The opinion
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
THE BOLDT COMPANY, a Wisconsin Corporation,
Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant/Appellee/Cross-Appellant,
v.
BLACK & VEATCH CONSTRUCTION, INC., a Missouri Corpora-
tion,
Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff/Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 19-cv-08383 — Andrea R. Wood, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MAY 18, 2026 — DECIDED JULY 8, 2026
____________________
Before SCUDDER, KIRSCH, and TAIBLESON, Circuit Judges.
KIRSCH, Circuit Judge. Black & Veatch Construction, Inc.
hired The Boldt Company to serve as subcontractor for the
assembly of a windfarm. Things didn’t go according to plan.
After construction fell behind schedule and with deadlines
looming, Black & Veatch kicked Boldt off the project. Boldt
sued Black & Veatch in federal court under diversity jurisdic-
tion, and both parties alleged that the other breached the sub-
2 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
contract. Ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment, the
district court granted Black & Veatch’s motion and denied
Boldt’s, concluding that Boldt defaulted on the agreement by
failing to perform on schedule. The case then proceeded to
trial to decide damages. After two weeks of testimony, the
jury awarded Black & Veatch only nominal damages.
Black & Veatch appeals the jury verdict along with various
evidentiary rulings from the trial. Boldt also appeals, arguing
that the district court erred when it granted summary judg-
ment to Black & Veatch. For the reasons below, we affirm the
jury verdict, affirm in part and reverse in part the grant of
summary judgment, and remand for further proceedings in
the district court.
I
A
Black & Veatch Construction, Inc. agreed to be the general
contractor for the construction of a 60-turbine windfarm in
Good Hope, Illinois. The property owner separately entered
a contract with General Electric Renewables North America,
LLC (GE), which was to supply and deliver wind turbine
parts.
To build the turbines, Black & Veatch subcontracted with
The Boldt Company, a construction firm that works in the
power and utilities sector. The parties’ written subcontract in-
cluded a schedule that Boldt developed, setting out a planned
sequence of construction activities and milestones (for in-
stance, the date when the first ten turbines were to be com-
pleted). The subcontract said that performance of the work
according to the construction schedule was “a material provi-
sion.”
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 3
The project quickly fell behind schedule. The first turbine
was due to be constructed by mid-August 2019, but Boldt was
unable to begin construction because plans and cranes
weren’t ready. Progress was also slowed because the ground
was wet and crane platforms provided by Black & Veatch
weren’t suitable for the job. To top it all off, GE failed to de-
liver on time.
The subcontract said that if Black & Veatch or GE caused
a delay, Boldt could give Black & Veatch notice, and that Boldt
would then not be responsible for any related breach of the
agreement. As the project bogged down, Boldt notified Black
& Veatch of delays through a series of brief written memos.
On August 22, for instance, Boldt wrote that site conditions
weren’t suitable at one of the turbine construction points. Two
days later, Boldt notified Black & Veatch of wait times for tur-
bine parts. These short notices said that “the full cost and
schedule impacts” of the delays were not yet known. Beyond
near-daily memos to Black & Veatch outlining problems,
Boldt also sent more formal letters concerning unsuitable soil
conditions and a work stoppage and ongoing problems with
crane platforms and soil conditions. Black & Veatch was
aware of the problems with parts deliveries and sent Boldt a
notice that GE was causing delays.
After more than a month went by and with no turbines
constructed, Black & Veatch took a harder line. It issued three
notices of default, informing Boldt that it was behind sched-
ule in breach of the subcontract. Boldt denied responsibility,
asserting that the delays were caused by slow deliveries, soil
conditions, and problems with the construction works (the
subcontract defined that term as “everything used in the per-
formance of work that is not intended to become a permanent
4 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
part of the Project”). Boldt’s response included a detailed let-
ter about those delays, including a table comparing the ex-
pected and actual delivery of parts. Black & Veatch began tak-
ing assignments from Boldt (the parties refer to the takeover
of work as descoping). Boldt tried a final time to salvage the
relationship by proposing acceleration options, but Black &
Veatch rejected those proposals and stopped Boldt’s work en-
tirely, invoking the subcontract’s for-cause termination provi-
sion. Boldt’s part in the windfarm construction was over just
two months after it had begun. Black & Veatch took over the
remaining work and completed the project.
B
A few months after Black & Veatch terminated the sub-
contract, Boldt filed this lawsuit, claiming that Black & Veatch
wrongfully ended the parties’ contractual relationship, failed
to maintain adequate construction facilities, and didn’t pay
for completed work. Black & Veatch counterclaimed, alleging
that Boldt breached the subcontract by failing to perform on
time. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment
(they sought judgment on the other party’s claims), and the
district court granted Black & Veatch’s motion and denied
Boldt’s. The court concluded that (1) the subcontract barred
Boldt’s claims insofar as they were based on the availability
and adequacy of Black & Veatch’s construction works; (2)
Boldt failed to provide adequate notice of delays and was re-
sponsible for falling behind schedule; and (3) Black & Veatch
properly terminated Boldt for cause.
