Opinion

NORINSBERG LAW

110 East 59% Street

Jon L. Norinsberg Suite 2300

John J. Meehan New York, NY 10022

Diego O. Barros 69-06 Grand Avenue

Erica M. Meyer 3 Floor

Maspeth, NY 11378

erica@norinsberglaw.com

July 15, 2024

VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL

Honorable Jessica G. L. Clarke

Daniel Patrick Moynihan

United States Courthouse MEMO ENDORSED

500 Pearl Street

New York, New York 10007

Re: Steven Reyes Juarez v. NYCL Acquisition LLC, New York Cruise Lines,

Inc., and New York Water Taxi, LLC

Dkt. No.: 1:23-cv-09103-JGLC-SDA

Your Honor:

We represent Plaintiff, Steven Reyes Juarez, in a Seaman’s case under the Jones Act for

personal injuries against Defendants NYCL Acquisition LLC, New York Cause Lines, Inc., and

New York Water Taxi, LLC (collectively hereinafter “Defendants”). I write now pursuant to Your

Honor’s rules regarding discovery disputes as well as Local Rule 37.2.

I, PLAINTIFF’S ARGUMENT

On May 21, 2024, Defendants’ office served responses to Plaintiff's First Set of Document

Demands and Interrogatories. In response to Document Demand Number 3, Witness Statements,

Defendants’ refused to provide responsive information, stating that “Defendants object to this

request insofar as it calls for the production of statements that are protected from production by

the attorney work-product doctrine or otherwise prepared in anticipation of litigation. Without

waiver of any objection, Defendants have obtained statements from certain crew members that are

protected by the work-product doctrine. Defendants reserve the right to amend this response.”

Defendants response did not include a privilege log.

On May 23, 2024, Plaintiff served a Deficiency Letter on Defendants, noting that their

response to Document Demand Number 3 was deficient, and requested that Defendants

supplement their response with the witness statements as they waived their right to privilege by

failing to assert a privilege log. On June 10, 2024, the parties had a meet and confer in which

T 212.791.5396 T212.JUSTICE F 212.406.6890 norinsberglaw.com

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Defendants expressed they would not be providing the statements, but would provide a privilege

log. On June 25, 2024, Defendants finally served a privilege log.

In their privilege log, Defendants lodged a series of boilerplate “privilege” objections , (1)

privileged attorney work product and (2) privileged document prepared in anticipation of or in

relation to litigation. Defendants also identified the following documents,

1. Witness statement of Chrishauno Roach dated October 31, 2023. This document was

authored by Chrishauno Roach, a deckhand on the subject vessel on the date of the subject

event, and prepared with counsel Daniel J. Fitzgerald, Esq. The recipient of this document

was counsel Daniel J. Fitzgerald, Esq. The subject matter of the document is the author’s

recollections regarding the incident and alleged condition which is the subject of the instant

litigation. (Privileges: B, C.)

2. Witness statement of Luis Sabino dated November 1, 2023. This document was authored

by Luis Sabino, a line catcher on the subject vessel on the date of the subject event, and

prepared with counsel Daniel J. Fitzgerald, Esq. The recipient of this document was

counsel Daniel J. Fitzgerald, Esq. The subject matter of the document is the author’s

recollections regarding the incident and alleged condition which is the subject of the instant

litigation. (Privileges: B, C.)

Plaintiff now writes to Your Honor requesting that Defendants be directed to produce the

witness statement of Chrishauno Roach and Luis Sabino, two key witnesses to Plaintiff’s accident.

A. Plaintiff is Entitled to Witness Statements

Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), a party has the right to obtain discovery regarding any

nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense. Relevance "encompass[es]

any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to other matter that could bear on, any issue

that is or may be in the case." Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351, 98 S. Ct.

2380, 57 L. Ed. 2d 253 (1978); Green v. Cosby, 314 F.R.D. 164, 171 (E.D. Pa. 2016). The scope

of discovery in this matter therefore encompasses any nonprivileged matter related to any of the

parties claims of defenses.

It is well settled that “[a] party objecting to a discovery request must specifically state the

grounds for its failure to respond. Gregory v. Gregory, No. 15 Civ. 0320 (WHW)(CLW), 2016

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 144554, at *8-9 (D.N.J. Oct. 18, 2016) (citing Josephs v. Harris Corp., 677 F.2d

985, 992 (3d Cir. 1982)). The objecting party must further specifically identify any responsive

materials that are being withheld on the basis of that objection. Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(C);

Scranton Products, Inc. v. Bobrick Washroom Equip., Inc., 190 F. Supp. 3d 419 (M.D. Pa. 2016).

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B. Defendants Improperly Objected to Providing Witness Statements.

