hang together—a critical clue that

this reading is a sound one.

The contrary reading, on the other hand, allows two

members to act as the Board ad infinitum, which dramati

cally undercuts the significance of the Board quorum

requirement by allowing its permanent circumvention.

That reading also makes the three-member requirement

in the delegation clause of vanishing significance, because

it allows a de facto delegation to a two-member group, as

happened in this case. Under the Government’s approach,

it would satisfy the statute for the Board to include a third

member in the group for only one minute before her term

expires; the approach gives no meaningful effect to the

command implicit in both the delegation clause and in the

Board quorum requirement that the Board’s full power be

vested in no fewer than three members. Hence, while the

Government’s reading of the delegation clause is textually

permissible in a narrow sense, it is structurally implausi

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 7

Opinion of the Court

ble, as it would render two of §3(b)’s provisions function

ally void.

Second, and relatedly, if Congress had intended to

authorize two members alone to act for the Board on an

ongoing basis, it could have said so in straightforward

language. Congress instead imposed the requirement that

the Board delegate authority to no fewer than three mem

bers, and that it have three participating members to

constitute a quorum. Those provisions are at best an

unlikely way of conveying congressional approval of a two

member Board. Indeed, had Congress wanted to provide

for two members alone to act as the Board, it could have

maintained the NLRA’s original two-member Board quo

rum provision, see 29 U. S. C. §153(b) (1946 ed.), or pro

vided for a delegation of the Board’s authority to groups of

two. The Rube Goldberg-style delegation mechanism

employed by the Board in 2007—delegating to a group of

three, allowing a term to expire, and then continuing with

a two-member quorum of a phantom delegee group—is

surely a bizarre way for the Board to achieve the authority

to decide cases with only two members. To conclude that

Congress intended to authorize such a procedure to con

travene the three-member Board quorum, we would need

some evidence of that intent.

The Government has not adduced any convincing evi

dence on this front, and to the contrary, our interpretation

is consistent with the longstanding practice of the Board.

This is the third factor driving our decision. Although the

Board has throughout its history allowed two members of

a three-member group to issue decisions when one mem

ber of a group was disqualified from a case, see Brief for

Respondent 20; Board Minutes 6a, the Board has not

(until recently) allowed two members to act as a quorum of

a defunct three-member group.2 Instead, the Board con

——————

2 When one member of a group is disqualified, only two members

8 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

cedes that its practice was to reconstitute a delegee group

when one group member’s term expired. Brief for Respon

dent 39, n. 27.3 That our interpretation of the delegation

provision is consistent with the Board’s longstanding

practice is persuasive evidence that it is the correct one,

notwithstanding the Board’s more recent view. See Bowen

v. Georgetown Univ. Hospital, 488 U. S. 204, 214 (1988).

In sum, a straightforward understanding of the text,

which requires that no fewer than three members be

vested with the Board’s full authority, coupled with the

Board’s longstanding practice, points us toward an inter

pretation of the delegation clause that requires a delegee

group to maintain a membership of three.

III

Against these points, the Government makes several

arguments that we find unconvincing. It first argues that

§3(b) authorizes the Board’s action by its plain terms,

notwithstanding the somewhat fictional nature of the

delegation to a three-member group with the expectation

that within days it would become a two-member group. In

——————

actually participate in the decision. That circumstance thus also

presents the problem of the possible inferiority of two-member deci

sionmaking. That the Board found it necessary to reconstitute groups

only when there was a vacancy, and not when there was a disqualifica

tion, suggests that its practice was driven by more than its belief in

the “superiority of three-member groups,” post, at 10 (KENNEDY, J.,

dissenting).

3 It also has not been the Board’s practice to issue decisions when the

Board’s membership has fallen to two. For about a 2-month period in

1993–1994, and a 1-month period in 2001–2002, the Board had only

two members and did not issue decisions. Brief for Respondent 5, n. 4.

In 2005, the Board did delegate its authority to a three-member group,

of which two members issued a few orders as a quorum during a 3-day

period in which the Board’s (and the group’s) membership fell below

three. Ibid. But the two-member Board at issue in this case, extending

over two years, is unprecedented in the history of the post-Taft-Hartley

Board.

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 9

Opinion of the Court

particular, the Government contends the group quorum

requirement and the vacancy clause together make clear

that when the Board has delegated its power to a three

member group, “any two members of that group constitute

a quorum that may continue to exercise the delegated

powers, regardless whether the third group member . . .

continues to sit on the Board” and regardless “whether a

quorum remains in the full Board.” Brief for Respondent

17; see also id., at 20–23.