The case proceeded to trial, with the jury only tasked to
decide Black & Veatch’s damages. Ruling on a motion in
limine, the district court stressed that Black & Veatch could
base its recovery on all of the work assigned to Boldt—even
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 5
those portions that had been descoped prior to the termina-
tion for cause. But after Black & Veatch referenced descoping
in its opening, the judge had second thoughts. The district
court allowed Boldt to put on evidence that some of the work
had been descoped prior to the termination of the agreement,
such that it was not responsible for related damages. Boldt
presented that evidence, but the court ultimately decided the
issue as a matter of law and instructed the jury not to distin-
guish between descoped work and work terminated for
cause.
The trial was in part a battle of the experts. Black & Veatch
argued that it incurred nearly $39 million in damages to com-
plete Boldt’s work (the original subcontract price was $15.4
million). To prove those damages, Black & Veatch relied on
the testimony of a project manager who assigned cost codes
for expenses related to the windfarm and a damages expert
who reviewed the coding process. Boldt’s expert raised ques-
tions about the reasonableness of Black & Veatch’s claimed
costs and the jury also heard testimony about errors in Black
& Veatch’s analysis.
At the close of the evidence, the district court instructed
the jury that if Black & Veatch “fails to provide a proper basis
for computing its damages, only nominal damages (i.e., $1.00)
can be recovered.” The jury took that route, and Black & Ve-
atch walked away with $1 in nominal damages. Black & Ve-
atch moved for a new trial or to alter or amend the judgment
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59. Boldt also moved
to amend the judgment, seeking to recover payment for work
completed prior to the termination. The district court denied
the post-trial motions, and the parties filed this appeal.
6 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
II
A
We begin with Black & Veatch’s appeal. Black & Veatch
argues that it is entitled to a new trial because the district
court (1) admitted evidence relevant to liability; (2) admitted
undisclosed expert opinions; (3) instructed the jury on nomi-
nal damages; (4) committed errors that cumulatively made
the trial unfair; and because (5) the jury’s verdict is against the
manifest weight of the evidence. Black & Veatch also appeals
from the denial of Boldt’s motion to amend the judgment,
contending that the district court issued an improper advi-
sory opinion. We review the denial of a Rule 59 motion for an
abuse of discretion, considering embedded legal questions de
novo and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prevailing party. Meadows v. NCR Corp., 83 F.4th 649, 652
(7th Cir. 2023); Kapelanski v. Johnson, 390 F.3d 525, 530 (7th Cir.
2004). A new trial is warranted “only when the record shows
that the jury’s verdict resulted in a miscarriage of justice or
where the verdict, on the record, cries out to be overturned or
shocks our conscience.” Est. of Burford v. Acct. Prac. Sales, Inc.,
851 F.3d 641, 646 (7th Cir. 2017) (citation modified).
1
Black & Veatch argues that the trial violated its due pro-
cess rights and was fundamentally unfair because Black & Ve-
atch came prepared to try damages only, but the district court
allowed Boldt to admit evidence showing that it wasn’t liable
for breach and stopped Black & Veatch from introducing op-
posing evidence. We review evidentiary rulings for an abuse
of discretion and will affirm unless the error likely affected
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 7
the outcome of the trial. Jackson v. Esser, 105 F.4th 948, 963 (7th
Cir. 2024).
The district court admitted evidence about Boldt’s perfor-
mance on prior windfarm projects, testimony that Black & Ve-
atch was responsible for schedule delays after Black & Veatch
took over the project, testimony that Boldt was surprised that
it was terminated from the subcontract, evidence tending to
show Boldt’s belief that Black & Veatch had defaulted on the
subcontract, and Boldt’s plan to accelerate construction. The
district court also allowed Boldt to present evidence that cer-
tain work had been descoped prior to the termination. The
court excluded evidence that Black & Veatch attempted to in-
troduce, including the reasons for Boldt’s termination and
Boldt’s failures to perform safely and on time.
It’s true that some of the evidence the district court admit-
ted was relevant to the issue of which party breached the sub-
contract. But this evidence was also relevant to credibility or
damages. For instance, the district court admitted evidence of
Boldt’s reputation in the industry because it suggested that
Boldt’s witnesses were credible. That Black & Veatch was be-
hind schedule after it took over construction spoke to the rea-
sonableness of its claimed damages. And the district court did
not allow Boldt to use the notice and descoping evidence to
prove that it wasn’t liable. Instead, this evidence tended to
show that Boldt became liable at a later date and so was re-
sponsible for damages associated with a lesser portion of the
project.
The evidence that Black & Veatch wished to introduce in
opposition, on the other hand, had only minimal relevance to
damages. Generally, the district court admitted evidence
about post-termination conduct by Black & Veatch (relevant
8 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
to mitigation and damages), and excluded evidence about
pre-termination conduct, which was largely irrelevant to the
damages question. We agree with that approach. That Black
& Veatch had already succeeded on the issue of liability, in
other words, meant that Black & Veatch’s conduct after it took
over the work remained relevant, while Boldt’s conduct lead-
ing up to the termination was not.
