Opinion

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 JENNIFER NICOLE BUTLER, Case No. 2:25-cv-01339-TLN-CSK

12 Plaintiff,

13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

14 SACRAMENTO COUNTY SHERIFF’S (ECF No. 8)

DEPARTMENT, et al.,

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Defendants.

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18 Plaintiff Jennifer Nicole Butler is representing herself in this action and has filed

19 two amended complaints. (ECF Nos. 7 & 8.) On August 28, 2025, the Court granted

20 Plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed the complaint with leave

21 to amend within 30 days. (ECF No. 4.) The Court subsequently granted Plaintiff an

22 extension to file her amended complaint by December 5, 2025. (ECF No. 6.) As it

23 appears Plaintiff intends to proceed on the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) filed on

24 March 5, 2026 and dated January 5, 2026 (ECF No. 8, the Court will screen that

25 complaint and disregard the earlier filing at ECF No. 7. For the reasons that follow, the

26 Court recommends that the FAC be dismissed without leave to amend for failure to state

27 a claim.

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1 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT

2 Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e), the court must screen every in forma pauperis

3 proceeding, and must order dismissal of the case if it is “frivolous or malicious,” “fails to

4 state a claim on which relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief against a

5 defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Lopez v. Smith,

6 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (2000) (en banc). A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an

7 arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In

8 reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court accepts as true the factual

9 allegations contained in the complaint, unless they are clearly baseless or fanciful, and

10 construes those allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See id. at 326-27;

11 Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir.

12 2010), cert. denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011).

13 Pleadings by self-represented litigants are liberally construed. Hebbe v. Pliler, 627

14 F.3d 338, 342 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2010) (liberal construction appropriate even post-Iqbal).

15 However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable

16 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d

17 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does

18 not suffice to state a claim. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007);

19 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

20 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough

21 facts “to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A

22 claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court

23 to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

24 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the

25 complaint and an opportunity to amend unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be

26 cured by amendment. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130-31; Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80

27 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996).

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1 II. DISCUSSION

2 Plaintiff brings this Section 1983 action against the following seven (7)

3 defendants: County of Shasta, the Shasta County Sheriff’s Department, Shasta County

4 Sheriff Michael Johnson, Shasta County Deputies Joshua Hamby and Molly Roberts,

5 Shasta County District Attorney Stephanie Bridgett, and Shasta County Deputy District

6 Attorney Dawn Becker.1 Plaintiff alleges that defendants, acting under color of state law,

7 violated her rights under the Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. (FAC, ¶¶ 1.)

8 The claims stem from an incident on October 8, 2022, when defendants Roberts

9 and Hambly allegedly “entered plaintiff’s property through a secured gate without

10 permission [and] without a search warrant” and began searching “with firearms drawn.”

11 (Id., ¶¶ 21-22.) After telling plaintiff to “drop her weapons,” consisting of a hammer and a

12 block of wood she was using to install flooring, Roberts and Hambly “rushed plaintiff,

13 tackling her to the floor” and injuring her arm, shoulder, hip, and leg. (Id., 23.) Prior to

14 that day, the County of Shasta allegedly failed to equip its vehicles with recording

15 technology and its deputies with body cameras; it also allegedly failed to adequately

16 train staff on warrantless searches and use of force. (Id., ¶¶ 12-16. ) Sheriff Johnson

17 allegedly failed to investigate the October 8, 2022 incident. (Id., ¶¶ 17-18.) Plaintiff

18 asserts that Roberts, Hambly, Johnson, and Shasta County violated her Fourth

19 Amendment rights against unreasonable search and seizure and her Eighth Amendment

20 rights against use of excessive force. (Id., ¶¶ 51-53.)

21 Plaintiff further alleges that in April 2024, Roberts and Hamby coerced a witness

22 to falsely identify her and subjected her to false arrest and false imprisonment, violating

23 her constitutional right to due process. (Id., ¶¶ 26-29.)

24 Plaintiff’s claims against prosecutors Bridgett and Becker stem from their charging

25 plaintiff with resisting arrest and brandishing a weapon in the October 2022 incident; the

26 weapon charge was later dismissed. (Id., ¶¶ 30-33.) However, “plaintiff continues to face

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1 All defendants except Becker were named in the original complaint dismissed on

28 August 28, 2025. (ECF No. 4.)

1 prosecution” for one count of resisting arrest in the October 2022 incident. (Id., ¶ 35. )

2 Plaintiff asserts that Bridgett and Becker violated her constitutional right to access the

3 courts and her right to due process of law. (Id., ¶¶ 49-50.)

4 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8

5 Plaintiff’s FAC does not contain a short and plain statement of a claim as required

6 by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8. In order to give fair notice of the claims and the

7 grounds on which they rest, a plaintiff must allege with at least some degree of

8 particularity overt acts by specific defendants which support the claims. See Kimes v.

9 Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). A review of Plaintiff’s FAC reveals it consists

10 of “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements” of her causes of action and fails to state a claim

11 for relief. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. While this problem infects the entire complaint, the

12 Court discusses the FAC’s deficiencies in pleading particular claims below.

13 B. Failure to State a Claim

14 Plaintiff’s FAC fails to state a claim against any defendant under Section 1983.

15 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “provides a cause of action for the deprivation of any rights, privileges,

16 or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States.” Wilder v.

17 Virginia Hosp. Ass'n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). To

18 state a cognizable Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege the violation of a right

19 protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and that the alleged

20 deprivation was committed by a person who acted under color of state law. 42 U.S.C.

