Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

ORLANDO DIVISION

ZESTY PAWS LLC, HEALTH AND

HAPPINESS (H&H) US

INTERNATIONAL

INCORPORATED,

Plaintiffs,

v. Case No.: 6:24-cv-01788-CEM-LHP

NUTRAMAX LABORATORIES,

INC., NUTRAMAX

LABORATORIES VETERINARY

SCIENCES, INC.,

Defendants.

ORDER

Before the Court is Defendants Nutramax Laboratories, Inc. and Nutramax

Laboratories Veterinary Sciences, Inc.’s Motion to Compel. Doc. No. 110. Plaintiffs

Zesty Paws LLC and Health and Happiness (H&H) US International Incorporated

oppose. Doc. No. 111. The parties also filed authorized supplemental briefing.

Doc. Nos. 113-114. The matter is therefore ripe for consideration.

I. BACKGROUND.

Plaintiffs and Defendants are competitors in the pet dietary and nutritional

supplement industry. The parties previously engaged in litigation regarding their

respective advertising practices, with such litigation resolving by way of a

settlement agreement and the dismissal of that case. See generally Nutramax Labs.,

Inc. v. Zesty Paws LLC, No. 6:22-cv-00626-CEM-LHP. Unfortunately, it appears that

settlement was short-lived, as the present action asserts claims and counterclaims

for breach of contract related to various terms of the settlement agreement. Doc.

Nos. 38, 94. Discovery closed on October 3, 2025 (Doc. No. 46), and dispositive

motions have been filed (Doc. Nos. 60-61, 78, 90, 96). However, discovery was

reopened from March 11, 2026 to May 11, 2026, during which the current dispute

arose. See Doc. No. 105.

By the present motion, Defendants seek to compel Plaintiffs to respond to

Defendants’ Interrogatories Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Doc. No. 110; see also Doc. Nos. 110-1,

113. Plaintiffs objected (at least in part) to these Interrogatories on the basis of

attorney-client privilege. Doc. No. 110-2. Plaintiffs also raise attorney-client

privilege in their opposition. Doc. Nos. 111, 114. Upon review of all filings, the

Court finds that Defendants’ motion (Doc. No. 110) is due to be granted in part and

denied in part as follows.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS.

The purpose of the attorney-client privilege is “to encourage full and frank

communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader

public interests in the observance of law and administration of justice.” Upjohn Co.

v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389 (1981). “State law governs the application of

attorney-client privilege in civil matters.” See Ellis v. Chambers, No. 21-13984, 2022

WL 17752231, at *9 n.10 (11th Cir. Dec. 19, 2022) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 501). Pursuant

to Florida law, which the parties both apply to the present dispute,1 “[a] client has

a privilege to refuse to disclose, and to prevent any other person from disclosing,

the contents of confidential communications when such other person learned of the

communications because they were made in the rendition of legal services to the

client.” Fla. Stat. § 90.502(2). “In order for the attorney-client privilege to apply, all

of these elements must be present.” Lesti v. Wells Fargo Bank NA, No. 2:11-cv-695-

FtM-29DNF, 2013 WL 12358008, at *2 (M.D. Fla. July 30, 2013) (citing Hoch v.

Rissman, Weisberg, Barrett, 742 So. 2d 451, 458 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999)).

The proponent of the attorney-client privilege bears the burden of

establishing it. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Deason, 632 So. 2d 1377, 1383 (Fla. 1994). See

also MapleWood Partners, L.P. v. Indian Harbor Ins. Co., 295 F.R.D. 550, 583 (S.D. Fla.