Black & Veatch doesn’t contest that it had an opportunity
to object to the district court’s evidentiary rulings. But Black
& Veatch contends that its due process rights were nonethe-
less violated because it did not have adequate notice that evi-
dence relevant to liability would be admitted. As we’ve dis-
cussed, the evidence at issue was relevant to damages, and so
its admission should not have been a surprise. And insofar as
Black & Veatch complains that the district court changed its
mind mid-trial and allowed testimony about descoping, Black
& Veatch’s reliance on prior interlocutory orders was mis-
placed. See Rao v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 153 F.4th 541,
550 (7th Cir. 2025) (noting that the discretionary law of the
case doctrine applies with less force to prior interlocutory or-
ders and “does not preclude a district court from reopening a
decided issue”) (citation modified).
The district court instructed the jury that Boldt had
breached the subcontract and been properly terminated for
cause, and that the only question the jury was to decide was
damages. The court also ultimately told the jury to ignore the
distinction between descoped work and work terminated for
cause. We presume that the jury followed these instructions.
See United States v. Warner, 498 F.3d 666, 683 (7th Cir. 2007).
The instructions, together with the fact that this evidence was
relevant to damages, distinguish this case from the decision
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 9
which Black & Veatch cites. See Guzman v. City of Chicago, 689
F.3d 740, 747–48 (7th Cir. 2012) (remanding for new trial on
damages where defense counsel “put liability in issue” and
that the defense’s evidence “coupled with the liability instruc-
tion, likely confused the jury by converting this damages-only
trial into one about liability”). Black & Veatch contends that
the jury must have impermissibly decided liability and
reached a compromise verdict (meaning that jurors resolved
an inability to decide issues of liability by awarding a party
inadequate damages). See Carter v. Chi. Police Officers, 165 F.3d
1071, 1082 (7th Cir. 1998). But the jury didn’t have to compro-
mise in this case. Instead, the record suggests the jury fol-
lowed the court’s instructions, concluded that it had no rea-
sonable basis to compute damages, and properly awarded
only a nominal recovery. The district judge was in the best
position to gauge the impact of the evidence in question,
whether it would lead to impermissible confusion, and to en-
sure that the jury did not use it to decide questions outside
the scope of the trial. See United States v. Bonin, 932 F.3d 523,
541 (7th Cir. 2019). We see no abuse of discretion on this basis.
2
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 governs the pretrial dis-
closure of expert opinions. For each expert, Rule 26 requires
parties to disclose in writing “a complete statement of all
opinions the witness will express.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(a)(2)(B)(i). If a party fails to disclose an opinion as required,
that party is not allowed to use the undisclosed opinion at
trial unless the failure was substantially justified or is harm-
less. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). We review the district court’s ad-
mission of evidence under Rule 26 for an abuse of discretion.
Harrington v. Duszak, 971 F.3d 739, 740–41 (7th Cir. 2020).
10 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
Whether a Rule 26(a) violation is harmless is entrusted to the
broad discretion of the district court. David v. Caterpillar, Inc.,
324 F.3d 851, 857 (7th Cir. 2003).
Before trial, Boldt disclosed that its expert would testify
that Black & Veatch’s cost coding (assigning codes to specific
costs associated with the project) was unreliable. At trial,
Boldt’s expert testified about Black & Veatch’s cost coding,
and used specific examples to underscore her criticisms. Black
& Veatch objects that the opinions associated with those spe-
cific examples were not disclosed, but we agree with the dis-
trict court that this testimony was an elaboration on (and so
within the scope of) the disclosed opinion. The district court
did not permit Boldt’s expert to testify to specific overstate-
ments, and the court did not err by allowing the expert to use
examples to back up her analysis. See Metavante Corp. v. Emi-
grant Sav. Bank, 619 F.3d 748, 762 (7th Cir. 2010) (holding that
an opinion was adequately disclosed when an expert did not
clearly deviate from the established scope and the opposing
party’s cross-examination was well-prepared); Gay v. Stone-
bridge Life Ins. Co., 660 F.3d 58, 64 (1st Cir. 2011) (finding ex-
pert testimony to be a “reasonable elaboration” on a disclosed
opinion). Black & Veatch also complains that the district court
changed course during trial and allowed Boldt’s expert to of-
fer an opinion on Black & Veatch’s failure to segregate costs
for descoped work. Again, we see no error. This opinion was
disclosed, and the district court was permitted to revisit its
decision as trial developed.
Even if we’re wrong, and these opinions shouldn’t have
been admitted, we do not think they likely mattered to the
outcome. The opinions at issue concerned discrete costs, but
this trial turned on whether the jury chose to credit Black &
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 11
Veatch’s experts and their methods. And there was no preju-
dicial surprise here, because Black & Veatch knew that Boldt’s
expert would testify on cost coding. See, e.g., Tribble v. Evan-
gelides, 670 F.3d 753, 760–61 (7th Cir. 2012). We also don’t see
any willful attempt to cause prejudice to Black & Veatch
simply because Boldt introduced additional exhibits (docu-
ments produced by Black & Veatch) based on developments
at trial. The district court concluded that any disclosure-re-
lated error was harmless. Given the scope of trial, the discrete
nature of these opinions, and the deference we owe to the dis-
trict court’s assessment, we agree.