Although the group quorum provision clearly authorizes

two members to act as a quorum of a “group designated

pursuant to the first sentence”—i.e., a group of at least

three members—it does not, by its plain terms, authorize

two members to constitute a valid delegee group. A quo

rum is the number of members of a larger body that must

participate for the valid transaction of business. See

Black’s Law Dictionary 1370 (9th ed. 2009) (defining

“quorum” as the “minimum number of members . . . who

must be present for a deliberative assembly to legally

transact business”); 13 Oxford English Dictionary 51 (2d

ed. 1989) (“A fixed number of members of any body . . .

whose presence is necessary for the proper or valid trans

action of business”); Webster’s New International Diction

ary 2046 (2d ed. 1954) (“Such a number of the officers or

members of any body as is, when duly assembled, legally

competent to transact business”). But the fact that there

are sufficient members participating to constitute a quo

rum does not necessarily establish that the larger body is

properly constituted or can validly exercise authority.4 In

——————

4 Nor does failure to meet a quorum requirement necessarily establish

that an entity’s power is suspended so that it can be exercised by no

delegee. The requisite membership of an organization, and the number

of members who must participate for it to take an action, are two

separate (albeit related) characteristics. Thus, although we reach the

same result, we do not adopt the District of Columbia Circuit’s equation

of a quorum requirement with a membership requirement that must be

10 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

other words, that only two members must participate to

transact business in the name of the group, does not estab

lish that the group itself can exercise the Board’s author

ity when the group’s membership falls below three.

The Government nonetheless contends that quorum

rules “ordinarily” define the number of members that is

both necessary and sufficient for an entity to take an

action. Brief for Respondent 20. Therefore, because of the

quorum provision, if “at least two members of a delegee

group actually participate in a decision . . . that should be

the end of the matter,” regardless of vacancies in the

group or on the Board. Ibid. But even if quorum provi

sions ordinarily provide the rule for dealing with vacan

cies—i.e., even if they ordinarily make irrelevant any

vacancies in the remainder of the larger body—the quo

rum provisions in §3(b) do no such thing. Rather, there is

a separate clause addressing vacancies. The vacancy

clause, recall, provides that “[a] vacancy in the Board shall

not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise

all of the powers of the Board.” §153(b) (2006 ed.). We

thus understand the quorum provisions merely to define

the number of members who must participate in a deci

——————

satisfied or else the power of any entity to which the Board has dele

gated authority is suspended. See Laurel Baye Healthcare of Lake

Lanier, Inc. v. NLRB, 564 F. 3d 469, 475 (2009) (“[T]he Board quorum

provision establishes that the power of the Board to act exists [only]

when the Board consists of three members. The delegee group’s dele

gated power to act . . . ceases when the Board’s membership dips below

the Board quorum of three members” (citation omitted)). The Board

may not, of course, itself take any action absent sufficient membership

to muster a quorum (three), and in that sense a quorum requirement

establishes a minimum membership level. Our conclusion that the

delegee group ceases to exist once there are no longer three Board

members to constitute the group does not cast doubt on the prior

delegations of authority to nongroup members, such as the regional

directors or the general counsel. The latter implicates a separate

question that our decision does not address.

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 11

Opinion of the Court

sion, and look to the vacancy clause to determine whether

vacancies in excess of that number have any effect on an

entity’s authority to act.

The Government argues that the vacancy clause estab

lishes that a vacancy in the group has no effect. But the

clause speaks to the effect of a vacancy in the Board on the

authority to exercise the powers of the Board; it does not

provide a delegee group authority to act when there is a

vacancy in the group. It is true that any vacancy in the

group is necessarily also a vacancy in the Board (although

the converse is not true), and that a group exercises the

(delegated) “powers of the Board.” But §3(b) explicitly

distinguishes between a group and the Board throughout,

and in light of that distinction we do not think “Board”

should be read to include “group” when doing so would

negate for all practical purposes the command that

a delegation must be made to a group of at least three

members.

Some courts have nonetheless interpreted the quorum

and vacancy provisions of §3(b) by analogizing to an appel

late panel, which may decide a case even though only two

of the three initially assigned judges remain on the panel.