Defendants have improperly objected to Plaintiff’s demand for witness statements in

responding to Plaintiff’s document and interrogatory demands. Defendants noted they obtained

statements from certain crew members, and alleged this information was protected under attorney

work-product. In doing so, Defendants failed in their initial response to provide sufficiently

descriptive information as well as a privilege log. “Failing to include sufficiently descriptive

information may result in waiver of the privilege.” Lopez v. City of New York, 2007

U.S.Dist.LEXIS 19696 at *10 (E.D.N.Y. 2007), (citing OneBeacon Ins. Co. v. Forman Int’l, Ltd.,

No. 04 Civ. 2271, 2006 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 90970, 2006 WL 3771010 at 6 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (“Courts

in this Circuit have refused to uphold a claim of privilege where privilege log entries fail to provide

adequate information to support the claim.”)).

Moreover, “failing to timely provide a privilege log may also result in waiver.” Lopez,

2007 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 19696 at *10 (citing Smith v. Franklin Hosp. Medical Center, No., 04-CV-

3555, 2005 WL 2219294 at 2 (E.D.N.Y. 2005)). Accordingly, “failure to comply with the explicit

requirements of Rule 26 will be considered presumptive evidence that the claim of privilege is

without factual or legal foundation.” Grossman v. Schwarz, 125 F.R.D. 376, 386-87 (S.D.N.Y.

1989).

Additionally, “work-product immunity is a qualified protection,” and “Rule 26(b)(3)

authorizes disclosure – at least of materials that do not include the ‘mental impressions,

conclusions, opinions or legal theories of an attorney…” Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc. No

04 Civ. 5316, 2007 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 2933, 2007 WL 54588 at 1 (S.D.N.Y. 2007).

Witness statements are in fact discoverable, as they often allow parties to ascertain

information from witnesses when events surrounding an incident are fresh in their mind. “A prior

statement by a witness…will provide plaintiffs with a critical piece of material…The fact that

plaintiffs’ counsel were able to depose the witness does not obviate the need for the statement.”

Johnson v. Bryco Arms, 2005 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 48587, 2005 WL 469612 at 13 (E.D.N.Y. 2005).

Here, the witness statements are critical to the claims and defenses in this action. First and

foremost, witnesses to Plaintiff’s accident are critical, as it is vital for Plaintiff to ascertain what

both Chrishauno Roach and Luis Sabino saw on the date of Plainitff’s accident as it relates to the

happening of the accident and the events that unfolded immediately afterwards. Moreover, as these

witness statements were given closer in time to the subject accident they will allow Plaintiff to

ascertain details when they were fresh in the witnesses mind. Lastly, Plaintiff specifically alleges

Luis Sabino was present at the time of the accident and physically assisted him immediately

following the subject accident. Accordingly, both witness statements are critical pieces of

evidence.

Further, Defendants did not initially provide a privilege log, only doing so in response to

Plaintiff’s deficiency letter, and in effect have now waived their privilege. FG Hemisphere Assocs.

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V. Du Congo, No. 01 Civ. 8700, 2005 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 3523, 2005 WL 545218 at 6 (S.D.N.Y.

2005) (“As other judges in this District and I have repeatedly held, the unjustified failure to list

privileged documents on the required log of withheld documents in a timely and proper manner

operates as a waiver of any applicable privilege”).

Lastly, the party asserting work product protection “bears the burden of establishing its

applicability.” Wultz v. Bank of China Ltd. 304 F.R.D. 384, 394, 2015 U.S.Dist.LEXIS 8605

(S.D.N.Y. 2015). Moreover, “the work product doctrine does not apply to ‘documents that are

prepared in the ordinary course of business or that would have been created in essentially similar

form irrespective of the litigation…[e]ven if such documents might also help in preparation for

litigation…” United States v. Adlman, 134 F.3d 1194, 1202, 1998 U.S.App.LEXIS 2663 (2d Cir.

1998). While Defendants have nominally asserted a “work product” privilege, they have utterly

failed to establish a proper foundation for the invocation of this privilege.

C. Conclusion

Accordingly, Defendants have failed to meet their burden of establishing the applicability

of the work product doctrine. Moreover, Defendants waived their right to privilege entirely as they

failed to provide a privilege log in response to Plaintiff’s demands, and did so only after Plaintiff

served a deficiency letter and requested a meet and confer. As such, Defendants should be directed

to provide Plaintiff with the two pertinent witness statements.

II. DEFENDANTS’ ARGUMENT

We represent Defendants, NYCL Acquisition LLC, New York Cruise Lines, Inc., and New

York Water Taxi, LLC (“Defendants”) in the forementioned matter. We write to include our

resposnes to Plaintiff’s arguments pursuant to Your Honor’s rules regarding discovery disputes.