3
The district court instructed the jury that Black & Veatch
had “the burden to establish a reasonable basis for computa-
tion of damages,” that damages “may not be awarded on the
basis of conjecture or speculation,” and that if Black & Veatch
“fails to provide a proper basis for computing its damages,
only nominal damages (i.e., $1.00) can be recovered.” Black &
Veatch argues that this instruction was error because the evi-
dence showed that it suffered actual injury. We review the le-
gal accuracy of jury instructions de novo, and the phrasing for
abuse of discretion. Antrim Pharm. LLC v. Bio-Pharm, LLC, 950
F.3d 423, 428 (7th Cir. 2020); United States v. DiSantis, 565 F.3d
354, 359 (7th Cir. 2009).
Black & Veatch objected to the nominal damages instruc-
tion before trial. But at a later hearing, the district court asked
if Black & Veatch had any objection to the instruction and
Black & Veatch responded, “Not with your proposed instruc-
tion, no.” Black & Veatch thus waived any objection to this
instruction. See Robinson v. Perales, 894 F.3d 818, 827 (7th Cir.
2018); Carter, 165 F.3d at 1078 (a party that makes its position
12 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
clear before the trial court does not need to make a formal ob-
jection to the instruction, but that rule only applies if the po-
sition was made clear to the trial court and any further objec-
tion was unavailing and futile). And even if Black & Veatch
had preserved this objection, the district court correctly in-
structed the jury about Illinois law. See TAS Distrib. Co. v.
Cummins Engine Co., 491 F.3d 625, 632 (7th Cir. 2007); Illinois
Pattern Jury Instructions—Civil 700.15V (2025).
Black & Veatch effectively asks us to create a new rule—a
nominal damages instruction is never appropriate when
there’s evidence from which the jury could calculate dam-
ages. We decline that invitation, because under Illinois law,
the adequacy of the basis for calculating damages is a ques-
tion for the finder of fact. See TAS Distrib., 491 F.3d at 632;
Razor v. Hyundai Motor Am., 854 N.E.2d 607, 626 (Ill. 2006).
4
Black & Veatch contends that the district court’s errors,
taken together, require a new trial. Aggregated errors might
alter the course of a trial to violate a party’s right to due pro-
cess. Taylor v. Kentucky, 436 U.S. 478, 487 n.15 (1978); Alvarez
v. Boyd, 225 F.3d 820, 824 (7th Cir. 2000). Black & Veatch must
establish the district court made multiple errors during the
trial and that those errors, considered together with the rest
of the record, so infected the jury’s deliberation that they de-
nied Black & Veatch a fair trial. Alvarez, 225 F.3d at 824. We
reverse only if the plain and preserved errors, considered to-
gether, could not have been harmless. Sanchez v. City of Chi-
cago, 880 F.3d 349, 361 (7th Cir. 2018).
We’ve found no error in the district court’s admission and
exclusion of evidence and expert opinions, and in the nominal
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 13
damages instruction. And we are not persuaded that there is
a significant chance that any of the other potential errors Black
& Veatch points to (considered together) affected the outcome
of the trial. See Sanchez, 880 F.3d at 359; Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. The
district court could have better organized the proceeding by
issuing a final pretrial order, but the rules do not require that
step. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(d)–(e). Black & Veatch complains
that the district court allowed Boldt to admit exhibits mid-
trial and to amend its position on pretrial orders and deposi-
tion designations. We see no error on this basis, either. The
exhibits were produced by Black & Veatch, enforcement of
pretrial evidentiary decisions is within the sound discretion
of the district court, and the court was allowed to make course
changes as the trial developed. See Abellan v. Lavelo Prop.
Mgmt., LLC, 948 F.3d 820, 830 (7th Cir. 2020). Finally, although
Boldt’s attorney made arguments in closing that straddled the
line dividing the issues of damages and liability, given the
lengthy trial which centered on expert credibility, we are not
persuaded that those remarks were “plainly unwarranted and
clearly injurious.” Smith v. Hunt, 707 F.3d 803, 812 (7th Cir.
2013) (citation modified). In sum, we cannot conclude that any
errors, considered separately or together, caused such sub-
stantial prejudice to Black & Veatch that a new trial is war-
ranted.
5
Nor are we convinced that the jury’s verdict was contrary
to the weight of the evidence. See Abellan, 948 F.3d at 831; Fed.
R. Civ. P. 59(a). The jury necessarily concluded that Black &
Veatch failed to present evidence from which it could calcu-
late the costs of completion to a reasonable degree of cer-
tainty. Black & Veatch argued that it incurred costs of $38.9
14 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
million to complete work that Boldt had agreed to finish for
$15.4 million. Its case rested heavily on the testimony of a pro-
ject manager and damages expert, and on the cost-coding sys-
tem which Black & Veatch used to identify costs associated
with work originally assigned to Boldt. But the trial exposed
numerous cost-coding errors, involving $17.7 million. Simi-
larly, the testimony of Boldt’s expert may have led the jury to
doubt the reasonableness of Black & Veatch’s claimed costs.
The jury also lacked insight into how Black & Veatch’s dam-
ages expert reviewed costs for reasonableness, and evidence
showed that Black & Veatch may not have completed the
work in the most cost-efficient manner. The parties debate
whether certain costs were contested at trial. But the costs of
particular items or parts of the project weren’t what the jury
was asked to decide. On this record, it was not against the
manifest weight of the evidence for the jury to conclude that
Black & Veatch failed to provide a proper basis for computing
its damages.