See Photo-Sonics, Inc. v. NLRB, 678 F. 2d 121, 122–123

(CA9 1982). The governing statute provides that a case

may be decided “by separate panels, each consisting of

three judges,” 28 U. S. C. §46(b), but that a “majority of

the number of judges authorized to constitute a court or

panel thereof . . . shall constitute a quorum,” §46(d). We

have interpreted that statute to “requir[e] the inclusion of

at least three judges in the first instance,” but to allow a

two-judge “quorum to proceed to judgment when one

member of the panel dies or is disqualified.” Nguyen v.

United States, 539 U. S. 69, 82 (2003). But §46, which

addresses the assignment of particular cases to panels, is

a world apart from this statute, which authorizes the

standing delegation of all the Board’s powers to a small

12 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

group.5 Given the difference between a panel constituted

to decide particular cases and the creation of a standing

panel plenipotentiary, which will decide many cases aris

ing long after the third member departs, there is no basis

for reading the statutes similarly. Moreover, our reading

of the court of appeals quorum provision was informed by

the longstanding practice of allowing two judges from the

initial panel to proceed to judgment in the case of a va

cancy, see ibid., and as we have already explained, the

Board’s practice has been precisely the opposite.

Finally, we are not persuaded by the Government’s

argument that we should read the statute to authorize the

Board to act with only two members in order to advance

the congressional objective of Board efficiency. Brief for

Respondent 26. In the Government’s view, Congress’

establishment of the two-member quorum for a delegee

group reflected its comfort with pre-Taft-Hartley practice,

when the then-three-member Board regularly issued

decisions with only two members. Id., at 24. But it is

unsurprising that two members regularly issued Board

decisions prior to Taft-Hartley, because the statute then

provided for a Board quorum of two. See 29 U. S. C.

§153(b) (1946 ed.). Congress changed that requirement to

a three-member quorum for the Board. As we noted

above, if Congress had wanted to allow the Board to con

tinue to operate with only two members, it could have kept

the Board quorum requirement at two.6

——————

5 In any event, if the analogy to the appellate courts were correct,

then one might have to examine each Board decision individually.

Petitioner’s case was not initially assigned to a three-member panel

and thereafter decided by two members after one member had retired.

Instead, by the time petitioner’s case came before the Board, Member

Kirsanow had long departed. In practical terms, petitioner’s case was

both assigned to and decided by a two-member delegee group.

6 We have no doubt that Congress intended “to preserve the ability of

two members of the Board to exercise the Board’s full powers, in limited

circumstances,” post, at 12, as when a two-member quorum of a prop

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 13

Opinion of the Court

Furthermore, if Congress had intended to allow for a

two-member Board, it is hard to imagine why it would

have limited the Board’s power to delegate its authority by

requiring a delegee group of at least three members. Nor

do we have any reason to surmise that Congress’ overrid

ing objective in amending §3(b) was to keep the Board

operating at all costs; the inclusion of the three-member

quorum and delegation provisions indicate otherwise. Cf.

Robert’s Rules of Order §3, p. 20 (10th ed. 2001) (“The

requirement of a quorum is a protection against totally

unrepresentative action in the name of the body by an

unduly small number of persons”).

IV

In sum, we find that the Board quorum requirement and

the three-member delegation clause should not be read as

easily surmounted technical obstacles of little to no im

port. Our reading of the statute gives effect to those pro

visions without rendering any other provision of the stat

ute superfluous: The delegation clause still operates to

allow the Board to act in panels of three, and the group

quorum provision still operates to allow any panel to issue

a decision by only two members if one member is disquali

fied. Our construction is also consistent with the Board’s

longstanding practice with respect to delegee groups. We

thus hold that the delegation clause requires that a

delegee group maintain a membership of three in order to

exercise the delegated authority of the Board.

We are not insensitive to the Board’s understandable

desire to keep its doors open despite vacancies.7 Nor are

——————

erly constituted delegee group issues a decision for the Board in a

particular case. But we doubt “Congress intended to preserve” the pre-

Taft-Hartley practice of two members acting for the Board when the

third seat was vacant, post, at 11, because it declined to preserve the

pre-Taft-Hartley two-member Board quorum.

7 Former Board members have identified turnover and vacancies as a

14 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

Opinion of the Court

we unaware of the costs that delay imposes on the liti

gants. If Congress wishes to allow the Board to decide

cases with only two members, it can easily do so. But

until it does, Congress’ decision to require that the Board’s

full power be delegated to no fewer than three members,

and to provide for a Board quorum of three, must be given

practical effect rather than swept aside in the face of

admittedly difficult circumstances. Section 3(b), as it

currently exists, does not authorize the Board to create a

tail that would not only wag the dog, but would continue

to wag after the dog died.

