Baptie

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

PATRICIA BAPTIE, ) CASE NO. 1:25-cv-01509-RJS

)

Plaintiff, ) MAGISTRATE JUDGE

) REUBEN J. SHEPERD

v. )

)

FRANK BISIGNANO, ) MEMORANDUM OPINION

Commissioner of Social Security ) AND ORDER

Defendant. )

I. Introduction

Plaintiff Patricia Baptie (“Baptie”) seeks judicial review of the final decision of the

Commissioner of Social Security, denying her application for Disability Insurance Benefits

(“DIB”) under Title II of the Social Security Act. This matter is before me pursuant to 42 U.S.C.

§§ 405(g), and 1383(c)(3). The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the magistrate judge

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). (ECF Doc. 6). Because the Administrative Law Judge

(“ALJ”) applied proper legal standards, I recommend that the Commissioner’s final decision

denying Baptie’s DIB be affirmed.

II. Procedural History

Baptie protectively filed for DIB in January 23, 2023, alleging a disability onset date of

January 13, 2022. (Tr. 145).1 The claims were denied initially and on reconsideration. (Tr. 55,

65). Baptie then requested a hearing before an ALJ. (Tr. 90). Baptie, represented by counsel, and

a Vocational Expert (“VE”) testified before an ALJ on August 28, 2024. (Tr. 34-54). On

1 In Baptie’s application for DIB, she alleged an onset date of January 13, 2022, while the alleged onset

date is written as January 13, 2023 in her Disability Determinations and Transmittals. (Compare Tr. 145

with Tr. 55, 65). As the ALJ and both parties to the case have referred to the alleged onset date as January

13, 2023, I do so as well.

September 19, 2024, the ALJ issued a written decision finding Baptie not disabled. (Tr. 14-29).

The Appeals Council denied her request for review on May 29, 2025, making the hearing

decision the final decision of the Commissioner. (Tr. 1-6; see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.955, 404.981).

Baptie timely filed this action on July 19, 2025. (ECF Doc. 1).

III. Evidence

A. Personal, Educational, and Vocational Evidence

Baptie was born on September 13, 1963, and was 59 years old on her alleged onset date,

making her an individual of advanced age according to agency regulations. (Tr. 145). She has at

least a high school education. (Tr. 373). She has past relevant work as an administrative

assistant, DOT #169.167-010, both generally and actually performed at the sedentary exertional

level, with an SVP of two, and as a case manager, DOT #195.107-030, generally performed at

the sedentary exertional level, actually performed at medium, with an SVP of seven. (Tr. 51).

B. Relevant Medical Evidence

The medical records show that Baptie had undergone an anterior C5-6 discectomy and

arthroplasty, and a C6-7 anterior discectomy, osteophyte removal and interbody fusion on June

12, 2019. (Tr. 324). On June 9, 2020, one year post-surgery, Baptie reported her neck was doing

“ok,” and other than occasional aching she was overall well. (Tr. 336). A lumbar MRI on

September 29, 2020 showed mild degeneration of the L3-4 disc and mild bilateral facet

osteoarthropathy at L4-5 and L5-S1. (Tr. 340).

On September 23, 2021, Baptie reported pain radiating into both legs, becoming

progressively worse since she had taken a job as a server/dishwasher. (Tr. 347). She was

experiencing occasional numbness in her feet, although her doctor did not believe that was due to

radiculopathy. (Id.). Her doctor noted that her diabetes was “poorly controlled,” and

recommended against injections, instead suggesting Baptie treat her back pain with Meloxicam

and by wearing a back brace. (Id.).

Bapties attended an office visit with APRN Amanda Willis on May 25, 2022, who

assessed her with diabetes mellitus, type II; hypertension; hyperlipidemia; asthma; migraines

with aura; and obstructive sleep apnea. (Tr. 296). Baptie indicated she could climb two flights of

stairs without shortness of breath, and that she was taking metformin daily. (Id.).