6
Black & Veatch’s final argument on appeal concerns the
district court’s decision on Boldt’s post-trial motion. Boldt
moved under Rule 59(e) to amend the judgment, seeking to
recover payment for work it performed prior to termination.
Specifically, Boldt asserted that even if it had been terminated
for cause, the subcontract required Black & Veatch to pay
Boldt for completed work. The district court denied the mo-
tion, explaining that “Boldt seeks relief properly pursued in a
new case, which Boldt has since filed.” The court reasoned
that “the relief Boldt seeks arises from a separate and distinct
breach of the Subcontract from that alleged in this case.” Black
& Veatch contends that this portion of the district court’s rul-
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 15
ing is an advisory opinion, and that Boldt’s claim is barred by
res judicata.
The district court’s ruling wasn’t advisory. It had concrete
consequences for the parties—stopping Boldt from pursuing
a claim in this suit based on costs for pre-termination work.
See Hill v. Madison County, 983 F.3d 904, 906 (7th Cir. 2020).
Perhaps res judicata should prevent Boldt from litigating its
claim in a new case, see 18 Wright & Miller’s Federal Practice
& Procedure § 4413 (3d ed. 2026), but we need not decide
now. Even if the district court erred in noting that Boldt’s
claim was properly brought in another lawsuit, any error was
harmless. See Auto Servs. Co. v. KPMG, LLP, 537 F.3d 853, 857
(8th Cir. 2008) (gathering cases); Rezzonico v. H & R Block, Inc.,
182 F.3d 144, 148 (2d Cir. 1999) (“[L]aw of the case is con-
cerned with the extent to which law applied in a decision at
one stage of litigation becomes the governing principle in
later stages of the same litigation. Res judicata does not speak
to direct attacks in the same case, but rather has application in
subsequent actions.”) (emphasis added). Because Black & Ve-
atch has not shown that it is entitled to a new trial or that the
court’s ruling on Boldt’s motion resulted in prejudice, we af-
firm the denial of the post-trial motions.
B
We turn next to Boldt’s cross-appeal. We review decisions
on cross-motions for summary judgment de novo. Cent.
States, Se. and Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. Univar Sols. USA Inc.,
148 F.4th 426, 429 (7th Cir. 2025). Because the district court
granted summary judgment to Black & Veatch, we construe
all facts and draw all inferences in Boldt’s favor. See Schlaf v.
Safeguard Prop., LLC, 899 F.3d 459, 465 (7th Cir. 2018). While
the parties appear (at times) to have been under the impres-
16 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
sion that Boldt alleged a single claim for breach of contract,
Boldt actually asserted that Black & Veatch breached the
agreement in three ways: (1) failing to pay Boldt on time for
work completed; (2) failing to take certain steps during the
project, such as providing adequate construction works or ex-
tending the project schedule based on delays; and (3) wrong-
fully terminating the subcontract. These involve different
“operative facts that produce an assertable right in court and
create an entitlement to a remedy,” which make them sepa-
rate claims, not theories of relief (also known as causes of ac-
tion, the legal vehicles for pursing a claim). St. Augustine Sch.
v. Underly, 78 F.4th 349, 352 (7th Cir. 2023); see also Hi-Lite
Prods. Co. v. Am. Home Prods. Corp., 11 F.3d 1402, 1406–11 (7th
Cir. 1993). We consider each claim in turn.
1
Black & Veatch moved for summary judgment on count 1
of the complaint (which included all three of the claims above)
but didn’t specifically explain why it was entitled to judgment
on Boldt’s claim for costs of completed work. (Note that this
claim was premised on the theory that Boldt had not been ter-
minated for cause. By contrast, the claim that Boldt asserted
after trial—discussed above at 14–15, and currently at issue in
a separate suit—relies on a different part of the contract,
which required payment for completed work if Boldt was ter-
minated for cause.) In its response brief, Boldt asserted in
passing that its claim for costs should survive summary judg-
ment. Without addressing that point, the district court
granted summary judgment to Black & Veatch and held that
Boldt “cannot maintain any portion of its breach of contract
claim.” Boldt moved for reconsideration but did not assert
that it still had a claim based on its costs for work completed.
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 17
Five months later, though, during the pre-trial conference,
Boldt argued that this claim was still alive and well (citing dif-
ferent provisions of the subcontract that weren’t referenced in
the complaint), and that it should be allowed to pursue it at
trial. The district court barred Boldt from presenting evidence
in support of this claim for breach, noting that it had granted
summary judgment as to all the alleged breaches.
On appeal, Boldt fails to grasp the essential point—the dis-
trict court granted summary judgment on this claim. Boldt
contends that the district court erred by preventing Boldt
from arguing to the jury that it was entitled to these costs and
correctly observes that it included related allegations in its
complaint. But Boldt fails to make any argument that the dis-
trict court erred by granting summary judgment on this claim.