As will be explained herein, Plaintiff has failed to show his substantial need for the privileged

documents at issue and Defendants have not waived the right to privilege of such documents.

A. The Witness Statements Are Protected Under the Work Product Privilege.

Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), a party has the right to obtain discovery regarding any

nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and proportional to the needs

of the case. Henry v. Morgan's Hotel Grp., Inc., No. 15-1789, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8406, 2016

WL 303114, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 25, 2016) (emphasis added). Relevance under the rule is

construed broadly; however, the addition of the proportionality requirement in 2015 is intended to

discourage discovery overuse by analyzing proportionality prior to ordering production of relevant

information. Id.

Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3), a party may not discover documents that are prepared in

antitipation of lititagion by or for another party or its representative. The party asserting work-

product privilege must show that the material it seeks to protect (1) was prepared in anticipation

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of litigation and (2) was prepared by or for a party, or by his representative. Schaeffler v. United

States, 22 F. Supp. 3d 319, 334-35 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

Here, the witness statements identified by Defendants were prepared in anticipation of

litigation, as they clearly resulted “from the conduct of ‘investigative or analytical tasks to aid

counsel in preparing for litigation.’” Wultz, 304 F.R.D. at 394 (internal citation omitted). Further,

“witness statements prepared or obtained in anticipation of litigation are generally entitled to

protection under Rule 26(b)(3).” See Stokes v. City of N.Y., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50480, at *4

(E.D.N.Y. July 24, 2006) (citing Brock v. Frank V. Panzarino, Inc., 109 F.R.D. 157, 159-60

(E.D.N.Y. 1986); Falck v. E.A. Karay Co., 131 F.R.D. 46, 49 (S.D.N.Y. 1990)). The statements in

question were prepared with the assistance of, and directed to, counsel and were related to the

investigative fact-finding process that routinely occurs during the initial stages of litigation.

Gathering facts related to the alleged incident is certainly within the scope of litigation, as it is the

only way for counsel to be able to properly prepare clients for the litigation ahead and to structure

a legal strategy. Therefore, the witness statements obtained by counsel for Defendants are clearly

protected by the work-product privilege.

B. Defendants Did Not Flagrantly Violate Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(B)(5) Or Local Civil Rule

26.2.

Defendants do not dispute that a privilege log was not sent with the May 21, 2024 responses

to Plaintiff’s First Set of Document Demands and Interrogatories. However, the failure to do so

does not give rise to a “flagrant violation” of the Rules, as the privilege log in this instance was

instead produced mere weeks after the original service of the responses and after the parties had

met and conferred regarding the issue.

The unjustifiable failure to timely provide a privilege log may operate as a wavier of any

applicable privilege. Robinson v. De Niro, No. 19-CV-9156 (LJL) (KHP), 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

42101, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2022) (emphasis added). However, “only flagrant violations

require such an outcome”. Universal Standard Inc. v. Target Corp., 331 F.R.D. 80, 85 (S.D.N.Y.

2019); Pem-America, Inc. v. Sunham Home Fashions, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80548, at *5

(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 30, 2007). It has been found that the failure to provide a privilege log alone does

not warrant a waiver of a privilege. See Pem-Am., Inc. v. Sunham Home Fashions, LLC, No. 03

CIV. 1377, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80548, 2007 WL 3226156, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 31, 2007)

("[F]ailure to provide a privilege log alone does not warrant a waiver of the attorney-client

privilege."); Oliver v. Am. Express Co., No. 19-CV-566-NGG-SJB, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

149681, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 12, 2022) (“[W]hen parties, in response to a document request,

indicate they are not producing privileged documents, the failure to provide a log does not result

in an automatic waiver of the privilege”).

Plaintiff relies on Lopez and FG Hemisphere Assocs. (supra) to support his assertion that

Defendants have waived the privilege in failing to provide a privilege log in a timely manner.

However, these cases present flagrant violations of the Rules and are wholly distinguishable. In

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FG Hemisphere Assocs., the defendant failed to produce a privilege log for over two years, despite

representations otherwise, multiple meet and confers and a discovery order. 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

3523, at *20. Likewise, in Lopez, the plaintiff served her privilege log more than seven months

after required and after two motions to compel. 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19694, at *12. Here,

Defendants produced an adequate privilege log only two weeks after the parties met and conferred

regarding the issue, absent any motion practice or violation of discovery order.

