Ducler

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

JUAN MANUEL DUCLER,

Plaintiff,

25-CV-7018 (LLS)

-against-

ORDER OF DISMISSAL

REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA; JOHN DOES 1-

10,

Defendants.

LOUIS L. STANTON, United States District Judge:

Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se, brings this action asserting claims under the Torture

Victims Protection Act and the civil RICO statute, and claims of intentional infliction of

emotional distress under state law. By separate order, the Court granted Plaintiff’s request to

proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”), that is, without prepayment of fees. For the following

reasons, the Court dismisses the second amended complaint.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court must dismiss an IFP complaint, or any portion of the complaint, that is

frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary

relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see

Livingston v. Adirondack Beverage Co., 141 F.3d 434, 437 (2d Cir. 1998). The Court must also

dismiss a complaint when the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction of the claims raised. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).

While the law mandates dismissal on any of these grounds, the Court is obliged to

construe pro se pleadings liberally, Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 72 (2d Cir. 2009), and interpret

them to raise the “strongest [claims] that they suggest,” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470

F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). But the “special

solicitude” in pro se cases, id. at 475 (citation omitted), has its limits—to state a claim, pro se

pleadings still must comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which requires

a complaint to make a short and plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief and

to include enough facts to state a claim for relief “that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

A claim is facially plausible if the plaintiff pleads enough factual detail to allow the Court

to draw the inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. In reviewing the

complaint, the Court must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). But it does not have to accept as true “[t]hreadbare recitals of the

elements of a cause of action,” which are essentially just legal conclusions. Twombly, 550 U.S. at

555. After separating legal conclusions from well-pleaded factual allegations, the Court must

determine whether those facts make it plausible – not merely possible – that the pleader is

entitled to relief. Id.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Juan Manuel Ducler, a citizen of Argentina, filed a second amended complaint

on October 30, 2025,1 against the Republic of Argentina and John Does 1-10, who are “natural

persons believed to include intelligence/security officials and private collaborators acting under

color of Argentine law or in concert with such officials.” (ECF 13 at 3.) The following facts are

drawn from the second amended complaint, which is the operative pleading.2

1 Plaintiff filed first and second amended complaints of his own accord, not in response to

a court order. The Court grants the motion for leave to file the second amended complaint. (ECF

14.)

2 The Court quotes from the complaint verbatim. All spelling, grammar, and punctuation

are as in the original unless noted otherwise. The Court also relies on information gleaned from

court records. See Anderson v. Rochester-Genesee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 337 F.3d 201, 205 n.4

(2d Cir. 2003) (explaining that the court may take judicial notice of public records).

Plaintiff alleges that in 2012, litigation commenced in this district in connection with the

“re-nationalization” of YPF SA (“YPF”), an Argentine energy company. (Id. at 4-5). Plaintiff

was not a party in those matters.3 On June 1, 2017, Defendants allegedly killed Plaintiff’s father,

Aldo Luis Ducler, in a “state-linked conspiracy,” for reporting on “high-level corruption”

involving YPF. (Id. at 1.) The following day, Plaintiff submitted a “whistleblower filing,” and

offered to assist the government with recovering assets and “avert[ing] or mitigat[ing] U.S.

litigation risk tied to YPF, consistent with lawful percentage-based informant compensation.”

(Id. at 2.) Plaintiff claims that he warned the government “of catastrophic U.S. exposure related

to” YPF, but “no action” was taken, and instead Plaintiff was subjected to unspecified

“intimidation, defamation, and interference with family life.” (Id. at 4.)

According to Plaintiff, the government’s failure to “investigate,” “negotiate,” or

otherwise act on his information “contribut[ed] to multi-billion-dollar consequences in this

District” and “destroy[ed]” his “New-York-centered business expectancy (a lawful percentage-

based compensation for mitigation assistance) valued at not less than USD 1.6 billion.”4 (Id. at

2.) Plaintiff claims that it was “foreseeable” that the government’s “inaction” on his information

would produce direct and catastrophic effects in the United States. (Id. at 4.)