Summary judgment may have been inappropriate here, given
that Black & Veatch never explained why it was entitled to
summary judgment on this claim. But because “[i]t is not this
court’s responsibility to research and construct the parties’ ar-
guments,” Boldt waived argument that the district court erro-
neously granted summary judgment on its claim for unpaid
costs. United States v. Beechler, 68 F.4th 358, 370 (7th Cir. 2023)
(citation modified).
2
Boldt’s second breach of contract claim centers on Black &
Veatch’s alleged failure to perform. For instance, the com-
plaint says that Black & Veatch failed to provide and maintain
crane pads and access roads, didn’t properly remediate soft
soils, and refused to extend the schedule and compensate
Boldt for delays caused by others. The district court held that
Black & Veatch was entitled to summary judgment because
the subcontract said that Boldt would have no claim arising
18 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
out of the state or availability of Black & Veatch’s construction
works.
On appeal, Boldt makes no argument that the district court
erred in granting summary judgment as to this claim. In ask-
ing us to upend the district court’s judgment, Boldt has the
obligation to explain why we should reverse, and to cite ap-
propriate authority in support. See Greenbank v. Great Am. As-
surance Co., 47 F.4th 618, 629 (7th Cir. 2022). Boldt didn’t do
that with respect to its claim based on Black & Veatch’s failure
to perform, and so we affirm the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment as to this claim.
3
The district court also granted summary judgment on the
claim that Black & Veatch wrongfully terminated the agree-
ment. This was error. The court understood the subcontract to
effectively set up a default rule—Boldt was responsible for de-
lays unless it adequately notified Black & Veatch that a delay
was caused by Black & Veatch or GE. We disagree, because
this ambiguous contract doesn’t necessarily establish such a
lopsided rule. Applying its default-rule interpretation, the
district court held that Boldt didn’t adequately notify Black &
Veatch of delays. Again, we reach the opposite conclusion. A
jury could find that Boldt put Black & Veatch on notice of de-
lays caused by others such that it could not be held responsi-
ble. The bottom line is that there’s a material dispute about
whether Boldt was wrongfully terminated. A jury must de-
cide both whether the parties intended to assign blame to
Boldt for delays absent effective notice and whether Boldt in
fact provided adequate notice.
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 19
i
This case is governed by Illinois law. We construe the con-
tract to give effect to the intent of the parties, looking initially
to the language of the agreement alone. Gallagher v. Lenart, 874
N.E.2d 43, 58 (Ill. 2007). If the contract is unambiguous, we
will enforce it as written. Farm Credit Bank of St. Louis v. Whit-
lock, 581 N.E.2d 664, 667 (Ill. 1991). But a contract is ambigu-
ous if it is “reasonably susceptible to more than one mean-
ing,” Curia v. Nelson, 587 F.3d 824, 829 (7th Cir. 2009) (citation
modified), at which point construction generally becomes a
question of fact for the jury, Harmon v. Gordon, 712 F.3d 1044,
1050 (7th Cir. 2013). To understand why reversal is required,
four parts of the subcontract are relevant: (1) the for-cause ter-
mination provision (§ 552.23.1); (2) a provision that said stay-
ing on schedule was a material requirement (§ 552.5.1); (3)
provisions barring Boldt from making claims based on Black
& Veatch-provided construction works (§§ 554.11.1 &
554.11.3); and (4) clauses describing how Boldt could notify
Black & Veatch of delays caused by Black & Veatch or GE
(§§ 552.34 & 552.35).
The first of these is straightforward: the subcontract’s for-
cause termination provision said that if Black & Veatch noti-
fied Boldt that it was in default in any obligation, Boldt had
seven days to solve the problem or, if the default could not be
cured in that amount of time, Boldt had to begin action and
diligently pursue the cure to completion. If Boldt didn’t sat-
isfy those requirements, Black & Veatch was permitted to ter-
minate all or part of the subcontract.
Second, consider the requirement that construction stay
on schedule:
20 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
Performance of the Work as scheduled in the
Construction Schedule … is a material provi-
sion of the Subcontract. [Boldt] shall furnish
monthly progress reports of the Work as re-
quested by [Black & Veatch] …. If the work is
not progressing as scheduled, [Boldt] shall im-
plement appropriate corrective measures to get
the Work back on schedule and advise [Black &
Veatch] of such corrective actions. [Boldt] will
be solely responsible for costs incurred to imple-
ment the corrective measures.
Third, the subcontract includes what we refer to as the ex-
culpatory clauses. Black & Veatch promised to provide cer-
tain construction works, including primary access roads and
crane pads. Boldt agreed that if it used Black & Veatch’s con-
struction works, it would accept them as is and waive any
claims arising out of or relating to their use. Similarly, the sub-
contract said that Black & Veatch did not “guarantee uninter-
rupted use of [Black & Veatch]-furnished Construction Works
and [Boldt] has no Claim against [Black & Veatch] for incon-
venience suffered due to interruption in availability.”
The fourth and final section of the subcontract relevant
here addresses the possibility that Black & Veatch or GE
would cause a delay. If Boldt believed that Black & Veatch or
GE caused the schedule to slip, Boldt was to give Black & Ve-
atch timely notice including a description of the details of the
delay and “any effects on [Boldt’s] performance of its obliga-
tions.” If Boldt gave the required notice and complied with
other conditions, it would not be responsible for a breach of
the agreement based on delays caused by Black & Veatch or
GE.