Additionally, courts routinely find that some tardiness is excusable. See Pem-America, Inc.

at *5 (finding that a short delay in producing a privilege log was not a flagrant violation “especially

considering there [was] not a discovery deadline set”); Robinson at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2022)

(finding that the defendants did not commit flagrant violation when they ultimately produced a

privilege log prior to depositions, met and conferred to provide clarifying information and

reviewed their log based on the plaintiff’s objections); Abrahami v. Meister Seelig & Fein LLP,

2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29664, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2023)(“courts have endorsed a flexible

approach in assessing waiver in this context and will evaluate the circumstances of the privilege

claim and the specifics of the log, among other factors”). Plaintiff has not otherwise shown that he

is prejudiced by the delayed production of the privilege log produced a mere one month after

responses. There is ample time for Plaintiff to review the log prior to further party depositions and

prior to the close of fact discovery on November 4, 2024. In this instance as in other facets of this

litigation, Defendants have acted in good faith and the timing of their production of the privilege

log hardly constitutes the flagrant violation necessary to warrant a waiver of the applicable

privilege.

C. Plaintiff Has Not Demonstrated A Substantial Need for the Statements.

The party requesting disclosure of materials protected under F.R.C.P. 26(b) must show that

it has a substantial need for the materials and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their

substantial equivalent by alternative means. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3), A substantial need exists

“where the information sought is essential to the party’s defense, is crucial to the determination of

whether the defendant could be held liable for the acts alleged, or carries great probative value on

contested issues”. Monterey Bay Military Hous., LLC v. Ambac Assurance Corp., 2023 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 9646, at *32 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2023) (international citations omitted).

Defendants do not dispute Plaintiff’s statement that witnesses to the alleged accident are

relevant to the litigation. However, Plaintiff has failed to show how a substantial need for the

witness statements themselves exists. A claim that the statements are “critical pieces of evidence,”

without an explanation as to why, is insufficient to overcome the work-product privilege. See

United States SEC v. Collector's Coffee Inc., 337 F.R.D. 70, 79 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (finding that

assertions that interview notes are “important piece[s] of evidence” alone are insufficient to

overcome the protection as "relevancy alone is not enough to establish substantial need.")

Additionally, Plaintiff’s argument fails as an obvious substantial equivalent exists in the

form of deposition testimony. Plaintiff’s neglects to mention above that the parties are actively

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making efforts to schedule the respective depositions of the witnesses who prepared the subject

statements and it is fully expected that the depositions will be completed within the next 30 to 60

days. It has been widely held that “fact work product material should be protected ‘if the party

seeking discovery is able to obtain the desired information by taking the deposition of witnesses.’”

Stokes, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50480, at *6; Brock, 109 F.R.D. at 160.! Although some courts

have found that witness statements are discoverable, these situations have typically arisen where

there has been found to be a gap in memory or where “notes may show testimony that differs from

that which is expected at trial.” United States SEC v. Collector's Coffee Inc., 337 F.R.D. 70, 79

(S.D.N.Y. 2020) (citing Johnson v. Bryco Arms, 2005, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48587, 2005 WL 469612,

at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 2005).” Here, the witnesses who entered the subject statements are being

timely produced for deposition. In light of the fact that Plaintiff will have the opportunity to

question the witnesses directly, Plaintiff fails to offer any explanation as to why a substantial need

for the statements exists.

For the following reasons, Defendants maintain that the witness statements in question are

protected by the work-product privilege.

The parties thank the Court for its consideration of this matter.

has reviewed the parties’ submission and denies

motion without prejudice. The witness statements Respectfully submitted,

by counsel in anticipation of litigation are work ’

privileged. See Lopez v. City of New York, No. 05- Lee Peete

624, 2007 WL 869590, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2007). | Erica M. Meyer, Esq.

also agrees, for the reasons stated in Defendants’ Jon L. Norinsberg, Esq., PLLC

of the letter, that Defendants did not waive the privilege Attorneys for Plaintiff

relatively short delay in producing a privilege log, and

has not yet demonstrated a substantial need for the

The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate ECF No. Paniel J. Fitzgerald, Esq.

FREEHILL HOGAN & MAHAR LLP

Attorneys for Defendants

July 16, 2024 SO ORDERED. |

New York, New York ¢ wire ( larke

(

JESSICA G. L. CLARKE

United States District Judge

See also Inre Int'l Sys. & Controls Corp., 693 F.2d 1235, 1241 (5th Cir. 1982); Garnier v. Illinois Tool Works, Inc.,

2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28370, (E.D.N.Y. May 4, 2006); A.L.A. Holdings, S.A. v. Lehman Brothers, Inc., 2002 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 20107 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2002).

See also Varuzza by Zarrillo v. Bulk Materials, Inc., 169 F.R.D. 254, 257 (N.D.N.Y. 1996) (ordering disclosure of

witness statement where deposition had already occurred and witness was unable to recall many events and defendants

required the statement to fill in the gaps and for impeachment).

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