On October 12, 2022, Baptie was involved in a motor vehicle accident, and reported

cervical spasms and pain with decreased range of motion. (Tr. 349). Examination by Michael

Kellis, D.O. revealed multiple myofascial trigger points along the cervical and lumbar spine,

with pain in the thoracic spine. (Id.). There were also paravertebral spasms along the right

latissimus dorsi. (Id.). Dr. Kellis recommended that she begin physical therapy and a home

stretching program. (Id.). She attended a physical therapy evaluation on October 24, 2022 (Tr.

352).

At a November 17, 2022 office visit Baptie reported that she was not following a diabetic

diet nor checking her blood sugar daily, and denied wheezing, shortness of breath or asthma

exacerbations. (Tr. 318). On November 29, 2022, Baptie attended an office visit with Dr. Kellis

and reported she was having quite a bit of neck pain, and she was experiencing spasms when she

worked at her computer for extended periods. (Tr. 351). Dr. Kellis noted that previous x-rays

revealed the bignnings of disc degeneration above her cervical fusion at C6-7, which is where

she was experiencing discomfort. (Tr. 361). Examination notes indicate that she feels pain when

looking down or with bilateral rotation or side bending, and document axial compression of her

spine that causes her discomfort. (Id.).

On October 16, 2023, Baptie attended an office visit with APRN Kristie Tincher. (Tr.

380). APRN Tincher noted that Baptie’s asthma had improved with the introduction of Singulair,

and that she was rarely using his albuterol inhaler. (Id.). APRN Tincher also noted that her A1c

was recorded at 6.9%, and she was seeing improvement due to increased exercise and a better

diet. (Id.).

At an office visit with Dr. Kellis on April 4, 2024, Baptie complained of numbness and

tingling in her bilateral ring fingers and pinkies, with pain in her wrists and the CMC joints in

her thumbs. (Tr. 466). Dr. Kellis noted full strength in her hands, although she has difficulty

opening jars. (Id.). Examination revealed swelling and sensitivity in both wirsts and around the

CMC joint, raising concern about ulnar neuritis and radiculopathy. (Id.). There were “equivocal”

Spurling signs, and Dr. Kellis further noted sensitivity to the cervical paravertebrals and the right

trapezius muscle. (Id.). Dr. Kellis assessed cervical disc degeneration, cervical radiculopathy and

ulnar neuritis. (Id.). On April 10, 2024, EMG testing showed acute/chronic nerve root lesion at

the C5-6 nerve root with moderate median nerve neuropathy/entrapment at or about the right

wrist and mild median nerve neuropathy/entrapment at or about the left wrist. (Tr. 473).

Examination notes from that day indicated pain in the hands typically at 4-5/10, rising up to 7/10,

with the pain aggravated by repetitive motion, excessive use, prolonged activity and computer

work. (Id.). Baptie was assessed with cervical radiculopathy and right carpal tunnel syndrome.

(Id.).

C. Medical Opinion Evidence

1. State Agency Reviewing Opinion Evidence

On April 24, 2023, state agency reviewing physician Johnny Craig, M.D., opined that

Baptie could perform work at the light exertional level, but was limited to four hours

standing/walking during an eight-hour workday; she was able to frequently climb ramps or stairs,

but could never climb ladders, ropes or scaffolds; she was able to occasionally stoop or crawl;

she was required to avoid even moderate exposure to dust, odors, fumes, gases or poor

ventilation; and must avoid all exposure to unprotected heights, hazardous machinery or

commercial driving. (Tr. 61-62). At reconsideration, Gerald Klyop, M.D., affirmed Dr. Craig’s

opinion. (Tr. 71-73).

On August 15, 2023, Robyn Murry-Hoffman, Psy.D., determined that Baptie had no

limitation in understanding, remembering, and applying instruction, or in interacting with others.

(Tr. 59). She found Baptie had only mild limitations in concentration, persistence, and

maintaining pace, and in adapting and managing oneself. (Id.). Jennifer Swain, Psy.D. affirmed

Dr. Murry-Hoffman’s opinion on reconsideration. (Tr. 70).