3 See Repsol YPF SA v. Rep. of Argentina, No. 12-CV-3877 (LAP) (S.D.N.Y. May 9,

2014) (entering stipulated dismissal); Petersen Energia Inversora, S.A.U. et al v. Argentine Rep.,

No. 15-CV-2739 (LAP) (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 15, 2023), remanded, No. 23-7370 (L), 23-7463, 23-

7614 (2d Cir. June 10, 2026) (“Peterson”); Eton Park Cap. Mgm’t, L.P. v. Argentine Rep., No.

16-CV-8569 (LAP) (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 15, 2023); vacated and remanded, Nos. 23-7376(L), 23-

7471, 23-7667 (2d Cir. Mar. 27, 2026) (“Eton Park”). On September 1, 2025, Plaintiff moved

pro se to intervene in Peterson. See No. 15-CV-2739, ECF 790. The docket is not showing an

adjudication of that motion.

4 On September 15, 2023, a $16.1 billion judgment was entered in Eton Park, id., ECF

418; on March 27, 2026, the Second Circuit vacated that judgment. Id., Nos. 23-7376(L), 23-

7471, 23-7667 (2d Cir. Mar. 27, 2026).

Plaintiff alleges that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction of his claims against the

Republic of Argentina under the commercial activity exception to the Foreign Sovereign

Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1605. (Id. at 2.) He asserts claims under the Torture

Victims Protection Act and the civil RICO statute, alleging that Defendants engaged in “violent

retaliation” and violated the following criminal statutes: “18 U.S.C. § 1343 (wire fraud), § 1503

(influencing or injuring officer or juror), § 1512 (tampering with a witness, victim, or informant),

§ 1513(e) (retaliating against a witness, victim, or informant) § 1956 (money laundering). (Id. at

6.) He further alleges that Defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d) by “agreeing to participate in

the racketeering scheme.” (Id.). He claims that injury to his “business/property” occurred in the

United States, “where the mitigation opportunity and transactions were centered in New York

and in U.S. dollars; counsel, banks, and communications infrastructure were U.S.-based; and

YPF-related market/settlement effects were anchored in this District”. (Id.) He also asserts a state

law claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. (Id.)

There are pending motions for judicial notice, and “direction regarding service of

process.” (ECF 10, 18, 22.)

DISCUSSION

A. Claims against the Argentine Republic

The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1605, “provides the sole

basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state in the courts of this country.” Argentine Rep.

v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 443 (1989). Foreign sovereigns are

presumptively immune from suit. See Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 507 U.S. 349, 355 (1993); 28

U.S.C. § 1603(a), (b). Unless a specified exception applies, federal courts lack subject matter

jurisdiction to hear claims against them. Verlinden B.V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 461 U.S.

480, 488-89 (1983).

Plaintiff asserts that the commercial activity exception applies here. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 1605(a)(2). That exception provides that a foreign state shall not be immune from the

jurisdiction of United States courts in any case in which the action is “based upon,” or causes “a

direct effect on” commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state.” 28

U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2); Yerkyn v. Yakovlevich, 164 F.4th 224, 228 (2d Cir. 2026) (quoting

Verlinden, 461 U.S. at 488-89)) (explaining that the commercial activity exception includes

“actions based upon commercial activities of the foreign sovereign carried on in the United

States or causing a direct effect in the United States”).

An act has a direct effect in the United States when it follows as an “immediate

consequence” of the defendant’s activity. Rep. of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 504 U.S. 607, 618

(1992) (changed maturity dates on bonds had a direct effect in the United States because

“[m]oney that was supposed to have been delivered to a New York bank for deposit was not

forthcoming.”). For the exception to apply, there must be “‘a degree of closeness’ between the

gravamen of the complaint and the commercial activity engaged in by the foreign state or

instrumentality.” EM Ltd. v. Banco Cent. De La Republica Argentina, 800 F.3d 78, 97 (2d Cir.

2015). The requisite nexus does not exist where the commercial activity in the United States is

“incidental” to the foreign state’s improper conduct outside the United States that forms the basis

of the plaintiff’s claim. Id.