2013). “This burden can be met by describing ‘the nature of the documents,

communications, or things not produced or disclosed in a manner that, without

revealing information itself privileged[,] . . . will enable other parties to assess the

applicability of the privilege.’” Coffey-Garcia v. S. Miami Hosp., Inc., 194 So. 3d 533,

537 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.280(c)(6)). Moreover, “[t]he

1 It is unclear why Defendants cite to decisions applying federal and other state

privilege jurisprudence (Doc. No. 110, at 2-3, Doc. No. 113, at 7, 9), and in the absence of

any explanation, the Court does not consider these decisions.

privilege protects only communications to and from a lawyer; it does not protect

facts known by the client independent of any communication with the lawyer, even

if the client later tells the fact to the lawyer.” Id. “The Court should not have to

guess or speculate about the applicability of the privilege, for the party asserting it

has the affirmative duty to demonstrate that it applies to each document or

communication sought to be disclosed.” See Diamond Resorts U.S. Collection Dev.,

LLC v. US Consumer Att'ys, P.A., 519 F. Supp. 3d 1184, 1198 (S.D. Fla. 2021) (citation

and internal quotations omitted).

III. ANALYSIS.

A. Interrogatories 1 and 2. 2

Interrogatories 1 and 2 are interrelated, and are therefore addressed together.

Interrogatory 1 asks Plaintiffs to “[i]dentify the date on which You first believed

that the Euromonitor #1 Claims may have been released by the Settlement

Agreement.” Doc. No. 110-1, at 6. And Interrogatory 2 asks Plaintiffs to describe

how they reached that belief. Id.

2 The Court requested the parties to address the relevancy of the discovery at issue

in their supplemental briefing. Doc. No. 112. Although Plaintiffs argue in their

supplemental briefing that the information Defendants seek is only “marginally relevant,”

(Doc. No. 114, at 6-7), Plaintiffs do not oppose the motion to compel on that basis, nor

provide any legal authority suggesting that the degree of the information’s relevancy plays

any role in assessing attorney-client privilege objections. And the Court is satisfied from

a review of both sides’ supplemental briefing as well as the operative pleadings that

relevancy is not in dispute.

Plaintiffs’ responses to both Interrogatories are virtually identical. Doc. No.

110-2, at 5-6. In regards to privilege, Plaintiffs state: “Zesty Paws further objects to

this Interrogatory on the grounds it seeks information protected by the attorney-

client privilege, work-product protection, and/or other applicable privileges or

protections.” Id.3 No further details are provided.

Defendants argue as to Interrogatory 1 that they are only seeking a date,

which is a fact not shielded by the attorney-client privilege. Doc. No. 110, at 2. And

as to Interrogatory 2, Defendants submit that they are not seeking any privileged

information, but only any “non-privileged communications or facts” that Plaintiffs

based their beliefs on, and if no such non-privileged information exists, Plaintiffs

should state as much and also be required to stipulate that they will not offer any

testimony, evidence, or argument at trial about such information. Id. at 3.

In response, Plaintiffs argue that the “fact” Defendants seek in Interrogatory

1 is the date that a legal opinion was formed, which is so specific that answering it

would require Plaintiffs to reveal the substance of attorney-client communications

regarding that date. Doc. No. 111, at 1-2. Plaintiffs further contend that if they

simply identified the date, it “would risk misuse” absent Plaintiffs providing

further detail or explanation, and such additional details or explanation are also

3 Plaintiffs raised other general and specific objections, none of which are at issue

here. Doc. No. 110-2, at 5-6.

privileged. Id. And as for Interrogatory 2, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants are

asking how they formed a legal opinion, which clearly implicates the mental

impressions and thought process of counsel in anticipation of litigation, which is

privileged. Id. at 2. Plaintiffs further claim that they have already disclosed the

basis for their contention that the Euromonitor #1 Claims may have been released

via Plaintiffs’ briefing, depositions, and document production, and Plaintiffs need

not do more here. Id. at 2-3.

As noted above, the burden to establish that the information Defendants seek

in these Interrogatories is privileged rests with Plaintiffs, and it is a heavy burden.