The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

——————

significant impediment to the operations of the Board. See Truesdale,

Battling Case Backlogs at the NLRB, 16 Lab. Law. 1, 5 (2000) (“[I]t is

clear that turnover and vacancies have a major impact on Board

productivity”); Higgins, Labor Czars—Commissars—Keeping Women in

the Kitchen—the Purpose and Effects of the Administrative Changes

Made by Taft-Hartley, 47 Cath. U. L. Rev. 941, 953 (1998) (“Taft-

Hartley’s Achilles heel is the appointment process. . . . In the past

twenty years . . . Board member turnover and delays in appointments

and in the confirmation process have kept the Board from reaching its

true potential”).

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 1

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

_________________

No. 08–1457

_________________

NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P., PETITIONER v.

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF

APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT

[June 17, 2010]

JUSTICE KENNEDY, with whom JUSTICE GINSBURG,

JUSTICE BREYER, and JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR join, dissent

ing.

As of the day this case was argued before the Court, the

National Labor Relations Board (Board), constituted as a

five-member board, had operated with but two members

for more than 26 months. That state of affairs, to say the

least, was not ideal. This may be an underlying reason for

the Court’s conclusion. Despite the fact that the statute’s

plain terms permit a two-member quorum of a properly

designated three-member group to issue orders, the Court

holds that the two-member quorum lost all authority to

act once the third member left the Board. Under the

Court’s holding, the Board was unauthorized to resolve

the more than 500 cases it addressed during those 26

months in the course of carrying out its responsibility “to

remove obstructions to the free flow of commerce” through

“the promotion of industrial peace.” NLRB v. Fansteel

Metallurgical Corp., 306 U. S. 240, 257 (1939). This result

is removed even farther from the ideal and from congres

sional intent, as revealed in the statutory design. So it is

hard to make the case that the Court’s interpretation of

the statute either furthers its most evident purposes or

leads to the more sensible outcome.

Indeed, in my view, the objectives of the statute, which

2 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

must be to ensure orderly operations when the Board is

not at full strength as well as efficient operations when it

is, are better respected by a statutory interpretation that

dictates a result opposite to the one reached by the Court.

And in all events, the outcome of the case is but a check on

the accuracy of the textual analysis; and here the text of

the statute, which must control, does not support the

holding of the Court. These reasons, and those to be

further discussed, inform this respectful dissent.

I

The Board, by statute, consists of five members. 29

U. S. C. §153(a). Section 153(b) provides a mechanism in

which the Board can delegate all of its powers to a three

member group. As relevant here, the statute consists of

three parts. First, a delegation clause:

“The Board is authorized to delegate to any group of

three or more members any or all of the powers which

it may itself exercise.”

Then, a vacancy clause:

“A vacancy in the Board shall not impair the right of

the remaining members to exercise all of the powers of

the Board . . . .”

And finally, immediately following the vacancy clause, are

the Board and group quorum provisions:

“[A]nd three members of the Board shall, at all times,

constitute a quorum of the Board, except that two

members shall constitute a quorum of any group des

ignated pursuant to the first sentence hereof.”

As the Court acknowledges, ante, at 4, the three

member group of Members Liebman, Schaumber, and

Kirsanow were a “group designated pursuant to the first

sentence” of §153(b). As such, a two-member quorum of

that group had statutory authorization to issue orders;

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 3

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

and that is precisely what Members Liebman and

Schaumber did. Because the group was properly desig

nated under §153(b) and a two-member quorum of the

group was authorized to act under the statute’s plain

terms, its actions were lawful. See Connecticut Nat. Bank

v. Germain, 503 U. S. 249, 253–254 (1992) (“[I]n interpret

ing a statute a court should always turn first to one, car

dinal canon before all others. . . . [C]ourts must presume

that a legislature says in a statute what it means and

means in a statute what it says”).

Nothing in the statute suggests that a delegation to a

three-member group expires when one member’s seat

becomes vacant, as the Court holds today. In other con

texts, it is settled law that a vacancy in a delegee group

does not void the initial delegation. See Nguyen v. United

States, 539 U. S. 69, 82 (2003) (concerning vacancies in

three-member panels of the courts of appeals). Any doubt

on that point should be resolved by this specific statutory

instruction: “A vacancy in the Board shall not impair the

right of the remaining members to exercise all of the

powers of the Board.” Members Liebman and Schaumber

were exercising the powers of the Board as its remaining

members; yet the Court today holds that the vacancy

impaired their right to exercise those powers in hundreds

of cases. That conclusion is contrary to the statutory

mandate.