The gravamen of Plaintiff’s complaint is that state actors killed his father and retaliated

against Plaintiff for engaging in whistleblower activities regarding YPF. Plaintiff’s expectation

of receiving compensation for providing information relating to YPF litigation in this district

appears wholly incidental to his allegations regarding Defendants’ activities in Argentina that

form the basis of his claims. The fact that both relate to YPF is incidental. Accordingly, the

Court lacks jurisdiction of any claims Plaintiff seeks to assert against the Republic of Argentina.

B. TVPA

The Torture Victim Protection Act (“TVPA”) created “an express cause of action for

victims of torture and extrajudicial killing in violation of international law,” Jesner v. Arab Bank,

PLC, 584 U.S. 241, 265-66 (2018), and imposes liability on an “individual who, under actual or

apparent authority, or color of law, of any foreign nation” subjects another individual to torture

or extrajudicial killing. TVPA § (2)(a); Mastafa v. Chevron Corp., 770 F.3d 170, 177-78 (2d Cir.

2014). Civil lawsuits under the TVPA can only proceed against individuals, and not against

foreign governments, organizations, or corporations. See Mohamad v. Palestinian Auth., 566

U.S. 449, 451 (2012); Sikhs for Justice v. Nath, 893 F. Supp. 2d 598, 617 (S.D.N.Y. 2012)

(same).5

The TVPA’s definition of torture is “rigorous,” Mohammad v. Tarraf, No. 02-CV-282A

(RJA), 2007 WL 1040031, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2007) (quoting Price. v. Socialist People’s

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 294 F.3d 82, 93 (D.C. Cir. 2002)), and applies only to acts “directed

against an individual in the offender’s custody or physical” control.” TVPA § 3(b)(1); see also

Chowdhury v. Worldtel Bangladesh Holding, Ltd., 746 F.3d 42, 51-52 (2d Cir. 2014). The

“severity requirement” is “crucial to ensuring that the conduct proscribed by . . . the TVPA is

sufficiently extreme and outrageous to warrant the universal condemnation that the term ‘torture’

both connotes and invokes.” Price, 294 F.3d at 93.

5 A district court must “decline to hear a claim under [the TVPA] if the claimant has not

exhausted adequate and available remedies in the place” where the alleged conduct occurred. Id.

§ 2(b).

Plaintiff asserts that state actors killed his father because he reported corruption, but he

does not provide any facts about who those individuals are, how they are connected to the state,

the manner in which each individual was involved in what occurred, or any other facts

supporting his assertion that the killing was a “state-linked conspiracy.” (ECF 13 at 1.)6

With respect to Plaintiff’s claims about Defendants’ alleged conduct toward him—that

they subjected him to “intimidation, defamation, and interference with family life”—at no point

does Plaintiff allege that he was in Defendants’ custody or physical control, which is “a

necessary element of any torture claim under the TVPA.” Mohammad, 2007 WL 1040031, at *4.

Additionally, Plaintiff does not allege facts meeting the statute’s “severity requirement” as

discussed in this order. Price, 294 F.3d at 93.

The Court therefore dismisses Plaintiff’s TVPA claims for failure to state a claim on

which relief may be granted, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).

C. RICO

Plaintiff asserts claims under the civil provision of RICO, which “creates a private right

of action for individuals to enforce the RICO statute.” Mathon v. Feldstein, 303 F. Supp. 2d 317,

322 (E.D.N.Y. 2004). The civil RICO enforcement provision states that “[a]ny person injured in

his business or property by reason of a violation of [18 U.S.C. § 1962] . . . may sue . . . in any

6 Plaintiff must also show that he has standing to assert a TVPA claim on his father’s

behalf. Xuncax v. Gramajo, 886 F. Supp. 162, 191 (D. Mass. 1995) (holding that a victim’s

“legal representative” may be a claimant in a TVPA matter based on an extrajudicial killing).

