Opinion

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

KEITH SMITH, CIVIL ACTION

Plaintiff,

v.

WIRECO WORLDGROUP, WIRECO NO. 25-4833

WORLDGROUP, INC., CORPORATION

DOE (1-3), and JOHN DOE (1-3),

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM

HODGE, J. May 1, 2026

Keith Smith (“Plaintiff”) has filed this case against WireCo WorldGroup, WireCo

WorldGroup, Inc. (collectively, “WireCo”), Corporation Doe (1-3), and John Doe (1-3) for

Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy (Count I); Breach of Contract (Count II); and

Tortious Interference with Prospective Advantage (Count III). (See generally ECF No. 1-1 at 2–

11 (“Compl.”).) WireCo filed a Motion to Dismiss Count III only of the Complaint (the “Motion”).

(ECF No. 9-1.) Plaintiff opposes the Motion. (ECF No. 10.) For the reasons that follow, the Court

grants the Motion.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background1

Taking the allegations in the Complaint as true, the relevant facts are as follows. Plaintiff

was employed by WireCo for approximately one year before his termination. (Compl. ¶ 8.) On

April 14, 2023, Plaintiff suffered a laceration to his index finger while working. (Id. ¶ 9.) Plaintiff

was immediately taken for emergency medical treatment. (Id. ¶ 10.) Following subsequent

1 The Court adopts the pagination supplied by the CM/ECF docketing system.

specialized medical treatment, a physician informed Plaintiff that he would only regain

approximately seventy percent of the feeling in his injured finger. (Id. ¶ 11.) As part of WireCo’s

policies and procedures concerning compensation for workplace injuries, Plaintiff was required to

undergo a drug screening. (Id. ¶ 12.) On April 17, 2023, Plaintiff completed the drug screening,

which he alleges was three days before the required deadline to complete the screening. (Id. ¶¶ 13–

14.) On April 26, 2023, WireCo terminated Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 17.)

Plaintiff filed a workers’ compensation claim with Liberty Mutual. (Id. ¶ 15.) Liberty

Mutual temporarily accepted the claim and began paying benefits to Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 16.) On July

7, 2023, Liberty Mutual revoked the acceptance of Plaintiff’s workers’ compensation claim citing

Plaintiff’s non-compliance with medical treatment and WireCo’s post-accident procedures. (Id.

¶ 20.) Plaintiff alleges WireCo falsely represented his compliance with the procedures, namely

that Plaintiff did not timely complete the drug screening. (Id. ¶¶ 21, 45.) Plaintiff further alleges

that WireCo did so to get his workers’ compensation benefits revoked. (Id. ¶¶ 21, 46.) Plaintiff

also alleges that he has been unable to work and earn wages since April 14, 2023. (Id. ¶ 22.)

WireCo refutes Plaintiff’s tortious interference claim on the ground that the Pennsylvania

Workers’ Compensation Act (“PWCA”) provides the exclusive remedy for Plaintiff. (See ECF No.

9-1.) WireCo asserts that tort claims arising out of disputes concerning the handling of a PWCA

claim are precluded by the PWCA. (Id.) Accordingly, it argues that the Court does not have subject

matter jurisdiction, as the sole forum for hearing Plaintiff’s dispute is the PWCA administrative

tribunal. (Id.)

B. Procedural History

On April 14, 2025, Plaintiff filed a Praecipe to Issue Writ of Summons in the Court of

Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. On August 4, 2025, Plaintiff filed the

Complaint in the same court. On August 22, 2025, WireCo timely removed the case to the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania pursuant to 28 U.S.C §§ 1441 and

1446 on the grounds of proper diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C § 1332(a). (See ECF No. 1.)

On September 8, 2025, the parties stipulated to dismiss Count II of the Complaint. (See ECF No.

8.) On September 11, 2025, WireCo filed this Motion. (ECF No. 9-1.)

II. LEGAL STANDARD

In order to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, a

complaint must put forth “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference

that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)

(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). This requires more than

“[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements.” Id. at 678 (citation omitted). “To survive dismissal, ‘a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”

Tatis v. Allied Interstate, LLC, 882 F.3d 422, 426 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678).

Applying the principles of Iqbal and Twombly, the Third Circuit has articulated a three-

part analysis to determine whether a complaint will survive a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ.

P. 12(b)(6). See Santiago v. Warminster Twp., 629 F.3d 121, 130 (3d Cir. 2010). This three-prong

inquiry involves the following: “(1) identifying the elements of the claim, (2) reviewing the

complaint to strike conclusory allegations, and then (3) looking at the well-pleaded components of

the complaint and evaluating whether all of the elements identified in part one of the inquiry are

sufficiently alleged.” Malleus v. George, 641 F.3d 560, 563 (3d Cir. 2011).