2. Consultative Examiner Opinion Evidence

On June 26, 2023, Hugh Turner, Psy.D. conducted a psychological consultative

examination of Baptie. (Tr. 372-78). Dr. Turner diagnosed Baptie with an Adjustment Disorder

with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, and opined that she had no functional psychological

limitations. (Id.)

3. Medical Source Statements

On April 29, 2024, Dr. Kellis submitted a medical source statement, opining that Baptie

was limited to occasionally lifting five pounds; she was limited to 1-2 hours of

sitting/standing/walking in a workday, with no more than one hour continuously in any one

posture; she was rarely able to balance or stoop, and could never climb, crouch, kneel or crawl;

she could occasionally reach or push/pull, but rarely handle or finger due to “advanced carpal

tunnel syndrome”; she had environmental restrictions on heights, moving machinery,

temperature extremes, pulmonary irritants or noise; she was presecribed a brace, a TENS unit, a

breathing machine and oxygen; she required the ability to alternate between sitting and standing

at will; her severe pain affects her ability to concentrate, her time off-task, and her absenteeism;

she needs to elevate her legs to 45 degrees; and requires 1-2 hours additional rest time every

workday. (Tr. 392-93).

D. Administrative Hearing Evidence

Baptie testified before an ALJ on August 28, 2024. (Tr. 43-54). She testified that she

stopped working in January,2023, because she was unable to sit, type or work on a computer for

extended periods due to pain in her hands, the left side of her neck, and her left shoulder and

arm. (Tr. 43). When she would take a break from from computer work and walk somewhere, she

would have pain in her back and feet. (Id.). The pain would also wake her up at night. (Id.). As

she was not sleeping well at night she would often have trouble staying awake at work and

would have to take naps in her car during her lunch break. (Tr. 43-44). After she did not find

relief from physical therapy her doctor recommended that she retire. (Tr. 44).

Baptie stated that her doctor told her that there were no more surgeries that would help

alleviate her symptoms, and he could not give her injections because of her diabetes. (Id.). The

only relief she gets is when she gets into “a position of comfort” such as lying down or reclining.

(Tr. 44-45). Any time she stands, her lower back hurts, but if she sits with her feet on the ground

the left side of her neck hurts and radiates pain to her left elbow and wrist. (Tr. 45). If she tries to

type or drive, her hands will go numb. (Id.).

Under questioning by her attorney, Baptie testified that her right hand pain had been a

problem for some time. (Tr. 48). She was also having pain in her left hand that was affecting her

grip and her ability to open jars. (Id.). Even though she was resistant to having an EMG because,

as a physical therapist, she did not believe she had carpal tunnel syndrome, the EMG revealed

that she did. (Id.). She currently does exercises to try to address her carpal tunnel syndrome and

wears a brace on her left hand at night. (Tr. 49). She cannot do any exercise because of her

asthma, and she does not sleep well because of her obstructive sleep apnea. (Tr. 49-50). She gave

up other sports about ten years ago because of her heel spurs. (Tr. 50).

Once Baptie’s testimony was complete, VE William Cody next testified. (Tr. 50-54). He

classified Baptie’s past work as administrative assistant, DOT #169.167-010, sedentary, with an

SVP of 2, and case manager, DOT #195.107-030, generally performed at sedentary but actually

performed at medium, with an SVP of 7. (Tr. 51). For her first hypothetical, the ALJ asked the

VE to consider an individual of the who can lift and carry 10 pounds frequently and 20 pounds

occasionally; who can stand or walk 4 hours; who can never climb ladders, ropes or scaffolds;

who can frequently climb ramps or stairs; who can occasionally stoop or crawl; who must avoid

tasks that occasionally expose one to respiratory irritants; who must avoid all exposure to

dangerous moving machinery or tools such as power saws and jack hammers; who must not

work at unprotected heights or work in commercial driving; and who is limited to frequent

reaching, handling or fingering. (Id.). The VE opined that this individual could perform Baptie’s

past work as an administrative assistant as generally and actually performed, and as a case

manager as generally performed. (Tr. 51-52).