By its holding, the Court rejects a straightforward read

ing that it acknowledges is “textually permissible.” Ante,

at 6. It does so because, in its view, it is “structurally

implausible.” Ante, at 6−7. But the only textually permis

sible reading of §153(b) authorizes a two-member quorum

of a delegee group to issue orders, as was done here; and

in any event there is no structural implausibility in read

ing the statute according to its plain terms.

4 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

II

The Court reads the statute to require a delegee group

to maintain three members. Unable to find this require

ment in the statute’s text, the Court gives three reasons

for its interpretation. Those reasons do not withstand

scrutiny.

A

The first reason the Court gives for its interpretation is

that reading the statute to require a delegee group to

maintain three members “is the only way to harmonize

and give meaningful effect to all of the provisions in”

§153(b). Ante, at 5. This is not so. But it should be fur

ther noted that the argument advanced by the Court is not

that the Government’s interpretation of the statute ren

ders any provision superfluous or without a role to play in

the statutory scheme. Instead, the Court surmises that

certain provisions would not have “meaningful,” “mate

rial,” or “practical” effect, ante, at 5, 6, 14. But that is just

to say that the Court has determined, in its own judgment,

that some provisions should have a greater role than

provided by the text of the statute.

The Government’s reading of the statute does not render

any clause meaningless. The full Board must have three

or more members in order to conduct any business, includ

ing delegating its authority to a three-member group, as

required under the Board quorum provision. This provi

sion applies “at all times” to the Board acting as a whole.

Two members of the Board could not conduct any business

unless they were previously designated by the full Board

as members of a delegee group with such authority. Any

delegation of the Board’s authority must be to at least

three members, as required by the delegation clause. Any

group to which the Board has properly delegated its au

thority must have two members present to act, as required

by the group quorum provision. This reading gives the

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 5

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

delegation clause and each of the quorum provisions inde

pendent meaning.

Where two members act as a quorum of a group, the

statute (unlike the Court) is indifferent to the reason for

the third member’s absence, be it illness, recusal, or va

cancy. The Court would hold that two members of a group

can act as a quorum so long as the third’s absence is not

due to a vacancy; yet the vacancy clause makes it clear

that the authority of Board “members” to act shall not be

impaired by vacancies. The clause includes all members,

including those acting as part of three-member groups.

The Court in effect would rewrite the group quorum

provision to say, “two members shall constitute a quorum

of any group [unless the third member’s absence is due to

a vacancy].” Even if the statute said nothing about vacan

cies, this would be a misreading of the quorum provision.

A “quorum” is the “minimum number of members . . . who

must be present for a deliberative assembly to legally

transact business.” See Black’s Law Dictionary 1370 (9th

ed. 2009) (hereinafter Black’s). As the Court has made

clear in the past, quorum requirements are generally

indifferent to the reasons underlying any particular mem

ber’s absence. See Nguyen, 539 U. S., at 82.

For instance, the Court has previously discussed a

statute governing the delegation of power to three-member

panels of the federal courts of appeals. Ibid. That statute

provides: “A majority of the number of judges authorized

to constitute a court or panel thereof . . . shall constitute a

quorum.” 28 U. S. C. §46(d). While the statute makes no

mention of vacancies, the Court had little trouble conclud

ing that the statute “permits a quorum to proceed to

judgment when one member of the panel dies or is dis

qualified.” Nguyen, supra, at 82. The Court today offers

to distinguish Nguyen as being “informed by the long

standing practice of allowing two judges from the initial

panel to proceed to judgment in the case of a vacancy.”

6 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

Ante, at 12. But there was little if any reliance on any

such practice in Nguyen. In noting that its conclusion was

a matter of “settled law,” the Court relied on the text of

the statute and a single case that itself looked directly to

the statutory text of §46(d). Nguyen, supra, at 82 (citing

United States v. Allied Stevedoring Corp., 241 F. 2d 925,

927 (CA2 1957) (L. Hand, J.)).