III. DISCUSSION

WireCo argues that the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate Count

III. (ECF No. 9-1 at 10.) It argues that the tortious interference claim is a dispute concerning the

handling of a PWCA claim, which is precluded by the statute’s exclusivity provision. (ECF No.

9-1, at 9 (citing Kuney v. PMA Ins. Co., 578 A.2d 1285, 1287 (Pa. 1990)).) WireCo points to

Pennsylvania courts’ reluctance to permit common law tort claims for disputes connected to

workplace injuries. (ECF No. 9-1, at 8 (citing Winterberg v. Transp. Ins. Co., 72 F.3d 318, 322

(3d. Cir. 1995) (collecting cases)).) Additionally, it argues that the preclusive effect of the PWCA

extends to the type of intentional conduct alleged and therefore covers Plaintiff’s claim. (Id. at 9

(citing Alston v. St. Paul Ins. Cos., 612 A.2d 421, 424 (Pa. 1992)).)

In opposition, Plaintiff argues that the PWCA’s preclusive effect does not extend so far as

to preclude the present suit. (ECF No. 10-1 at 5.) Plaintiff asserts that the PWCA does not apply

to claims concerning injuries and damages that occur after a period of employment. (Id.) As

Plaintiff’s injury from WireCo’s alleged tortious interference with his workers’ compensation

claim is “separate and distinct” from the laceration to his finger, he argues that the PWCA’s

exclusivity provision does not apply. (Id. at 5–6 (citing Taras v. Wasau Ins. Cos., 602 A.2d 882,

887–88 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992)).) Moreover, Plaintiff argues that the PWCA did not extinguish

common law rights generally, and that the proper test for dismissal is just whether Plaintiff has

alleged enough facts to support a plausible claim for relief. (Id. at 6 (citing Schweitzer v. Rockwell

Int’l, 586 A.2d 383, 391 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990)).) Plaintiff argues he has pleaded enough facts for

a plausible tortious interference claim, rendering dismissal improper. (Id. at 5 (citing Reading

Radio, Inc. v. Fink, 833 A.2d 199, 211 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2003) for elements of common law tortious

interference).)

The PWCA provides that “[t]he liability of an employer under this act shall be exclusive

and in place of any and all other liability to such employes.” 77 P.S. § 481(a). The Pennsylvania

Supreme Court has construed this exclusivity provision to establish that the PWCA is the

“exclusive forum for resolving disputes regarding the employee’s right to compensation and the

delay or discontinuance of benefits.” Alston, 612 A.2d at 424. Accordingly, the PWCA’s

preclusive effect bars “all disputes over coverage and the payment of benefits, whether they arise

from actions taken by the employer, the employer’s insurance carrier, or the insurance carrier’s

employees or agents” from common law recovery. Id. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has

continuously reaffirmed that the PWCA extinguished common law rights, contra to Plaintiff’s

assertion. See Franczyk v. Home Depot, Inc., 292 A.3d 852, 860 (Pa. 2023) (“Restriction of

otherwise applicable common-law claims is precisely what the Act’s exclusivity provision does.”)

(emphasis added); Poyser v. Newman, 522 A.2d 548, 551 (Pa. 1987) (holding that the PWCA does

not preserve the right for an employee to sue for an injury caused by an employer’s intentional

wrongdoing). Accordingly, this Court must determine whether Plaintiff’s tortious interference

claim comprises a “dispute[] over coverage and the payment of [PWCA] benefits.” Alston, 612

A.2d at 424. As addressed below, the Court finds that Count III does comprise a precluded dispute.

It therefore falls under the purview of the exclusivity provision, making the workers’ compensation

system the exclusive forum for redress, and so Count III must be dismissed.

A. Plaintiff’s Claim Is Based on an Alleged Mishandling of His PWCA Claim.

Plaintiff alleges WireCo intentionally interfered with his PWCA claim, resulting in Liberty

Mutual revoking its acceptance of his claim. (See generally Compl.) This dispute boils down to

Plaintiff’s allegedly deserved but unpaid PWCA benefits. At its inception, Plaintiff’s present suit

would not exist but for the initial laceration injury to his finger and resulting PWCA claim. The

alleged wrongful conduct concerns the manner in which the employer acted regarding its duties to

provide its carrier with information for Plaintiff’s PWCA claim. Thus, the alleged wrongful

conduct is directly intertwined with the underlying PWCA claim. This injury—the denial of

Plaintiff’s claim by Liberty Mutual—is presented and understood as a dispute concerning how the

employer handled the PWCA claim. Repeatedly, courts have held that the common law claims

concerning the mishandling of compensation claims, intentional or not, are prohibited by the

exclusivity provision of the PWCA. See, e.g., Kuney, 578 A.2d at 1288. The Court finds no

significant grounds to distinguish the current matter from other disputes that have been precluded.