Baptie’s attorney then asked the VE to consider the same individual, but reduced the

exertional level to sedentary, and reduced the frequency of reaching, handling or fingering to

occasional. She also limited the individual occasional feeling or pushing/pulling. (Tr. 52). The

VE opined that this individual could not perform Baptie’s past work, nor was there other work in

the national economy the individual could perform. (Id.). Baptie’s attorney then proposed a

second hypothetical asking the VE to presume that the individual in question was now returned

to frequent use of the upper extremities while remaining at the sedentary exertional level, and

that the individual would further require an at-will sit/stand option, and could not turn left to

right or hold her neck in a downward looking position as if they were at a desk, on a keyboard or

doing paperwork for more than 10 minutes at a time. (Id.). The VE opined that this individual

would be unable to perform any work as this limitation would cause the individual to be off-task

more than 15% of the workday which would be intolerable to employers. (Tr. 53).

IV. The ALJ’s Decision

In her decision dated September 19, 2024, the ALJ made the following findings:

1. The claimant meets the insured status requirements of the Social Security

Act through March 31, 2028.

2. The claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since January

13, 2023, the alleged onset date (20 CFR 404.1571 et seq.).

3. The claimant has the following severe impairments: degenerative disc

disease of the cervical spine status post diskectomy and fusion surgery in

June 2019, osteoarthritis in the lumbar spine, heel spur, diabetes mellitus

type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, moderate median nerve

neuropathy/entrapment at or about the right wrist, and mild median nerve

neuropathy/entrapment at or about the left wrist (20 CFR 404.1520(C) and

416.920(c)).

4. The claimant does not have an impairment or combination of impairments

that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments

in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1520(d),

404.1525, 404.1526).

5. After careful consideration of the entire record, the undersigned finds that

the claimant had the residual functional capacity to perform light work as

defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) except lift and carry up to 20 pounds

occasionally and 10 pounds frequently; stand or walk 4 hours of an 8-hour

workday; never climb ladders, ropes or scaffolds; frequently climb ramps

and stairs; occasionally stoop and occasionally crawl; avoid work tasks that

occasionally expose one to respiratory irritants and avoid all exposure to

dangerous moving machinery or tools such as power saws and jack

hammers; no work at unprotected and no commercial driving; and frequent

reaching, handling or fingering.

6. The claimant is capable of performing past relevant work as a case manager

and administrative assistant. This work does not require the performance of

work-related activities precluded by the claimant’s residual functional

capacity (20 CFR 404.1565).

7. The claimant has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social

Security Act, from January 13, 2023 through the date of this decision (20

CFR 404.1520(g).

(Tr. 14-29).

V. Law and Analysis

A. Standard for Disability

Social Security regulations outline a five-step process the ALJ must use to determine

whether a claimant is entitled to benefits:

1. whether the claimant is engaged in substantial gainful activity;

2. if not, whether the claimant has a severe impairment or combination of

impairments;

3. if so, whether that impairment, or combination of impairments, meets or equals

any of the listings in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1;

4. if not, whether the claimant can perform their past relevant work in light of his

RFC; and

5. if not, whether, based on the claimant’s age, education, and work experience, they

can perform other work found in the national economy.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-(v)2; Combs v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 459 F.3d 640, 642-43 (6th

Cir. 2006). The Commissioner is obligated to produce evidence at Step Five, but the claimant

2 The regulations governing DIB claims are found in 20 C.F.R. § 404, et seq. and the regulations

governing SSI claims are found in 20 C.F.R. § 416, et seq. Generally, these regulations are duplicates and

establish the same analytical framework. For ease of analysis, I will cite only to the relevant regulations in

20 C.F.R. § 404, et seq. unless there is a relevant difference in the regulations.

bears the ultimate burden to produce sufficient evidence to prove they are disabled and, thus,

entitled to benefits. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1512(a).

B. Standard of Review

This Court reviews the Commissioner’s final decision to determine whether it is

supported by substantial evidence and whether proper legal standards were applied. 42 U.S.C.

§ 405(g); Rogers v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 241 (6th Cir. 2007). However, the

substantial evidence standard is not a high threshold for sufficiency. Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S.

Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019). “It means – and means only – ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable

mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’” Id., quoting Consol. Edison Co. v.

NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938). Even if a preponderance of the evidence supports the

claimant’s position, the Commissioner’s decision cannot be overturned “so long as substantial

evidence also supports the conclusion reached by the ALJ.” Jones v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 336

F.3d 469, 477 (6th Cir. 2003).

Under this standard, the court cannot decide the facts anew, evaluate credibility, or re-

weigh the evidence. Id. at 476. And “it is not necessary that this court agree with the

Commissioner’s finding,” so long as it meets the substantial evidence standard. Rogers, 486 F.3d

at 241; see also Biestek, 880 F.3d at 783. This is so because the Commissioner enjoys a “zone of

choice” within which to decide cases without court interference. Mullen v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 535,

545 (6th Cir. 1986).

Even if substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s decision, the court will not uphold that

decision when the Commissioner failed to apply proper legal standards, unless the legal error

was harmless. Bowen v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 478 F.3d 742, 746 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[A] decision

. . . will not be upheld [when] the SSA fails to follow its own regulations and that error

prejudices a claimant on the merits or deprives the claimant of a substantial right.”); Rabbers v.

Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 582 F.3d 647, 654 (6th Cir. 2009) (“Generally, . . . we review

decisions of administrative agencies for harmless error.”). Furthermore, this Court will not

uphold a decision when the Commissioner’s reasoning does “not build an accurate and logical

bridge between the evidence and the result.” Fleischer v. Astrue, 774 F. Supp. 2d 875, 877 (N.D.

Ohio 2011). Requiring an accurate and logical bridge ensures that a claimant and the reviewing

court will understand the ALJ’s reasoning, because “[i]f relevant evidence is not mentioned, the

court cannot determine if it was discounted or merely overlooked.” Shrader v. Astrue, No. 11-

13000, 2012 WL 5383120, at *6 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 1, 2012).

VI. Discussion

Baptie raises two issues for this Court’s review:

1. Whether the ALJ committed reversible error when she failed to recognize

and evaluate all of the opinion evidence provided by Dr. Kellis and Ms.

Baptie’s physical therapist.

2. Whether the ALJ’s residual functional capacity was in error as she relied on

reviewing opinions that did have access to key medical opinions, EMG

results and physical therapy reports rather than the evidence as a whole,

including the opinions of Dr. Kellis and plaintiff’s physical therapist.

(ECF Doc. 8, p. 1).

A. The ALJ properly evaluated the opinion of Dr. Kellis.

Baptie argues that the ALJ failed to properly evaluate the medical opinions of Dr. Kellis.

(Id., at p. 10). In Baptie’s view, the ALJ considered only selective portions of the record, rather

than the record as a whole, when rejecting the opinions of medical sources. (Id. at p. 11). Baptie

asserts that the record contains multiple medical opinions which provide substantial evidence

showing that she is incapable of performing light work as suggested by the ALJ’s RFC. (Id.).

Baptie specifically points to several office visits with Dr. Kellis where he concluded that Baptie

was a candidate for disability due to her medical issues. (Id. at p. 13). Baptie contends that the

ALJ failed to assess these opinions, focusing instead only on Dr. Kellis’ physical capacity

statement issued on April 29, 2024. (Id. at p. 14). Further, Baptie claims the ALJ’s determination

that Dr. Kellis’ opinion was unpersuasive was improper, as it failed to account for how the

opinion was supported by other opinions he rendered. (Id. at p. 15).

The Commissioner respomds by highlighting the ALJ’s fulsome discussion of the

medical evidence in the record. (ECF Doc. 9, pp. 8-11). The Commissioner further argues that

the ALJ properly considered the supportability and consistency factors when determining that

Dr. Kellis’ opinion was unpersuasive. (Id. at pp. 11-12). The Commissioner contends that

although the ALJ did not find that Dr. Kellis’ opinion was inherently deficient because it was

rendered in checkbox form, that still provides support for the ALJ’s determination the opinion

was unpersuasive. (Id. at p. 12). In the Commissioner’s view, it was unnecessary for the ALJ to

separately evaluate each of Dr. Kellis’ opinions. (Id. at p. 13). Rather, it was satisfactory to find

the opinions collectively unpersuasive without providing articulation about evidence that is

“inherently neither valuable nor persuasive,” including statements on issues reserved to the

Commissioner such as describing Baptie as “a good candidate for disability.” (Id.).

