Muldoon

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

JAMES MULDOON,

Plaintiff, CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:25-CV-01181

v. (MEHALCHICK, J.)

PENN STATE HEALTH, et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM

Before the Court is the motion for leave to file an amicus brief filed by Defendants

Penn State Health, the Board of Directors of Penn State Health, and the Penn State Health

Retirement Management Committee (collectively, “Defendants”). (Doc. 17). The proposed

amicus brief (Doc. 19-2) is by Stable Value Investment Association (“SVIA”), an organization

representing individuals and entities who manage stable value (“SV”) retirement accounts

and is in support of Defendants’ pending motion to dismiss. (Doc. 12). Defendants also filed

a brief in support of their motion for leave in which they argue that the Court should consider

SVIA’s amicus brief because Plaintiff James Muldoon (“Muldoon”) asserts claims under the

Employment Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and SVIA, as “[a] leading authority

on retirement savings,” presents a valuable perspective which will be useful to the Court while

it evaluates the ERISA claims in this case. (Doc. 19, at 3-9). Muldoon opposes Defendants’

motion for leave to file an amicus brief arguing: 1) SVIA does not have a special interest in

this particular case, 2) Defendants are represented by competent counsel, 3) the amicus brief

provides unhelpful information, 4) SVIA is far from impartial to the outcome of this case, and

5) SVIA’s brief adds twenty-two pages of arguments to Defendants’ briefing which is unfair

to Muldoon. (Doc. 21, at 10-18).

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 29, nonparties may file amicus briefs with leave

of the Court. While “there is no statute, rule or controlling case law regarding a district court's

power to accept the filing of amicus briefs, courts in this circuit have determined that it is a

matter within the district court's discretion.” Behar v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Transp., 791 F.

Supp. 2d 383, 389 n.1 (M.D. Pa. 2011). District courts exercising their discretion to accept

amicus briefs generally consider whether “1) the petitioner has a ‘special interest’ in the

particular case; (2) the petitioner's interest is not represented competently or at all in the case;

(3) the proffered information is timely and useful; and (4) the petitioner is not partial to a

particular outcome in the case.” Liberty Res., Inc. v. Philadelphia Hous. Auth., 395 F. Supp. 2d

206, 209 (E.D. Pa. 2005) (citing Sciotto v. Marple Newtown Sch. Dist., 70 F. Supp. 2d 553, 555

(E.D. Pa. 1999)); see Dobson Mills Apartments, L.P. v. City of Philadelphia, No. 21-CV-273, 2022

WL 558348, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 23, 2022) (listing the aforementioned factors).

Beginning with the first factor, SVIA’s special interest in this case, SVIA represents in

its proposed amicus brief that as an organization whose “members collectively manage more

than $800 billion in SV products offered in more than 244,000 defined contribution plans,” it

has an interest in providing context “about retirement-plan management, the wealth and

diversity of SV options for retirement-plan lineups, and how this case fits within the broader

litigation landscape challenging ERISA fiduciaries’ investment decisions.” (Doc. 19-2, at 7-

8). A nonparty has a special interest in a particular case where it has a “practical stake in the

resolution of the cause of action.” In re Revlimid & Thalomid Purchaser Antitrust Litig., No. 19-

CV-07532, 2026 WL 765641, at *11 (D.N.J. Mar. 18, 2026). District courts exercising their

discretion have reached different conclusions regarding whether groups whose members have

a general interest in the subject matter of litigation have a “special interest” in the litigation.

Compare Liberty Res., Inc., 395 F. Supp. 2d at 209 (E.D. Pa. 2005) (finding that an advocacy

group for non-disabled public housing residents had a special interest in a disability action

regarding public housing) and Behar, 791 F. Supp. 2d at 389 n.1 (considering the amicus brief

of various physician groups when evaluating a challenge to Pennsylvania regulations

governing physicians); with Dobson Mills Apartments, L.P. v. City of Philadelphia, No. 21-CV-

273, 2022 WL 558348, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 23, 2022) (finding that trade groups whose

members have a general interest in litigation do not have a “special interest”); and Panzer v.

Verde Energy USA, Inc., No. CV 19-3598, 2021 WL 2186422, at *1 (E.D. Pa. May 27, 2021)

(finding a public interest law firm’s general interest in arbitration issues did not constitute a

“special interest”). These cases are all nonbinding on the Court and the Court ultimately has

discretion as to what it finds to constitute a special interest. See In re Nazi Era Cases Against

German Defendants Litig., 153 F. App'x 819, 827 (3d Cir. 2005) (nonprecedential) (stating “a

district court’s decision to accept or reject an amicus filing is entirely within the

court’s discretion”). This case involves a challenge to Defendants’ administration of

retirement plans and whether Defendants violated ERISA in their alleged mismanagement of

Muldoon and all other similarly situated individuals’ plans. (Doc. 1, ¶¶ 1-23). SVIA represents

that its members administer thousands of retirement plans, and as such, the Court finds that

SVIA and its members have an interest in ERISA class-action litigation regarding retirement

plans. (Doc. 19-2, at 7). Accordingly, the Court finds that the first factor governing accepting

amicus briefs weighs in favor of accepting the brief.