21 § 1983; see also Florer v. Congregation Pidyon Shevuyim, N.A., 639 F.3d 916, 921 (9th

22 Cir. 2011). An individual defendant is not liable on a civil rights claim unless the facts

23 establish the defendant’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation or a

24 causal connection between the defendant's wrongful conduct and the alleged

25 constitutional deprivation. See Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 645 (9th Cir. 1989);

26 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743-44 (9th Cir. 1978). Plaintif’s brief and conclusory

27 allegations against the individual defendants do not suffice to show unconstitutional

28 conduct under Section 1983.

1 As to Defendant Shasta County, plaintiff’s general and conclusory allegations in

2 the FAC do not “show that a ‘policy or custom’ led to plaintiff’s injury.” See Castro v.

3 County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1073 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (quoting Monell v.

4 Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978)). To impose liability

5 under Monell, a plaintiff must show that (1) she was deprived of a constitutional right;

6 (2) the municipality has a policy; (3) the policy amounts to deliberate indifference to

7 plaintiff's constitutional rights; and (4) the policy is the moving force behind the

8 constitutional violation. Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1070 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing

9 Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1474 (9th Cir. 1994)). The FAC does not allege specific

10 facts to meet these elements, and plaintiff’s Monell claim is subject to dismissal.

11 Moreover, as explained in the August 28, 2025 order screening Plaintiff’s original

12 complaint, the Section 1983 claims based on the October 8, 2022 incident are untimely

13 absent a showing of equitable tolling. (ECF No. 4 at 9-10.) Plaintiff has not “[pled]

14 additional facts, including facts regarding tolling of the limitations period” for these claims

15 (ECF No. 4 at 10), which are subject to dismissal for untimeliness in addition to failure to

16 meet the pleading requirements under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.

17 As to the due process claims against Defendants Bridgett and Becker, the FAC

18 does not explain how these defendants denied Plaintiff her constitutional right of access

19 to the courts or caused her constitutional injury by prosecuting her for resisting arrest. In

20 its August 28, 2025 screening order, the Court noted that Plaintiff “fails to allege facts

21 required regarding the elements for a malicious prosecution claim, including facts about

22 the underlying prosecution, whether the prosecution terminated in Plaintiff’s favor, and

23 whether Defendant Bridgett prosecuted Plaintiff to deny her a specific constitutional

24 right.” (ECF No. 4 at 10.) The FAC does not cure these deficiencies or allege facts

25 sufficient to state a Section 1983 claim against these defendants.

26 Finally, insofar as Plaintiff’s malicious prosecution claim concerns ongoing state

27 court proceedings, it is barred by the Younger abstention doctrine. Federal courts are

28 generally required to abstain from interfering with ongoing state court proceedings.

1 Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43–45 (1971). Abstention of the federal court is required

2 under Younger when “(1) there is ‘an ongoing state judicial proceeding’; (2) the

3 proceeding ‘implicate[s] important state interests’; (3) there is ‘an adequate opportunity in

4 the state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges’; and (4) the requested relief

5 ‘seek[s] to enjoin’ or has ‘the practical effect of enjoining’ the ongoing state judicial

6 proceeding.” Arevalo v. Hennessy, 882 F.3d 763, 765 (9th Cir. 2018) (citations omitted).

7 The FAC suggests there are ongoing state proceedings on the charges that are the

8 subject of Plaintiff’s malicious prosecution claim. (See, e.g., FAC, ¶ 35 (“Plaintiff

9 continues to face prosecution for two counts of resisting arrest . . .”)). The federal court

10 must abstain from interfering with these proceedings, which provide an adequate

11 opportunity to raise constitutional challenges. In sum, all claims in the FAC should be

12 dismissed.

13 C. Leave to Amend

14 Although the Federal Rules adopt a flexible pleading policy, even a pro se

15 litigant’s complaint must give fair notice and state the elements of a claim plainly and

16 succinctly. Jones v. Community Redev. Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984). If the

17 court finds that a complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim, it has

18 discretion to dismiss with or without leave to amend. Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1126-30. Leave

19 to amend should be granted if it appears possible that the defects in the complaint could

20 be corrected, especially if a plaintiff is pro se. Id. at 1130-31; see also Cato v. United

21 States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995) (“A pro se litigant must be given leave to

22 amend his or her complaint, and some notice of its deficiencies, unless it is absolutely

23 clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by amendment.”) (citation

24 omitted). However, if, after careful consideration, it is clear that a complaint cannot be

25 cured by amendment, the court may dismiss without leave to amend. Cato, 70 F.3d at

26 1105-06.

27 Here, the Court provided Plaintiff a detailed explanation of the deficiencies in her

28 original complaint and granted leave to amend. Despite this, Plaintiff has been unable to

1 | cure the deficiencies and allege sufficient facts to state a claim against any defendant.

2 || Accordingly, the Court finds that further amendment would be futile. The FAC should

3 | therefore be dismissed without leave to amend. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130-31; Cato,

4 | 70 F.3d at 1105-06.

5 | Ill. CONCLUSION

6 Based upon the findings above, it is RECOMMENDED:

7 1. Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint (ECF No. 8) be DISMISSED without

8 leave to amend; and

9 2. The Clerk of the Court be directed to CLOSE this case.

10 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District

11 || Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within

12 | 14 days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file

13 | written objections with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. This document should

14 | be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any

15 || reply to the objections shall be served on all parties and filed with the Court within 14

16 | days after service of the objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time

17 || may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449,

18 | 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991).

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20 | Dated: March 18, 2026 Cc (i s □□

a1 CHI SOO KIM

99 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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