If the group quorum provision leaves any room for doubt

that it applies in cases of vacancy, its application is made

clearer by the vacancy clause itself. That clause states in

unequivocal terms that “[a] vacancy in the Board shall not

impair the right of the remaining members to exercise all

of the powers of the Board.” §153(b). The Court makes

much of the fact that the statute refers to a vacancy in the

“Board” rather than in a “group.” But the former category

subsumes the latter. That is, the phrase “[a] vacancy in

the Board” covers the entire universe of instances in which

there may be a vacancy in a group, because all group

members are Board members.

The Court counters that the vacancy clause “speaks to

the effect of a vacancy in the Board on the authority to

exercise the powers of the Board,” ante, at 11, as opposed

to a vacancy in a group. But the Court’s abridged re

statement of the vacancy clause suffers from a critical

imprecision. The Court’s point would be well taken if the

vacancy clause stated that “a vacancy in the Board shall

not affect the power of the Board to operate.” But the

clause instead states that “[a] vacancy in the Board shall

not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise

all of the powers of the Board.” Delegee groups consist of

members exercising the powers of the Board. This clause

thus instructs that a vacancy in the Board shall not im

pair the right of members to exercise the Board’s powers,

an authority that members of delegee groups possess. But

under the Court’s reading, vacancies in the Board will

often impair the right of the remaining members to exer

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 7

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

cise the powers of the Board, notwithstanding the explicit

statutory command to the contrary.

In an effort to avoid the mandates of the group quorum

provision, as buttressed by the vacancy clause, the Court

relies on the delegation clause. The Court reads the

clause as requiring a delegee group to maintain three

members in order for its authority to remain intact. In my

respectful submission, this reading of the statute, in which

any vacancy in a delegee group somehow invalidates the

delegation itself, has no textual basis. Contrary to the

Court’s and petitioner’s assertions, the delegation clause is

not rendered unimportant under the Government’s inter

pretation. The delegation clause establishes what is re

quired for delegation in the first instance, while the va

cancy clause and the group quorum provision allow the

delegee group to proceed in the event that a member’s

term expires or a member resigns.

Congress could have required a delegee group to main

tain three members, but it did not do so; instead, it in

cluded a vacancy clause that is an explicit rejection of such

a requirement. That is no doubt why the Court’s reading

has not been adopted by the five Courts of Appeals to have

rejected its result. See Teamsters Local Union No. 523 v.

NLRB, 590 F. 3d 849 (CA10 2009); Narricot Indus., L. P.

v. NLRB, 587 F. 3d 654 (CA4 2009); Snell Island SNF

LLC v. NLRB, 568 F. 3d 410 (CA2 2009); 564 F. 3d 840

(CA7 2009); Northeastern Land Servs., Ltd. v. NLRB, 560

F. 3d 36 (CA1 2009). While one court of appeals reached

the same result as the Court, it too did not adopt the

Court’s reasoning that a delegee group must maintain

three members. Laurel Baye Healthcare of Lake Lanier,

Inc. v. NLRB, 564 F. 3d 469, 472−473 (CADC 2009)

(“[T]his delegee group may act with two members so

long as the Board quorum requirement is, ‘at all times,’

satisfied”).

The Court’s reasons for nonetheless reading this re

8 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

quirement into the statutory text bring me to its second

point.

B

The Court’s textual arguments in the end reduce to a

single objection: The Government’s reading of §153(b)

allows two Board members to act as the full Board,

thereby eviscerating the requirement that the Board only

operate with a three-member quorum (or as three-member

panels). This animates the Court’s second reason for

departing from the statutory text, as the Court suggests

that had Congress “intended to authorize two members

alone to act for the Board on an ongoing basis, it could

have said so in straightforward language.” Ante, at 7. But

Congress undoubtedly permitted two members to act for

the Board: Even under the Court’s interpretation, two

members are authorized to exercise the full powers of the

Board so long as they are part of a delegee group that has

fallen to two members due to any reason other than va

cancy. Ante, at 13 (“[T]he group quorum provision still

operates to allow any panel to issue a decision by only two

members if one member is disqualified”).