Plaintiff argues that a common law action seeking “reinstatement of workers’ compensation

benefits,” is not a dispute over worker’s compensation benefits. (ECF No. 1-1 at 9.) The Court

disagrees.

Plaintiff’s argument that the PWCA’s preclusive effect does not apply to claims regarding

injuries and damages after the period of employment is not substantiated by the case law. Here,

Plaintiff relies on Taras. (ECF No. 10-1 at 5–6 (citing Taras v. Wasau Ins. Cos., 602 A.2d 882,

887–88 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992)).) While the court in Taras did note common law claims concerning

injuries that were “subsequent to and independent of the [PWCA] injury” may proceed, the Taras

court did not hold that an injury after the period of employment is, in fact, “subsequent to and

independent.” 602 A.2d at 889. In fact, the Taras court stated: “[w]hile the tortious acts of the

carriers in those cases may have come after the original injury, they were not independent . . . .

Rather, in Kuney and Alston, the tortious acts . . . were completely intertwined with the original

injury, as the[] tortious acts related to the fraudulent denial of benefits for the original injury.” Id.

The analysis did not turn on the temporal aspect, but whether the acts were dependent on the

original injury. Here, Plaintiff alleges WireCo fraudulently acted to cause the denial of benefits for

his original injury, similar to the carriers in Kuney and Alston. For this reason, WireCo’s conduct,

while subsequent to the original injury, is “completely intertwined with” and therefore dependent

upon the original injury.

While Plaintiff cited to case law in his brief, no case law cited by the Plaintiff supports his

proposition of such a narrow reading of the PWCA exclusivity provision. Rather, the case law

supports the opposite proposition: the PWCA’s exclusivity provision has a wide reach and

prohibits common law actions for “injur[ies] arising in the course of employment.” Winterberg,

72 F.3d at 321; see also id. at 323 (cautioning against broad exceptions to the PWCA’s exclusivity

provision); Shaffer v. Procter & Gamble, 604 A.2d 289, 293 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992), app. denied,

616 A.2d 986 (Pa. 1992) (holding a common law tort claim concerning an employer’s “vindictive,

malicious, and persecutory treatment” of an injured employee was barred because while

“appalling, it [was] nevertheless job related.”). There is no caveat where the PWCA exclusivity

provision no longer applies if the injured party is no longer employed; the analysis turns on whether

the conduct is intertwined with the original workplace injury. Accordingly, the PWCA exclusivity

provision will be applied in the full scope that Pennsylvania precedents require.

B. Plaintiff’s Injury Does Not Fall Under Any Exception to the PWCA’s

Exclusivity Provision.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that certain types of common law actions are

not barred by the PWCA’s exclusivity provision if the plaintiff can “categorically divorc[e] her

claim from the injury upon which it is predicated.” Franczyk, 292 A.3d at 861 (citing Martin v.

Lancaster Battery Co., 606 A.2d 444, 448 (Pa. 1992)). This carveout does not reach conduct that

comprises just “egregious and flagrant misconduct of the employer,” but requires more and must

be read sparingly. Winterberg, 72 F.3d at 322–23 (noting a loose reading of the Martin carveout

“runs the risk of dismantlement” of the PWCA).

Categorically divorced claims concern injuries caused by a defendant’s conduct that “go[]

beyond the bargain struck by [the PWCA].”2 Martin, 606 A.2d at 447. Plaintiff’s claim alleging

that his employer made an intentionally fraudulent misrepresentation to deny him his PWCA

benefits does not meet the Martin standard. This exception covers claims concerning conduct that

is “intentionally[] deceitful” to a degree beyond mere intentional interference. See, e.g., id. at 447–

48 (allowing common law recovery for a fraudulent representation made directly to the injured

employee that caused aggravation of a pre-existing workplace injury); Taras, 602 A.2d at 887–88

(allowing common law recovery for an insurance carrier’s negligence in coordinating medical

treatment that caused direct physical harm that exacerbated a prior injury separate from the

underlying work-related accident). Plaintiff’s injury does not fall under the Martin exception as

there was no separate pre-existing injury, WireCo’s alleged tortious interference was not made

directly to Plaintiff, and the conduct did not directly cause the worsening of a separate pre-existing

injury.

Another category of exceptions concerns injuries that are outside the scope of the

employer-employee relationship, as these injuries are not a cognizable injury under the PWCA.