And Plaintiffs fall short of meeting that burden. Doc. Nos. 111, 114. Plaintiffs

simply rely on conclusory statements that attorney-client privilege applies, and/or

that they would be forced to provide additional qualifying privileged information,

without further detail, and without identifying any communications between

Plaintiffs and their counsel that may be implicated. No. 111, at 1-3; Doc. No. 114, at

3-6. Simply stating that Plaintiffs’ belief “was, of course, influenced by legal

analysis and advice” leaves the Court to guess or speculate as to what part of

Plaintiffs’ answer could be privileged, which is not enough. Doc. No. 114, at 4. See

Kaleta v. City of Holmes Beach, 682 F. Supp. 3d 1062, 1070 (M.D. Fla. 2023) (“Plaintiffs

have not identified any confidential communications that would be disclosed by

answering Defendant's limited questions, and the court therefore finds that

Plaintiffs have not met their burden to establish that the privilege applies.”). See

also Coffey–Garcia, 194 So.3d 533 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2016) (“While [plaintiff] can be

required to answer factual questions about what she learned at various points in

time concerning the nature and potential causes of her [child's] condition from

sources other than the attorneys she consulted, she cannot be forced to answer

questions that would require her to reveal the contents of advice or information she

received from the attorneys.”).

Plaintiffs’ reliance on Aldora Aluminum & Glass Products, Inc. v. Poma Glass &

Specialty Windows, Inc., No. 3:14-cv-1402-J-34JBT, 2016 WL 7668484 (M.D. Fla. Feb.

18, 2016) and In re Dayco Corp. Derivative Sec. Litig., 102 F.R.D. 633 (S.D. Ohio 1984)

is also unpersuasive. Both cases involved a moving party asking either leading

deposition questions (Aldora) or leading interrogatories (Dayco) which requested

the opposing party to provide dates of specific types of communications with their

counsel, such as when a complaint was to be filed, the types of procedures to be

used to negotiate or draft contracts and/or to collect sums due under those

contracts, or when communications occurred regarding the existence of certain

contracts. See Aldora, 2016 WL 7668484, at *1; Dayco, 102 F.R.D. at 634. In other

words, the very nature of the question being asked was so specific as to invade the

attorney-client privilege. In contrast, Defendants here are simply asking in

Interrogatories 1 and 2 for the date that Plaintiffs formed a belief, and how that

belief was formed, not the dates or contents of any specific communications with

their counsel. See Aldora, 2016 WL 7668484, at *2 (“Defendant does not merely ask

when discussions regarding this dispute took place, but asks when Plaintiff gave

specific instructions to its attorney.”). Nor are these Interrogatories so detailed as

to be leading on their face; they do not ask for dates of any specific attorney-client

communications, the subject matter (release of the Euromonitor # 1 Claims) is

squarely at issue in this case, and Plaintiffs admit that they have already provided

relevant information on these topics. See Doc. No. 94; Doc. No. 113, at 2-6.

Accordingly, the Court will overrule Plaintiffs’ attorney-client privilege

objection and grant Defendants’ motion to compel as it relates to Interrogatories 1

and 2. Specifically, Plaintiffs shall provide the date requested in Interrogatory 1.

As for Interrogatory 2, Plaintiffs shall answer to the extent that they relied upon any

“non-privileged communications or facts” to form their alleged belief. If no such

“non-privileged communications or facts” exist, Plaintiffs shall state as much in

their verified response. See Mobley v. Homestead Hosp., Inc., 202 So. 3d 868, 870 (Fla.

Dist. Ct. App. 2016) (allowing factual questions regarding what plaintiff learned at

various points in time from sources other than the attorneys she consulted, noting

that “[t]he contents of confidential communications between the attorney and client

are privileged and not discoverable, whereas dates, places, and names of consulted

counsel are generally not privileged and are discoverable.”). However, Defendants’

request that Plaintiffs be required to “stipulate that [they] will not offer any

testimony, evidence, or argument at trial about such information,” which is

unsupported by any legal authority and appears to go beyond what is authorized

under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a), will be denied.