Where “the administrator and sole beneficiary of an estate with no creditors seeks to appear pro

se on behalf of the estate, []he is in fact appearing solely on [his] own behalf, because []he is the

only party affected by the disposition of the suit.” Pappas v. Philip Morris, Inc., 915 F.3d 889,

893 (2d Cir. 2019) (citing Guest v. Hansen, 603 F.3d 15, 21 (2d Cir. 2010)). But “[w]here there

are other beneficiaries, ‘an action cannot be described as the litigant’s own, because the personal

interests of the estate, other survivors, and possible creditors . . . will be affected by the outcome

of the proceedings.’” Guest, 603 F.3d at 20 (quoting Iannaccone, 142 F.3d at 559).

appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold the damages[.]” 18 U.S.C.

§ 1964(c). In order to state a violation of Section 1962, and thus, a claim under the civil RICO

enforcement provision, a plaintiff must allege facts showing: “(1) that the defendant (2) through

the commission of two or more acts (3) constituting a ‘pattern’ (4) of ‘racketeering activity’

(5) directly or indirectly invests in, or maintains an interest in, or participates in (6) an

‘enterprise’ (7) the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce.” Moss v. Morgan

Stanley, Inc., 719 F.2d 5, 17 (2d Cir. 1983) (quoting § 1962(a)-(c)). Such a person must also

“allege that he was ‘injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962.’”

Id. (quoting § 1964(c) (italics in original)).

To state a claim of a civil RICO conspiracy under Section 1962(d), a plaintiff must allege

facts showing that the defendants “agreed to form and associate themselves with a RICO

enterprise and that they agreed to commit two predicate acts in furtherance of a pattern of

racketeering activity in connection with the enterprise.” Cofacredit, S.A. v. Windsor Plumbing

Supply Co., 187 F.3d 229, 244 (2d Cir. 1999). A plaintiff must also show that “if the agreed upon

predicate acts had been carried out, they would have constituted a pattern of racketeering

activity.” Id. at 244-45. Racketeering activity is defined to include a wide variety of criminal

offenses, such as wire fraud, mail fraud, and money laundering. § 1961(1).

The heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) apply to

RICO claims predicated on fraud. See McLaughlin v. Anderson, 962 F.2d 187, 191 (2d Cir.

1992); Scalercio-Isenberg v. Goldman Sachs Mortg. Co., No. 21-CV-4124 (KPF), 2022 WL

3227875, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2022) (holding that “even when a plaintiff proceeds pro se,

courts apply the Rule 9(b) pleading standard and dismiss complaints that do not meet its

heightened requirements”) A plaintiff must “specify the time, place, speaker, and content of the

alleged misrepresentations, explain how the misrepresentations were fraudulent[,] and plead

those events which give rise to a strong inference that [each] defendant[ ] had an intent to

defraud, knowledge of the falsity, or a reckless disregard for the truth.” Rev. v. Minci, No. 21-CV-

320 (AT) (JLC), 2022 WL 1910127, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. June 3, 2020) (quoting Jus Punjabi, LLC v.

Get Punjabi US, Inc., 640 F. App’x 56, 58 (2d Cir. 2016)) (cleaned up). “Where multiple

defendants are asked to respond to allegations of fraud, the complaint should inform each

defendant of the nature of his alleged participation in the fraud.” DiVittorio v. Equidyne

Extractive Indus., Inc., 822 F.2d 1242, 1247 (2d Cir. 1987).

Finally, conclusory allegations of injury to business or property “will not suffice; rather, a

plaintiff must allege a ‘concrete financial loss.’” Jingle Kids USA, LLC v. In Colour Cap., Inc.,

No. 22-CV-7089 (JHR) (SLC), 2023 WL 5016496, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. June 6, 2023), report and

recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 6389080 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2023) (citing Beter v. Murdoch,

No. 17-CV-10247 (GBD), 2018 WL 3323162, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2018), aff’d, 771 F.

App’x 62 (2d Cir. 2019) (summary order)); see also Westchester Cnty. Independence Party v.