Muldoon avers that the second factor, whether the SVIA’s interest is represented in

this case, weighs against accepting SVIA’s amicus brief because “there is little question that

Defendants’ counsel does not require the assistance of mercenaries from SVIA.” (Doc. 21, at

13). Muldoon confuses the inquiry. The relevant question is whether SVIA’s interests are

represented in this matter, not Defendants’ interests. See Liberty Res., Inc., 395 F. Supp. 2d at

209 (noting that the second factor relates to whether the “petitioner” seeking to file an amicus

brief’s interests are represented). The Court acknowledges that Defendants’ position and

SVIA’s position in this matter overlap. Compare (Doc. 19-2) (advocating dismissal) with (Doc.

13) (advocating the same). However, in modern litigation, amicus briefs often align with

either the plaintiffs or defendants and amicus briefs have benefited litigants on both sides. See

Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Comm’r, 293 F.3d 128, 131 (3d Cir. 2002) (noting that the concept

of courts only considering impartial amicus briefs is outdated). The Court also acknowledges

that Defendants have competent counsel, however, “[e]ven when a party is very well

represented, an amicus may provide important assistance to the court.” Neonatology Assocs.,

P.A., 293 F.3d at 132. While Defendants and SVIA may have overlapping interests, SVIA is

its own entity without representation in this matter, and thus, the Court finds that the second

factor weighs slightly in favor of accepting the brief.

Muldoon next contends that the third factor, whether the proffered information is

timely and useful, weighs against accepting the brief because SVIA makes the similar

arguments to Defendants. (Doc. 21, at 15-16). Muldoon also argues that the brief provides no

useful information because, in Muldoon’s view, SVIA relies on nonprecedential and

distinguishable caselaw. (Doc. 21, at 15-16). The Court disagrees with Muldoon’s evaluation

of usefulness. First, the Court will consider whether SVIA’s legal arguments are correct when

it considers the merits of Defendants’ motion to dismiss and it would be premature to reach

any legal conclusions before fully evaluating Defendants’ motion and all the briefing. Second,

in addition to providing a legal analysis, SVIA provides an analysis regarding how allowing

ERISA actions to proceed, like the one at issues, affects nonparties, like SVIA’s members,

who manage retirement plans. (Doc. 19-2, at 26-27). While, at this juncture, the Court will

not assess, one way or the other, whether this information should affect the Court’s eventual

legal conclusions regarding whether Muldoon’s ERISA claims should be dismissed,

information about how a court’s decision may affect nonparties is useful information for the

Court to have. See Liberty Res., Inc., 395 F. Supp. 2d at 209 (finding that information

“concerning the rights of nonparties who are affected by [the] litigation” is useful). Finally,

the Court also assesses the timeliness of the proposed amicus brief when evaluating the third

factor. See Liberty Res., Inc., 395 F. Supp. 2d at 209. SVIA’s brief, filed before Muldoon had to

respond to Defendants’ motion to dismiss, is timely. (Doc. 12; Doc. 19-2). The third factor

weighs in favor of accepting the brief.

Muldoon contends that the final factor, Muldoon’s impartiality, weighs against

accepting the amicus brief because SVIA and Defendants’ interests are aligned. (Doc. 21, at

16-18). SVIA and Defendants both advocate for dismissal of Muldoon’s EISA claims, and

thus, the fourth factor weighs against accepting SVIA’s brief. (Doc. 13, at 50; Doc. 19-2, at

28). However, viewing this final factor as dispositive would run counter to the general

principle, as articulated by the Third Circuit, that amicus briefs in modern litigation no longer

need to be impartial. See Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Comm’r, 293 F.3d at 131. Overall, the

factors governing district courts’ discretionary decisions to accept amicus briefs weigh in favor

of admission.1 See Liberty Res., Inc., 395 F. Supp. 2d at 209.

1 Regarding Muldoon’s final argument, that he is prejudiced by additional briefing

supporting Defendants’ position, the Court GRANTS Muldoon fourteen days to file a reply

to SVIA’s amicus brief if he so chooses. (Doc. 21, at 18).

For the forgoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for leave to file an amicus brief (Doc.

17) is GRANTED and SVIA’s brief is deemed ACCEPTED. (Doc. 19-2). The Court

GRANTS Muldoon 14 days, or until Tuesday, August 11, 2026, to file a reply to SVIA’s brief

if he so chooses.

BY THE COURT:

Dated: July 28, 2026 /s/ Karoline Mehalchick

KAROLINE MEHALCHICK

United States District Judge