The Court’s complaint, then, cannot be that Congress

did not intend two members to exercise the powers of the

Board; it must be that Congress did not intend to allow

two members to do so for protracted periods of time. The

Court is likely correct that Congress did not expect a two

member quorum to operate as the Board for extended

periods, but unintended consequences are typically the

result of unforeseen circumstances. And it should be even

more evident that Congress did not intend the Board to

cease operating entirely for an extended period of time, as

the Court’s interpretation of §153(b) now ordains. Mem

bers Liebman and Schaumber issued more than 500 opin

ions when they operated as a two-member quorum of a

properly designated group:

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 9

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

“Those decisions resolved a wide variety of disputes

over union representation and allegations of unfair

labor practices, including cases involving employers’

discharges of employees for exercising their statutory

rights; disputes over secret ballot elections in which

employees voted to select a union representative; pro

tests over employers’ withdrawal of recognition from

union representatives designated by employees; re

fusals by employers or unions to honor their obliga

tion to bargain in good faith; and challenges to the re

quirement that employees pay union dues as a

condition of employment.” Brief for Respondent 6−7

(footnotes omitted).

The Court’s objection, that Congress could have been

more explicit if it wanted two members to operate as the

Board, is misplaced. There is nothing inconsistent about

Congress preferring Board decisions to be made by three

members and advancing that preference through statutory

requirements, while at the same time providing exceptions

for suboptimal circumstances, such as those presented

here. Quorum provisions do not express the legislature’s

judgment about the optimal number of members that

should be present to transact business; they set a floor

that, while less than ideal, provides a minimum number of

participants necessary to protect “against totally unrepre

sentative action.” Robert’s Rules of Order §3, p. 16 (rev.

ed. 1970).

One likely reason Congress did not permit the Board to

delegate its authority to two-member groups in the first

instance is that Congress wanted to avoid two-member

groups in the mine run of cases. Congress’ statutory

scheme achieved that goal, as the Court’s review of the

Board’s historical practices aptly demonstrates. Ante, at

7−8. Congress nonetheless provided for two-member

quorums to operate in extraordinary circumstances, where

10 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

the Board has exercised its discretion to delegate its au

thority to a particular three-member group, and one mem

ber of such a group is unavailable for whatever reason.

The Board’s delegation to a three-member group that

ultimately dwindled to two was a thoughtful and consid

erate exercise of its reasonable discretion when it was

confronted with two imperfect alternatives.

During the past two years, events have turned what

Congress had undoubtedly thought would be an extraordi

nary circumstance into an ordinary one, through no fault

of the Board. That is no reason to dispense with the statu

tory regime that is prescribed when these circumstances

arise, even when they unexpectedly persist.

C

The Court’s final reason for its interpretation is the

Board’s longstanding practice of reconstituting panels

whenever they drop below three members due to a va

cancy. But see Photo-Sonics, Inc. v. NLRB, 678 F. 2d 121,

122−123 (CA9 1982) (upholding decision from a two

member delegee group after third member retired). The

commonsense conclusion from this practice, however, is

that the Board respects the superiority of three-member

groups to two-member quorums of those groups. That the

Board reconstitutes its panels to include three members

does not demonstrate that a two-member group lacks the

authority to act when recomposition is not an option.

The Court is mistaken, then, when it suggests that, if

two-member quorums were permissible, the Board would

have a practice of allowing two-member quorums to per

sist without reconstituting panels. Persuasive authority

shows the contrary to be true. In 2003, the Office of Legal

Counsel advised that two members can operate as a quo

rum of a properly designated group, even if the other seats

on the Board are vacant. The Board agreed to be bound by

that opinion. See Dept. of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel,

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 11

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

Quorum Requirements, App. to Brief for Respondent

1a−3a. Six months later, Board Member Acosta resigned.

See NLRB Bulletin, Ronald Meisburg Receives Recess

Appointment From President Bush to be NLRB Member

(Dec. 29, 2003). Despite OLC’s opinion and the Board’s

position that two-member quorums could exercise the full

powers of the Board, the Board prudently reconstituted

each three-member panel on which Member Acosta served

before his departure because there were enough members

of the Board to do so. Its own prudent actions should not

be used as a reason to strip the Board of a statutory

power.

And a further instructive history comes from the prac

tices of the original Board, before the 1947 Taft-Hartley

Act. The Wagner Act of 1935, 49 Stat. 451, provided for a

three-member Board and contained a vacancy provision

similar to the one found in §153(b): “A vacancy in the

Board shall not impair the right of the remaining mem

bers to exercise all the powers of the Board, and two mem

bers of the Board shall, at all times, constitute a quorum.”

§3(b), 49 Stat. 451. Under this statutory grant of author

ity, from 1935 to 1947 a two-member quorum of the Board

operated during three separate periods when the third

seat was vacant, issuing nearly 500 two-member decisions

during such times. Those two-member Boards issued 3

published decisions in 1936 (reported at 2 N. L. R. B.