The evaluation of medical opinion evidence is governed by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c. This

regulation mandates that the ALJ “will not defer or give any evidentiary weight, including

controlling weight to any medical opinion(s) . . . .” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a). Rather, the ALJ

must evaluate each medical opinion’s persuasiveness based on its: (1) supportability; (2)

consistency; (3) relationship with the plaintiff; (4) specialization; and, (5) “other factors that tend

to support or contradict a medical opinion or prior administrative medical finding.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1520c(c); see also Heather B. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:20-cv-442, 2022 WL 3445856

(S.D. Ohio Aug. 17, 2022). Supportability and consistency are the most important factors; ALJs

must “explain how [they] considered the supportability and consistency factors for a medical

source’s medical opinions or prior administrative findings in [their] determination or decision.”

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2). ALJs “may, but are not required to,” consider factors three through

five when evaluating medical source opinions. (Id.).

For supportability, “[t]he more relevant the objective medical evidence and supporting

explanations presented by a medical source are to support his or her medical opinion(s) . . . the

more persuasive the medical opinions . . . will be.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1). For consistency,

“[t]he more consistent a medical opinion(s) . . . is with the evidence from other medical sources

and non-medical sources in the claim, the more persuasive the medical opinion(s) . . . .” 20

C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(2).

An ALJ must “provide a coherent explanation of his [or her] reasoning. Lester v. Saul,

No. 5:20-cv-01364, 20 WL 8093313 at *14 (N.D. Ohio Dec. 11, 2020), report and

recommendation adopted sub nom., Lester v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:20-cv-01364. 2021 WL

119287 (N.D Ohio, Jan. 13, 2021). The ALJ’s medical source opinion evaluation must contain a

“minimum level of articulation” to “provide sufficient rationale for a reviewing adjudicator or

court.” Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence, 2017 WL 168819, 82

Fed. Reg. 5844, 5858 (Jan. 18, 2017). If an ALJ does not “meet these minimum levels of

articulation,” it “frustrates this [C]ourt’s ability to determine whether her disability determination

was supported by substantial evidence.” Heather B., 2022 WL 3445856, at *3, citing Warren I.

v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:20-cv-495, 2021 WL 860506, at *8 (N.D.N.Y., Mar. 8, 2021).

The ALJ summarized Dr. Kellis’ opinion as follows:

On April 29, 2024, Michael Kellis, DO, completed a form about the claimant’s

physical capabilities. Dr. Kellis expressed the following medical opinion: (1) The

claimant can lift/carry 5 pounds occasionally and frequently lift/carry no pounds

due to lumbar degenerative discs in the neck and back and heel spurs; (2) The

claimant can stand/walk for one to two hours total of an 8-hour workday due to heel

spurs, lumbar degeneration, and facet arthropathy; (3) The claimant can sit for one

to two hours total of an 8-hour workday due to lumbar and cervical degeneration

and disc disease; (4) The claimant can perform postural activities ranging from

“never” to “rarely”; (5) The claimant can occasionally reach and push/pull and

“rarely” perform fine or gross manipulation due to carpal tunnel syndrome,

advanced; (6) The claimant needs to alternate positions “at will”; (7) The claimant’s

severe pain interferes with concentration, takes her off task, and causes

absenteeism; (8) The claimant needs to elevate her legs 45-degrees “at will”; and

(9) The claimant will require an additional unscheduled rest period of one to two

hours on an average workday.