B. Interrogatory 3.

Interrogatory 3 calls for Plaintiffs to “[i]dentify the date on which You first

decided to file suit asserting that the Euromonitor #1 Claims were released by the

Settlement Agreement.” Doc. No. 110-1, at 6. Plaintiffs incorporated their general

objections, asserted privilege, and then answered “[s]ubject to and without waiving

any of these objections, Zesty Paws responds that no decision to file is final until the

filing is made, so Zesty Paws identifies October 3, 2024, when Zesty Paws filed the

complaint.” Doc. No. 110-2, at 6-7.

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs failed to answer Interrogatory 3 as they did

not give the date they “first” decided to file suit, but rather the “final” date of their

decision. Doc. No. 113, at 10. For their part, Plaintiffs state that they properly

answered Interrogatory 3 using the common definition of “decide,” and that what

Defendants really now seek is to redraft Interrogatory 3 to ask when Plaintiffs first

“considered” filing the present lawsuit, which is impermissible. Doc. No. 111 at 3;

Doc. No. 114, at 9-10. Upon consideration, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs.

“In answering interrogatories, parties should use common sense to construe

terms and phrases by their ordinary meanings.” Fla. Dep't of Fin. Servs. v. Nat'l

Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., No. 4:11-cv-242-RS/WCS, 2012 WL 13026761, at

*1 n. 1 (N.D. Fla. Jan. 6, 2012) (citation omitted). Defendants did not provide a

definition of the term “decide” (Doc. No. 110-1), thus Plaintiffs chose to utilize the

ordinary meaning of that word, as defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “to

make a final choice or judgment about.”4 That is all Plaintiffs were required to do.

Defendants may not like Plaintiffs answer, but that is not a basis to ask Plaintiffs to

answer a question Defendants could have, but did not, ask. See, e.g., Smith v. Orange

Cnty. Sch. Bd., No. 6:04-cv-1811-Orl-28DAB, 2006 WL 4792579, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Sept.

15, 2006), aff'd sub nom. Smith v. Sch. Bd. of Orange Cnty., 487 F.3d 1361 (11th Cir.

2007) (finding defendant’s interpretation of phrase “due process procedure” in

responding to interrogatory sufficient where term was undefined). See also Kyles v.

Health First, Inc., No. 6:09-cv-1248-Orl-28GJK, 2010 WL 11626712, at *2 n.2 (M.D. Fla.

Sept. 27, 2010) (“It is not the trial court's responsibility to redraft, rewrite or narrow

a discovery request which on its face is patently overbroad or vague.” (citation

omitted)).

4 See Decide, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, https://www.merriam-webster.comdictionary/

decide?src=search-dict-box (last visited June 22, 2026).

IV. CONCLUSION.

Based on the foregoing, it is ORDERED as follows:

1. Defendants’ Motion to Compel (Doc. No. 110) is GRANTED in part

and DENIED in part.

2. Plaintiffs’ attorney-client privilege objections to Interrogatories 1 and 2

are OVERRULED.

3. Within fourteen (14) days of this Order, Plaintiffs shall serve on

Defendants amended and verified answers to Interrogatories 1 & 2. See Doc. No.

110-2, at 6. Specifically, Plaintiffs shall provide the date requested in Interrogatory

1. Plaintiffs shall answer Interrogatory 2 to the extent that they relied upon any

“non-privileged communications or facts” to form their alleged belief. If no such

“non-privileged communications or facts” exist, Plaintiffs shall state as much in

their verified response.

4. Defendants’ motion (Doc. No. 110) is DENIED in all other respects.

5. Failure to comply with this Order may result in sanctions. See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 37(b).5

5 Defendants do not seek any sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5), and the Court

declines to award any sua sponte. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(iii).

DONE and ORDERED in Orlando, Florida on June 23, 2026.

Ay □□□□

LESLIE AN PRICE

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Copies furnished to:

Counsel of Record

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