198−240); 237 published decisions in 1940 (reported at 27

N. L. R. B. 1−1395 and 28 N. L. R. B. 1−115); and 225

published decisions in 1941 (reported at 35 N. L. R. B.

24−1360 and 36 N. L. R. B. 1−45); see also Brief for Re

spondent 3, n. 1.

Congress intended to preserve this practice when it

enacted the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947. The purpose of the

Taft-Hartley amendment was to increase the Board’s

efficiency by permitting multiple three-member groups to

exercise the full powers of the Board. See S. Rep. No. 105,

12 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

80th Cong., 1st Sess., 8 (1947) (“The expansion of the

Board . . . would permit it to operate in panels of three,

thereby increasing by 100 percent its ability to dispose of

cases expeditiously”). In furtherance of that objective, the

new statutory language in §153(b) complements the con

gressional intent to preserve the ability of two members of

the Board to exercise the Board’s full powers, in limited

circumstances, by permitting the Board to delegate “any or

all” of its powers “to any group of three or more members,”

two members of which would constitute a quorum.

D

The petitioner, but not the Court, advances an alterna

tive interpretation of §153(b) adopted by the United States

Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. See

Brief for Petitioner 16−27; Laurel Baye, 564 F. 3d 469. In

the petitioner’s view, §153(b) requires the Board to have a

quorum of three members “at all times,” and when the

Board’s quorum fell to two members any powers that it

had delegated automatically ceased.

This is a misreading of the statute that the Court

rightly declines to adopt. Ante, at 9−10, n. 4. As ex

plained above, that the Board must meet a three-member

quorum requirement at all times when it wishes to oper

ate as the full Board does not mean it must maintain three

members in order for delegee groups to act. It just means

that the quorum requirement for the full Board, operating

independently of any delegee group, is fixed at three, as

opposed to the various dynamic quorum requirements

found elsewhere in the United States Code. See, e.g., 28

U. S. C. §46(d) (setting the quorum requirements for

courts of appeals at “[a] majority of the number of judges

authorized to constitute a court or panel thereof”); see also

Black’s 1370 (defining “proportional quorum” as: “A quo

rum calculated with reference to some defined or assumed

set, usu. either the number of seats (including vacancies)

Cite as: 560 U. S. ____ (2010) 13

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

or the number of sitting members (excluding vacancies)”).

Petitioner’s reading ignores the operation of the word

“except” in the statute: “[T]hree members of the Board

shall, at all times, constitute a quorum of the Board, ex

cept that two members shall constitute a quorum of any

group.” §153(b).

While the Court does not adopt petitioner’s flawed

reading, it should be noted that its failure to decisively

reject it calls into question various delegations of authority

the Board has made beyond three-member groups. For

instance, §153(d) permits the Board to delegate various

powers to its general counsel, but under petitioner’s view

the general counsel would have lost all authority the

moment the Board fell to two members. See also §153(b)

(permitting Board to delegate certain powers to its re

gional directors). The Court’s assurances that its opinion

“does not cast doubt on the prior delegations of authority

to non-group members,” ante, at 10, n. 4, are cold comfort

when it fails to reject petitioner’s view outright.

* * *

It is not optimal for a two-member quorum to exercise

the full powers of the Board for an extended period of

time. But the desire to avoid that situation cannot justify

the Court’s significant revisions to §153(b): (1) It writes

language into the delegation clause, requiring delegee

groups to maintain a membership of three, despite the

conspicuous absence of this requirement and the statutory

rejection of it in the group quorum provision; (2) it excises

the word “not” from the vacancy clause, so that a Board

vacancy does “impair the right of the remaining members

to exercise all of the powers of the Board” in hundreds of

cases; (3) it renders the group quorum provision unintelli

gible, so that its application depends entirely on the rea

son for the third member’s absence, and applies in all

instances except when the absence is due to a vacancy

14 NEW PROCESS STEEL, L. P. v. NLRB

KENNEDY, J., dissenting

(despite the vacancy clause’s contrary mandate, earlier in

the very same sentence).

The Court’s revisions leave the Board defunct for ex

tended periods of time, a result that Congress surely did

not intend. The Court’s assurance that its interpretation

is designed to give practical effect to the statute should

bring it to the opposite result from the one it reaches. For

these reasons, I would affirm the judgment of the Court of

Appeals.