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 21
ii
This subcontract is not a model of clear drafting. The dis-
trict court put these pieces together and concluded that the
agreement set up a default rule: Boldt was responsible for de-
lays unless it followed the procedures for notifying Black &
Veatch that GE or Black & Veatch were causing a slowdown.
On appeal, Black & Veatch endorses that interpretation, and
we think that’s a fair reading of the subcontract. The agree-
ment said that staying on schedule was a material require-
ment (in the context of an agreement where Boldt was doing
the work) and laid out a detailed notice mechanism for Boldt
to follow if Black & Veatch or GE caused a problem. It’s rea-
sonable to infer that Boldt’s only mechanism for avoiding de-
fault because of delays was to show (via the notice provisions)
that it wasn’t at fault.
But we disagree that this is the only reasonable interpreta-
tion. While the subcontract said staying on schedule was a
material requirement, that doesn’t necessarily mean that
Boldt was responsible for every delay. Similarly, the parties
might have understood the notice procedures to be Boldt’s
only way to avoid default based on the schedule slipping, but
that part of the subcontract doesn’t say that Boldt is automat-
ically to blame for a delay absent effective notice. And while
the exculpatory clauses bar Boldt from bringing claims about
Black & Veatch’s construction works, we don’t believe those
clauses must be read to lock Boldt into the notice mechanism
as the only remedy for delays caused by others.
In short, the subcontract is ambiguous about whether
Boldt was responsible for delays unless it followed the notice
procedures. The agreement can be reasonably read to set up
that rule, but the parties may also have intended that Boldt
22 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
was not responsible for delays unless they were actually
Boldt’s fault. A jury must decide what the parties intended.
See Harmon, 712 F.3d at 1050.
iii
Because it’s possible that Boldt could only be found in de-
fault based on delays for which it was responsible, Black &
Veatch was not entitled to summary judgment on Boldt’s
breach of contract claim for wrongful termination. Summary
judgment was also inappropriate because there’s a material
dispute about whether Boldt adequately notified Black & Ve-
atch of delays caused by others.
While Boldt argued that it adequately notified Black & Ve-
atch of delays, the district court disagreed. The court faulted
Boldt’s memos and letters for being insufficiently detailed
and found that even if Boldt had notified Black & Veatch of
delays, it would still be unable to escape liability because it
hadn’t secured an extension on the timeline. We disagree on
both points. While Boldt communicated frequently with Black
& Veatch about the delays, to decide this appeal we need only
focus on the letters which Boldt sent on August 15 and Sep-
tember 5.
On August 15, Boldt wrote that “we are experiencing soil
conditions that are preventing Boldt from performing the
Work.” Boldt cited the relevant notice provision in the sub-
contract, included photographs and a video of the site condi-
tions and explained that Boldt was “currently incurring addi-
tional costs and experiencing schedule delays as a direct re-
sult of this Black & Veatch deficiency.” Boldt also noted that,
because it was unsure how quickly Black & Veatch would
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 23
solve the problem, “the full impacts of this deficiency cannot
be quantified.”
On September 5, in response to Black & Veatch’s notice
that Boldt was in default, Boldt wrote another letter. Boldt
agreed that the project had fallen behind schedule but wrote
that it was not in default because Black & Veatch and GE had
caused delays. Specifically, Boldt wrote that unsuitable soil
conditions and inconsistent and reduced deliveries by GE
were to blame. Boldt also attached charts comparing the orig-
inal GE deliveries with the actual or revised delivery schedule
and showing the expected or actual impact on the project’s
major milestones.
A reasonable jury could conclude that these letters satis-
fied the subcontract’s notice requirements, such that Boldt
could not be held “responsible or liable for or deemed in
breach of the Subcontract because of any failure or delay in
completing the Work in accordance with the schedule.” The
letters included details about the delays and their effects on
Boldt’s performance, and a jury could find that they were
timely sent, involved delays that qualified as “Owner and/or
Purchaser-Caused Delay” and “Turbine Vendor-Caused De-
lay,” and that nothing more was required.
Black & Veatch’s arguments to the contrary are uncon-
vincing. Like the district court, Black & Veatch faults Boldt’s
notices for being vague and general, yet the subcontract said
only that Boldt had to describe the details of the delay and
effects on the schedule, and Boldt wasn’t required to identify
effects on the construction’s overall trajectory. And while the
September 5 letter was a response to Black & Veatch’s notice
of default (and wasn’t clearly labeled a notification of a delay),
that doesn’t matter. Nothing in the agreement said Boldt had
24 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
to label its notices using specific terms or that notice could not
be sent in response to another letter. Alternatively, Black &
Veatch contends that the exculpatory clauses mean that Boldt
cannot pursue its wrongful termination claim. We find that
interpretation unreasonable. The parties agreed that Boldt
could not pursue claims against Black & Veatch based on the
availability or state of the construction works. But the excul-
patory clauses do not bar Boldt from asserting that it was
wrongfully terminated because Black & Veatch caused delays
for which Boldt was improperly blamed, especially after
Boldt adequately notified Black & Veatch of those problems.