Astorino, 137 F. Supp. 3d 586, 613 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Courts have required that the plaintiff

show concrete financial loss in order to show injury under RICO.”) (quoting Kerik v. Tacopina,

64 F. Supp. 3d 542, 560 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)) (cleaned up)).

Plaintiff does not allege facts that would support a civil RICO claim. He lists criminal

statutes that qualify as predicate acts, but he provides no facts showing that any Defendant

engaged in the underlying conduct or otherwise violated the RICO statute. Additionally, his

assertions that Defendants deprived him of the “opportunity” to seek mitigation compensation

that he expected would be in the range of $1.6 billion is wholly speculative, and does not suggest

the type of “concrete financial loss” necessary to show an injury to business or property. See

Kerik, 64 F. Supp. 3d at 560.

Plaintiff’s allegations do not state a violation of the RICO statute, and the Court

dismisses any claims under the civil RICO statute for failure to state a claim on which relief may

be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).

D. State-law claim (intentional infliction of emotional distress)

Supplemental jurisdiction

A district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction of state law claims

when it “has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3).

Generally, “when the federal-law claims have dropped out of the lawsuit in its early stages and

only state-law claims remain, the federal court should decline the exercise of jurisdiction.”

Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988)). Having dismissed the federal

claims of which the Court has original jurisdiction, the Court declines to exercise its

supplemental jurisdiction of any state law claims Plaintiff may be asserting. See Kolari v. New

York-Presbyterian Hosp., 455 F.3d 118, 122 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Subsection (c) of § 1367 ‘confirms

the discretionary nature of supplemental jurisdiction by enumerating the circumstances in which

district courts can refuse its exercise.’” (quoting City of Chicago v. Int’l Coll. of Surgeons, 522

U.S. 156, 173 (1997))).

Diversity jurisdiction

A federal court also can consider state-law claims under its diversity jurisdiction. To

establish diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, a plaintiff must first allege that the

plaintiff and the defendant are citizens of different states. Wis. Dep’t of Corr. v. Schacht, 524

U.S. 381, 388 (1998). Generally, “[a]n individual’s citizenship, within the meaning of the

diversity statue, is determined by his domicile.” Johnson v. Smithsonian, 4 Fed. App’x 69, 70 (2d

Cir. 2001) (citing Palazzo v. Corio, 232 F.3d 88, 42 (2d Cir. 2000)).

Federal diversity jurisdiction is destroyed if there are foreign entities on both sides of a

lawsuit. See Tagger v. Strauss Grp. Ltd., 951 F.3d 124, 127 (2d Cir. 2020); Corporacion

Venezolana de Fomento v. Vintero Sales Corp., 629 F.2d 786, 790 (2d Cir. 1980) (noting that

“the fact that alien parties were present on both sides would destroy complete diversity[.]” );

Moreno-Godoy v. Gallet Dreyer & Berkey, LLP, No. 14-CV-7082 (PAE), 2015 WL 5737565, at

*7 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2015) (holding that when a party is an alien for diversity purposes,

“diversity i[s] . . . defeated if another alien party is present on the other side of the litigation.”).

Because Plaintiff asserts that both he and Defendants are aliens, the Court cannot exercise

diversity jurisdiction of this action.

E. Leave to replead

District courts generally grant a pro se plaintiff an opportunity to amend a complaint to

cure its defects, but leave to amend is not required where it would be futile. See Hill v. Curcione,

657 F.3d 116, 123–24 (2d Cir. 2011); Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988).

Because the defects in Plaintiff’s complaint cannot be cured with an amendment, the Court

declines to grant Plaintiff leave to amend his complaint.

CONCLUSION

Plaintiff’s second amended complaint, filed IFP under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1), is

dismissed for failure to state a claim on which relief may be granted, on immunity grounds, and

without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)-(iii), Fed.

R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).

The Court declines to exercise its supplemental jurisdiction of any state-law claims

Plaintiff may be asserting, 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

The Court directs the Clerk of Court to terminate all pending motions. (ECF 10, 14, 18,

22.)

The Court further directs the Clerk of Court to enter judgment.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: July 24, 2026

New York, New York

Louis L. Stanton

U.S.D.J.

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