See 77 P.S. § 411(1). Plaintiff cites to one such example in Holland, where the court allowed a

common law tort claim to proceed. (ECF No. 10-1 at 5–6 (citing Holland v. Hardee’s Food Sys.,

Inc., 853 F. Supp. 848 (E.D. Pa. 1994)).) However, the Holland court dealt with interference with

contractual benefits that are readily distinguishable from the current injury. 853 F. Supp. at 849.

In that case, the plaintiff was entitled to disability compensation from her employer based on

separate contractual employment benefits. Id. The defendant in Holland terminated the plaintiff’s

2 The bargain referred to is one where the employer assumed liability without fault for a work-

related injury in exchange for immunity from potentially larger damage verdicts in a common law

action. See Kuney, 578 A.2d at 1287–288.

contractual benefits after she filed for workers’ compensation. Id. Accordingly, the Holland court,

applying an Erie analysis, held that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would find that the PWCA’s

exclusivity provision does not apply to interference with contractual benefits separate from the

PWCA even if they both cover the same injury. Id. at 851. Here, there is no contractual benefit at

issue for Count III. Under the tortious interference claim, Plaintiff is seeking redress for allegedly

being denied his PWCA benefits. The only benefits at issue are those from the PWCA.

Accordingly, Holland is distinguishable from the current matter.

Plaintiff also cites to Schweitzer v. Rockwell Int’l, 586 A.2d 383 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990) for

support that his claim falls under an exception to the PWCA’s exclusivity provision. (ECF No. 10-

1 at 5–6.) The Schweitzer court dealt with a sexual harassment claim by the plaintiff against her

supervisor. 586 A.3d at 385. In Schweitzer, the court held that the PWCA did not bar the plaintiff’s

claim because the alleged harassment was personal in nature and not part of the employment

relationship. Here, Plaintiff’s injury directly arises from a laceration he suffered at work and his

employer’s alleged misrepresentation of information necessary for his PWCA claim. The handling

of his PWCA claim is within the parties’ employment relationship. The alleged injury arises from

duties existing because of this relationship. Plaintiff has pleaded no injury outside of this

relationship. Accordingly, this case is distinguishable from Schweitzer, and Plaintiff’s injury is

cognizable under the PWCA.

C. Remedies Are Available for Plaintiff’s Alleged Injury Under the PWCA.

The Court is further persuaded that Plaintiff’s claim is barred because the PWCA directly

provides remedies for this type of injury. When a plaintiff’s claim is “ultimately based upon an

injury compensable under [the PWCA], he is limited to the remedies provided within the

framework of the act.” Kuney, 578 A.2d at 1288. In assessing whether a claim comprises a “dispute

over coverage and the payment of [PWCA] benefits,” Alston, 612 A.2d at 424, courts have

considered whether a Plaintiff’s injury can be remediated under the PWCA. See, e.g., Taras, 602

A.2d at 887 (refusing to preclude a claim because the damages sought were not the “type of

damages which would flow from [a work-related injury] claim: past due benefits, interest, costs,

and fees. If such were the case, then the holdings from Kuney and Alston would certainty apply to

bar such an action, as [the plaintiff] would have ample administrative remedies at their disposal.”);

Holland, 853 F. Supp. at 851 (allowing a common law suit to proceed after noting that the PWCA

provides no recourse for the retaliatory actions before the court); Santiago v. Pennsylvania Nat.

Mut. Cas. Ins. Co., 613 A.2d 1235, 1243 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992) (noting that the PWCA exclusivity

provision applies when the remedy is addressed by provisions in the Act).

Here, Plaintiff requests damages including “reinstatement of workers’ compensation

benefits,” “lost benefits,” “attorneys’ fees,” and “interest.” (ECF No. 1-1 at 9–10.) These are the

exact types of damages normally sought for disputes over coverage and payment of PWCA claims.

See Kuney, 578 A.2d at 1287 (noting that a wrongful delay of compensation benefits is “clearly a

matter pertaining to a workers’ compensation claim . . . [and the PWCA] has specific remedies for

such a grievance”); see also Taras, 602 A.2d at 887 (noting remediable damages include “past due

benefits, interest, costs, and fees”). The analysis does not change because Plaintiff seeks emotional

distress or punitive damages, as these flow from the original injury in this case, and are also

compensable under the PWCA. See, e.g., Shaffer, 604 A.2d at 293 (precluding a common law

action for emotional distress arising from the handling of the compensation claim). Plaintiff’s

alleged injuries could be compensated by the ambit of the PWCA remedies such as 77 P.S.

§§ 717.1 and 991. Accordingly, the exclusivity provision covers the current dispute, rendering the

Court without subject matter jurisdiction.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants WireCo’s Motion to Dismiss Count III of the

Complaint. As no amendment can remedy Count III, it is dismissed with prejudice. An appropriate

Order follows.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ Hon. Kelley B. Hodge

HODGE, KELLEY B., J.