See XCO Int’l Inc. v. Pac. Sci. Co., 369 F.3d 998, 1005 (7th Cir.
2004) (applying Illinois law and noting that “[c]ontract inter-
pretations that produce commercially unreasonable results
are disfavored, not as a matter of policy but simply because
they are implausible to impute to the parties”); Rubin v. Laser,
703 N.E.2d 453, 459 (Ill. App. Ct. 1998) (“Courts construe con-
tracts so as to avoid absurd results.”).
The district court grounded its ruling on two other points.
It held that (1) beyond notice, Boldt also had to secure an ex-
tension of the schedule to avoid liability, and (2) Boldt was at
least partly responsible for being behind schedule, such that
the notices were beside the point. We’re not persuaded. The
subcontract didn’t require Boldt to both notify Black & Veatch
of delays and seek an extension—it said that if Black & Veatch
provided adequate notice, it was entitled to a schedule revi-
sion. And while it’s undisputed Boldt failed to keep pace on
certain critical tasks, that doesn’t automatically doom its
wrongful termination claim. Because Black & Veatch may
have terminated Boldt for delays caused by others, and de-
spite receiving adequate notice of those delays, a jury could
conclude that Black & Veatch lacked cause to cut Boldt out.
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 25
To sum up, Black & Veatch was not entitled to summary
judgment on the wrongful termination claim. The subcontract
is ambiguous about (and so a jury must decide) whether Boldt
was necessarily at fault unless it notified Black & Veatch of a
delay caused by others. And there’s a material dispute of fact
about whether Boldt adequately notified Black & Veatch of
the schedule slipping because of problems with the construc-
tion site and turbine deliveries. For both reasons, we reverse
the grant of summary judgment as to this claim.
C
We close with a word about what remains to be done in
the district court. Because we’ve reversed summary judgment
as to Boldt’s breach of contract claim for wrongful termina-
tion, the parties must litigate whether Boldt was terminated
for cause, and (relatedly) whether Boldt or Black & Veatch
breached the agreement. If Boldt ultimately prevails on those
questions, it must then prove its damages.
If Black & Veatch succeeds on liability, however, the par-
ties dispute whether Black & Veatch would be entitled to a
second jury determination on damages. As discussed above,
Black & Veatch has received one fair trial on this issue. And
the Seventh Amendment does not “require that an issue once
correctly determined … be tried a second time, even though
justice demands that another distinct issue, because errone-
ously determined, must again be passed on by a jury.” Gaso-
line Prods. Co. v. Champlin Refining Co., 283 U.S. 494, 498 (1931);
see U.S. Const. amend. VII (“In Suits at common law, where
the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right
of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury,
shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.”).
26 Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070
Whether Black & Veatch deserves a second bite at the dam-
ages apple depends on if that question “is so distinct and sep-
arable” from the issue of liability that a trial on liability alone
“may be had without injustice.” Gasoline Prods., 283 U.S. at
500.
Proving liability for breach of contract in Illinois requires,
among other things, evidence of substantial performance by
the plaintiff and of a breach. See Reger Dev., LLC v. Nat’l City
Bank, 592 F.3d 759, 764 (7th Cir. 2010). Proof of damages re-
quires Black & Veatch to show the costs imposed by Boldt’s
failure to perform. See Wells v. Minor, 578 N.E.2d 1337, 1343–
44 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991); O’Connor Const. Co. v. Belmont Harbor
Home Dev., LLC, 909 N.E.2d 294, 298–99 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009).
It’s true, as Black & Veatch argues and as we’ve discussed
above, that in this case there is factual overlap between the
evidence relevant to damages and liability (for instance, any
jury deciding liability or damages will need to know the sub-
contract terms and date of breach). But overlap in relevant ev-
idence does not mean that two questions are inseparable.
What matters is whether a second jury will decide liability
without making factual findings that were already decided a
first time by another jury. Sowers v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,
975 F.3d 1112, 1130 (11th Cir. 2020); see Gasoline Prods., 283
U.S. at 499–500; McClain v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 139
F.3d 1124, 1128 (7th Cir. 1998). The first jury was neither asked
nor permitted to decide whether Boldt was liable to Black &
Veatch. Instead, the jury had to take as given that Black & Ve-
atch permissibly terminated Boldt for cause and decide only
the costs reasonably incurred by Black & Veatch to complete
Boldt’s scope of work, minus the subcontract price. A second
jury in this case, then, will make new and different factual
findings than were at issue in the first trial. And the questions
Nos. 25-2003 & 25-2070 27
of liability and damages are separated not only by elements
but also by timing: the liability inquiry focused on Boldt’s and
Black & Veatch’s conduct prior to termination; the damages
question centers on Black & Veatch’s conduct post-termina-
tion. See McClain, 139 F.3d at 1128. These issues are separable,
so the damages verdict stands.
Black & Veatch argues that it may have other damages be-
yond the cost of completion that it should be allowed to pur-
sue in a new trial. Perhaps, but we need not decide now (we
leave that to the district court). This much is clear—if Black &
Veatch succeeds in proving that Boldt breached the subcon-
tract, a jury has already set the measure of its cost of comple-
tion damages.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED