The opinion
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 CHRISTIANA BORBOA, Case No. 1:25-cv-01461-JLT-SAB
11 Plaintiff, ORDER REGARDING STIPULATED
PROTECTIVE ORDER
12 v.
(ECF No. 10)
13 CARDINAL HEALTH 110, LLC, et al.,
14 Defendants.
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16 TO ALL PARTIES AND THIS HONORABLE COURT:
17 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c)(1)(g) and Local Rules 137(b), 140(b),
18 141.1, and 143, Plaintiff CHRISTIANA BORBOA and Defendants CARDINAL HEALTH 110,
19 LLC and GREGORY AUSTIN hereby jointly stipulate and move the Court for entry of the
20 below Protective Order, which will also be emailed to saborders@caed.uscourts.gov pursuant to
21 the Court’s Chambers Information. Good cause exists to enter the Proposed Order because
22 discoverable documents and materials may include confidential, private, and/or privileged
23 information.
24 EASTERN DISTRICT LOCAL RULE 141.1(c) COMPLIANCE
25 Information eligible for protection under the proposed Non-Trial Civil Protective Order
26 (“Order”), and the particularized need for the same, are described in Paragraph 1 of the Order.
27 The varied nature of discoverable documents, which include but are not limited to commercially
sensitive, proprietary, non-public information; Plaintiff’s personnel and pay information; and
1 information implicating third-party privacy interests protected by the California and U.S.
2 Constitutions and/or applicable federal and California statutory and decisional authorities renders
3 any private agreement inadequate and private enforcement unduly burdensome and ineffective
4 under California law. Potential damages from any private agreement breach could significantly
5 vary depending on the records disclosed, privacy rights implicated, and third-partes impacted.
6 This variance may render a liquidated damages provision included in such a private agreement
7 an unenforceable unlawful penalty, ultimately requiring the Parties to any such agreement to
8 individually litigate the consequential damages of every breach. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1671(b);
9 Ridgley v. Topa Thrify & Loan Assoc. (1998) 17 Cal.4th 970, 976-78. Enforcement of
10 confidentiality protections by Court Order implicates the professional responsibility of counsel
11 for all Parties and provides a bulwark against unauthorized disclosure that cannot be adequately
12 ameliorated by threat of civil litigation and monetary damages alone.
13 PROTECTIVE ORDER
14 1. GENERAL
15 1.1 Purposes and Limitations. Discovery in this action is likely to involve production
16 of confidential, proprietary, or private information for which special protection from public
17 disclosure and from use for any purpose other than prosecuting this litigation may be warranted.
18 Accordingly, the parties hereby stipulate to and petition the Court to enter the following
19 Stipulated Protective Order. The parties acknowledge that this Order does not confer blanket
20 protections on all disclosures or responses to discovery and that the protection it affords from
21 public disclosure and use extends only to the limited information or items that are entitled to
22 confidential treatment under the applicable legal principles.
23 1.2 Good Cause Statement.
24 This action is likely to involve trade secrets, customer and pricing lists and other valuable
25 research, development, commercial, financial, technical and/or proprietary information for which
26 special protection from public disclosure and from use for any purpose other than prosecution of
27 this action is warranted. In addition, this action is likely to involve Plaintiff’s personnel and pay
1 and U.S. Constitutions and/or applicable federal and California statutory and decisional
2 authorities. Such confidential and proprietary materials and information consist of, among other
3 things, confidential business or financial information, information regarding confidential
4 business practices, or other confidential research, development, or commercial information
5 (including information implicating privacy rights of third parties), information otherwise
6 generally unavailable to the public, or which may be privileged or otherwise protected from
7 disclosure under state or federal statutes, court rules, case decisions, or common law.
8 Accordingly, to expedite the flow of information, to facilitate the prompt resolution of disputes
9 over confidentiality of discovery materials, to adequately protect information the parties are
10 entitled to keep confidential, to ensure that the parties are permitted reasonable necessary uses of
11 such material in preparation for and in the conduct of trial, to address their handling at the end of
12 the litigation, and serve the ends of justice, a protective order for such information is justified in
13 this matter. It is the intent of the parties that information will not be designated as confidential
14 for tactical reasons and that nothing be so designated without a good faith belief that it has been
15 maintained in a confidential, non-public manner, and there is good cause why it should not be
16 part of the public record of this case.
17 2. DEFINITIONS
18 2.1 Action: this pending federal lawsuit, Case No. 1:25-CV-01461-JLT-SAB.
19 2.2 Challenging Party: a Party or Non-Party that challenges the designation of
20 information or items under this Order.
21 2.3 “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: information (regardless of how it is
22 generated, stored or maintained) or tangible things that qualify for protection under Federal Rule
23 of Civil Procedure 26(c), and as specified above in the Good Cause Statement.
24 2.4 Counsel: Outside Counsel of Record and House Counsel (as well as their support
25 staff).
26 2.5 Designating Party: a Party or Non-Party that designates information or items that
27 it produces in disclosures or in responses to discovery as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
1 2.6 Disclosure or Discovery Material: all items or information, regardless of the
2 medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or maintained (including, among other things,
3 testimony, transcripts, and tangible things), that are produced or generated in disclosures or
4 responses to discovery in this matter.
5 2.7 Expert: a person with specialized knowledge or experience in a matter pertinent
6 to the litigation who has been retained by a Party or its counsel to serve as an expert witness or as
7 a consultant in this Action.
8 2.8 House Counsel: attorneys who are employees of a party to this Action. House
9 Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of Record or any other outside counsel.
10 2.9 Non-Party: any natural person, partnership, corporation, association, or other
11 legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
12 2.10 Outside Counsel of Record: attorneys who are not employees of a party to this
13 Action but are retained to represent or advise a party to this Action and have appeared in this
14 Action on behalf of that party or are affiliated with a law firm that has appeared on behalf of that
15 party, including support staff.
16 2.11 Party: any party to this Action, including all of its officers, directors, employees,
17 consultants, retained experts, and Outside Counsel of Record (and their support staffs).
18 2.12 Producing Party: a Party or Non-Party that produces Disclosure or Discovery
19 Material in this Action.
20 2.13 Professional Vendors: persons or entities that provide litigation support services
21 (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating, preparing exhibits or demonstrations, and
22 organizing, storing, or retrieving data in any form or medium) and their employees and
23 subcontractors.
24 2.14 Protected Material: any Disclosure or Discovery Material that is designated as
25 “CONFIDENTIAL.”
26 2.15 Receiving Party: a Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery Material from a
27 Producing Party.
1 3. SCOPE
2 The protections conferred by this Stipulation and Order cover not only Protected Material
3 (as defined above), but also (1) any information copied or extracted from Protected Material; (2)
4 all copies, excerpts, summaries, or compilations of Protected Material; and (3) any testimony,
5 conversations, or presentations by Parties or their Counsel that might reveal Protected Material.
6 Any use of Protected Material at trial shall be governed by the orders of the trial judge.
7 This Order does not govern the use of Protected Material at trial.
8 4. DURATION
9 Once a case proceeds to trial, all of the court-filed information to be introduced that was
10 previously designated as confidential or maintained pursuant to this protective order becomes
11 public and will be presumptively available to all members of the public, including the press,
12 unless compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings to proceed otherwise are made
13 to the trial judge in advance of the trial. See Kamakana v. City and Cty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d
14 1172, 1180-81 (9th Cir. 2006) (distinguishing “good cause” showing for sealing documents
15 produced in discovery from “compelling reasons” standard when merits-related documents are
16 part of court record). Accordingly, the terms of this protective order do not extend beyond the
17 commencement of the trial.
18 5. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
19 5.1 Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for Protection. Each Party
20 or Non-Party that designates information or items for protection under this Order must take care
21 to limit any such designation to specific material that qualifies under the appropriate standards.
22 The Designating Party must designate for protection only those parts of material, documents,
23 items, or oral or written communications that qualify so that other portions of the material,
24 documents, items, or communications for which protection is not warranted are not swept
25 unjustifiably within the ambit of this Order.
26 Mass, indiscriminate, or routinized designations are prohibited. Designations that are
27 shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been made for an improper purpose (e.g., to
1 unnecessarily encumber the case development process or to impose unnecessary expenses and
2 burdens on other parties) may expose the Designating Party to sanctions.
3 If it comes to a Designating Party’s attention that information or items that it designated
4 for protection do not qualify for protection, that Designating Party must promptly notify all other
5 Parties that it is withdrawing the inapplicable designation.
6 5.2 Manner and Timing of Designations. Except as otherwise provided in this Order
7 (see, e.g., second paragraph of section 5.2(a) below), or as otherwise stipulated or ordered,
8 Disclosure or Discovery Material that qualifies for protection under this Order must be clearly so
9 designated before the material is disclosed or produced.
10 Designation in conformity with this Order requires:
11 (a) for information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic documents, but
12 excluding transcripts of depositions or other pretrial or trial proceedings), that the Producing
13 Party affix, at a minimum, the legend “CONFIDENTIAL” (hereinafter “CONFIDENTIAL
14 legend”), to each page that contains protected material. If only a portion or portions of the
15 material on a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the
16 protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
17 A Party or Non-Party that makes original documents available for inspection need not
18 designate them for protection until after the inspecting Party has indicated which documents it
19 would like copied and produced. During the inspection and before the designation, all of the
20 material made available for inspection shall be deemed “CONFIDENTIAL.” After the
21 inspecting Party has identified the documents it wants copied and produced, the Producing Party
22 must determine which documents, or portions thereof, qualify for protection under this Order.
23 Then, before producing the specified documents, the Producing Party must affix the
24 “CONFIDENTIAL legend” to each page that contains Protected Material. If only a portion or
25 portions of the material on a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly
26 identify the protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
27 (b) for testimony given in depositions that the Designating Party identify the
1 (c) for information produced in some form other than documentary and for any
2 other tangible items, that the Producing Party affix in a prominent place on the exterior of the
3 container or containers in which the information is stored the legend “CONFIDENTIAL.” If
4 only a portion or portions of the information warrants protection, the Producing Party, to the
5 extent practicable, shall identify the protected portion(s).
6 5.3 Inadvertent Failures to Designate. If timely corrected, an inadvertent failure to
7 designate qualified information or items does not, standing alone, waive the Designating Party’s
8 right to secure protection under this Order for such material. Upon timely correction of a
9 designation, the Receiving Party must make reasonable efforts to assure that the material is
10 treated in accordance with the provisions of this Order.
11 6. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
12 6.1 Timing of Challenges. Any Party or Non-Party may challenge a designation of
13 confidentiality at any time that is consistent with the Court’s Scheduling Order.
14 6.2 Meet and Confer. The Challenging Party shall initiate the dispute resolution
15 process. Any discovery motion must comply with local rules.
16 6.3 Burden. The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding shall be on
17 the Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those made for an improper purpose (e.g., to
18 harass or impose unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may expose the
19 Challenging Party to sanctions. Unless the Designating Party has waived or withdrawn the
20 confidentiality designation, all parties shall continue to afford the material in question the level
21 of protection to which it is entitled under the Producing Party’s designation until the Court rules
22 on the challenge.
23 7. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
24 7.1 Basic Principles. A Receiving Party may use Protected Material that is disclosed
25 or produced by another Party or by a Non-Party in connection with this Action only for
26 prosecuting, defending, or attempting to settle this Action. Such Protected Material may be
27 disclosed only to the categories of persons and under the conditions described in this Order.
1 When the Action has been terminated, a Receiving Party must comply with the provisions of
2 section 13 below (FINAL DISPOSITION).
3 Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a Receiving Party at a location and
4 in a secure manner that ensures that access is limited to the persons authorized under this Order.
5 7.2 Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items. Unless otherwise
6 ordered by the Court or permitted in writing by the Designating Party, a Receiving Party may
7 disclose any information or item designated “CONFIDENTIAL” only to:
8 (a) the Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record in this Action, as well as
9 employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom it is reasonably necessary to disclose the
10 information for this Action;
11 (b) the officers, directors, and employees (including House Counsel) of the
12 Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action;
13 (c) Experts (as defined in this Order) of the Receiving Party to whom disclosure
14 is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed the “Acknowledgment and
15 Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
16 (d) the Court and its personnel;
17 (e) court reporters and their staff;
18 (f) professional jury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and Professional Vendors
19 to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed the
20 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
21 (g) the author or recipient of a document containing the information or a
22 custodian or other person who otherwise possessed or knew the information;
23 (h) during their depositions, witnesses, and attorneys for witnesses, in the Action
24 to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary provided: (1) the deposing party requests that the
25 witness sign the form attached as Exhibit A hereto; and (2) they will not be permitted to keep any
26 confidential information unless they sign the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound”
27 (Exhibit A), unless otherwise agreed by the Designating Party or ordered by the Court. Pages of
1 separately bound by the court reporter and may not be disclosed to anyone except as permitted
2 under this Stipulated Protective Order; and
3 (i) any mediator or settlement officer, and their supporting personnel, mutually
4 agreed upon by any of the parties engaged in settlement discussions.
5 8. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED PRODUCED IN
6 OTHER LITIGATION
7 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in other litigation that compels
8 disclosure of any information or items designated in this Action as “CONFIDENTIAL,” that
9 Party must:
10 (a) promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such notification shall include a
11 copy of the subpoena or court order;
12 (b) promptly notify in writing the party who caused the subpoena or order to issue in the
13 other litigation that some or all of the material covered by the subpoena or order is subject to this
14 Protective Order. Such notification shall include a copy of this Stipulated Protective Order; and
15 (c) cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to be pursued by the
16 Designating Party whose Protected Material may be affected.
17 If the Designating Party timely seeks a protective order, the Party served with the
18 subpoena or court order shall not produce any information designated in this action as
19 “CONFIDENTIAL” before a determination by the court from which the subpoena or order
20 issued, unless the Party has obtained the Designating Party’s permission. The Designating Party
21 shall bear the burden and expense of seeking protection in that court of its confidential material
22 and nothing in these provisions should be construed as authorizing or encouraging a Receiving
23 Party in this Action to disobey a lawful directive from another court.
24 9. A NON-PARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO BE PRODUCED IN
25 THIS LITIGATION
26 (a) The terms of this Order are applicable to information produced by a Non-Party in this
27 Action and designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information produced by Non-Parties in
1 Nothing in these provisions should be construed as prohibiting a Non-Party from seeking
2 additional protections.
3 (b) In the event that a Party is required, by a valid discovery request, to produce a Non-
4 Party’s confidential information in its possession, and the Party is subject to an agreement with
5 the Non-Party not to produce the Non-Party’s confidential information, then the Party shall:
6 (1) promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the Non-Party that some
7 or all of the information requested is subject to a confidentiality agreement with a Non-Party;
8 (2) promptly provide the Non-Party with a copy of the Stipulated Protective
9 Order in this Action, the relevant discovery request(s), and a reasonably specific description of
10 the information requested; and
11 (3) make the information requested available for inspection by the Non-Party, if
12 requested.
13 (c) If the Non-Party fails to seek a protective order from this Court within 14 days of
14 receiving the notice and accompanying information, the Receiving Party may produce the Non-
15 Party’s confidential information responsive to the discovery request. If the Non-Party timely
16 seeks a protective order, the Receiving Party shall not produce any information in its possession
17 or control that is subject to the confidentiality agreement with the Non-Party before a
18 determination by the Court. Absent a court order to the contrary, the Non-Party shall bear the
19 burden and expense of seeking protection in this Court of its Protected Material.
20 10. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
21 If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it has disclosed Protected
22 Material to any person or in any circumstance not authorized under this Stipulated Protective
23 Order, the Receiving Party must immediately (a) notify in writing the Designating Party of the
24 unauthorized disclosures, (b) use its best efforts to retrieve all unauthorized copies of the
25 Protected Material, (c) inform the person or persons to whom unauthorized disclosures were
26 made of all the terms of this Order, and (d) request such person or persons to execute the
27 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” that is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
1 11. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR OTHERWISE
2 PROTECTED MATERIAL
3 When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that certain inadvertently
4 produced material is subject to a claim of privilege or other protection, the obligations of the
5 Receiving Parties are those set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(5)(B). This
6 provision is not intended to modify whatever procedure may be established in an e-discovery
7 order that provides for production without prior privilege review. Pursuant to Federal Rule of
8 Evidence 502(d) and (e), insofar as the parties reach an agreement on the effect of disclosure of a
9 communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product
10 protection, the parties may incorporate their agreement in the stipulated protective order
11 submitted to the Court.
12 12. MISCELLANEOUS
13 12.1 Right to Further Relief. Nothing in this Order abridges the right of any person to
14 seek its modification by the Court in the future.
15 12.2 Right to Assert Other Objections. By stipulating to the entry of this Protective
16 Order, no Party waives any right it otherwise would have to object to disclosing or producing
17 any information or item on any ground not addressed in this Stipulated Protective Order.
18 Similarly, no Party waives any right to object on any ground to use in evidence of any of the
19 material covered by this Protective Order.
20 12.3 Use of AI Tools. Protected Material, and all information derived therefrom, shall
21 not be submitted to any open or publicly accessible Large Language Model (“LLM”) or
22 Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) tool (collectively, “AI Tools”), including ChatGPT; Claude;
23 Gemini; or any substantially similar tool. Protected Material may only be submitted to an AI
24 Tool that is maintained in a private single tenant or behind a firewall (“Closed AI Tool”) if the
25 Receiving Party ensures that: (1) the Protected Material and all information generated by the
26 Closed AI Tool, including residual information stored in the Closed AI Tool as a result of the
27 submission of the Protected Material may be, and is, deleted from the Closed AI Tool at the
1 safeguards and is not accessible by anyone outside the boundaries of this Protective Order; and
2 (3) Protected Materials are not used to train, finetune, or otherwise modify any AI Tools or
3 models. Providing Protected Material to an open or publicly accessible AI Tool is considered
4 unauthorized disclosure to a third party.
5 13. FINAL DISPOSITION
6 After the final disposition of this Action, within 60 days of a written request by the
7 Designating Party, each Receiving Party must return all Protected Material to the Producing
8 Party or destroy such material. As used in this subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all
9 copies, abstracts, compilations, summaries, and any other format reproducing or capturing any of
10 the Protected Material. Whether the Protected Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving
11 Party must submit a written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the same person or
12 entity, to the Designating Party) by the 60 day deadline that (1) identifies (by category, where
13 appropriate) all the Protected Material that was returned or destroyed, and (2) affirms that the
14 Receiving Party has not retained any copies, abstracts, compilations, summaries or any other
15 format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected Material. Notwithstanding this provision,
16 counsel are entitled to retain an archival copy of all pleadings, motion papers, trial, deposition,
17 and hearing transcripts, legal memoranda, correspondence, deposition and trial exhibits, expert
18 reports, attorney work product, and consultant and expert work product, even if such materials
19 contain Protected Material. Any such archival copies that contain or constitute Protected
20 Material remain subject to this Protective Order as set forth in Section 4 (DURATION).
21 / / /
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1 14. VIOLATION OF ORDER
2 Any violation of this Order may be punished by any and all appropriate measures
including, without limitation, contempt proceedings and/or monetary sanctions.
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IT IS SO STIPULATED.
5
6 Dated: March 5, 2026 LAW OFFICES OF ERIC P. OWEN, INC.
7
8 By: s/ Eric P. Oren
ERIC P. OREN
9 Attorneys for Plaintiff
CHRISTIANA BORBOA
10
11 Dated: March 5, 2026 WILSON TURNER KOSMO LLP
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13 By: s/ Lois M. Kosch
LOIS M. KOSCH
14 Attorneys for Defendants
CARDINAL HEALTH 110, LLC and
15 GREGORY AUSTIN
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ATTESTATION
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Pursuant to Local Rules, all signatories listed, and on whose behalf the filing is
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submitted, concur in the filing’s content and have authorized the filing.
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By: s/ Lois M. Kosch
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1 EXHIBIT A
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND
3
4 I, _____________________________ [full name], of _________________ [full
5 address], declare under penalty of perjury that I have read in its entirety and understand the
6 Stipulated Protective Order that was issued by the United States District Court for the Eastern
7 District of California on ____________ [date] in the case of Christian Borboa v. Cardinal
8 Health 110, LLC, et al., Case No. 1:25-CV-01461-JLT-SAB. I agree to comply with and to be
9 bound by all the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order and I understand and acknowledge that
10 failure to so comply could expose me to sanctions and punishment in the nature of contempt. I
11 solemnly promise that I will not disclose in any manner any information or item that is subject to
12 this Stipulated Protective Order to any person or entity except in strict compliance with the
13 provisions of this Order.
14 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the
15 Eastern District of California for the purpose of enforcing the terms of this Stipulated Protective
16 Order, even if such enforcement proceedings occur after termination of this action. I hereby
17 appoint __________________________ [full name] of ________________________________
18 [full address and telephone number] as my California agent for service of process in
19 connection with this action or any proceedings related to enforcement of this Stipulated
20 Protective Order.
21
22 Date: ______________________________________
23 City and State where signed: _________________________________
24 Printed name: _______________________________
25 Signature: __________________________________
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1 COURT ORDER ENTERING STIPULATED PROTECTIVE ORDER
2 Pursuant to the stipulation of the parties and good cause appearing, IT IS HEREBY
3 | ORDERED that:
4 1. The above stipulated protective order is ENTERED;
5 2. The provisions of the parties’ stipulation and this protective order shall remain in
6 effect until further order of the Court;
7 3. The parties are advised that pursuant to the Local Rules of the United States
8 District Court, Eastern District of California, any documents which are to be filed
9 under seal will require a written request which complies with Local Rule 141;
10 4. The party making a request to file documents under seal shall be required to show
11 either good cause or compelling reasons to seal the documents, depending on the
12 type of filing, Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 677-78 (9th Cir.
13 2009); Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 809 F.3d 1092, 1101 (9th Cir.
14 2016);
15 5. If a party’s request to file Protected Material under seal is denied by the Court,
16 then the previously filed material shall be immediately accepted by the Court and
17 become information in the public record and the information will be deemed filed
18 as of the date that the request to file the Protected Information under seal was
19 made; and
20 6. Additionally, the parties shall consider resolving any dispute arising under this
21 protective order according to the Court’s informal discovery dispute procedure.
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73 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAA Le
24 | Dated: _March 5, 2026 _ eee
STANLEY A. BOONE
25 United States Magistrate Judge
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