(Tr. 25)

The ALJ provided ample discussion of how he determined that Dr. Kellis’ opinion was

unpersuasive. The ALJ addressed the critical factors of supportability and consistency, writing

that Dr. Kellis “failed to provide sufficient support for such severe and extreme limitations” and

that the opinion was “not consistent with the limited course of treatment for any medically

determinable impairment.” (Tr. 25-26). While acknowledging that Baptie had undergone

significant surgical intervention to address impairments of her cervical spine in 2019, the ALJ

noted that since her alleged onset date of January 13, 2023, Baptie had “sought limited treatment

for her impairments.” (Tr. 26). The ALJ wrote wrote that the extreme limitations included in Dr.

Kellis’ opinion were inconsistent with having attended only five physical therapy appointments,

concluding on January 24, 2023 with a therapist’s note that Baptie felt “pretty good,” that she

“denied pain to the left side”, and that she had “made’some’ progress.” (Id.). The ALJ further

wrote that Dr. Kellis’ manipulative limitations, indicated to address “advanced” carpal tunnel

syndrome, were inconsistent with moderate EMG findings in her right wrist and mild findings in

the left wrist. (Id.). The ALJ further articulated that examinations performed by APRN-CNP

Kristie Tincher in July and October 2023 returned normal or unremarkable findings, again

inconsistent with the extreme limitations opined by Dr. Kellis. (Tr. 27).

In addressing supportability, the ALJ wrote that Dr. Kellis’ opinion about exertional

limitations were unsupported as Dr. Kellis’ examinations “did not show impaired gait or

decreased motor strength.” (Tr. 26). The ALJ further noted that Dr. Kellis’ opinion that Baptie

required the ability to alternate positions “at-will”; that pain interferes with concentration, takes

her off-task, and causes absenteeism; that she needs to elevate her legs 45-degrees “at will”; and

that she will require unscheduled rest periods was unpersuasive because “he failed to provide

sufficient support for such severe and extreme limitations.” (Id.). Because the ALJ addressed

both essential factors, substantial evidence supports his determination that Dr. Kellis’ opinion

was unpersuasive.

Baptie contends that even if the ALJ articulated his findings relating to the April 29. 2024

opinion, the ALJ failed to address additional opinions that Dr. Kellis rendered. (ECF Doc. 8, p.

14). Specifically, Baptie argues that on November 29, 2022, Dr. Kellis offered an opinion that

“sitting in front of the computer for any extended period causes Ms. Baptie to experience neck

spasms and discomfort” (Id. at pp. 12-13, citing Tr. 351); on April 4, 2024, Dr. Kellis opined, “I

would agree that she would be a candidate for disability secondary to the multiple issues of

health that she does have” (Id. at p. 13, citing Tr. 466); and on April 29, 2924, Dr. Kellis wrote

that Baptie “cannot ambulate any distance” and concluded that she “was unable to return to

gainful employment due to the clinical findings.” (Id., citing Tr. 471).

The first suggested “opinion,” rendered November 29, 2022, pre-dates Baptie’s alleged

onset date. Notably, failure to analyze an opinion predating the alleged onset date is not per se

reversible error. Guerra v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:22-cv-01056, 2023 WL 3741777, at *9

(N.D. Ohio May 10, 2023), see also Lanthron v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:18-cv-689, 2019

WL 1258785, at *5 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 31, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL

5729826 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 5, 2019) (concluding that the ALJ's failure to analyze and weigh the

opinions of a treating source and a nontreating source, which predated the onset date, was

harmless error because “the ALJ weighed and analyzed other medical opinion evidence that fell

within the disability period . . . [and] discusse[d] the evidence of record at length[ ]”); see also

Mohssen v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 12-cv-14501, 2013 WL 6094728, at *11 (E.D. Mich. Nov.

20, 2013). Moreover, while medical history is relevant to a disability claim, a claimant’s past

medical history should not be given more weight than medical evidence from the relevant period

of disability. See Heston, 245 F.3d at 536; Lanthron, 2019 WL 1258785, at *5; but see O’Malley

v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 210 F. Supp. 3d 909, 915 (S.D. Ohio 2016) (holding that an ALJ's

decision was not supported by substantial evidence because the treating physician’s pre-onset

opinion was consistent with evidence from the relevant time period).

Further, the November 29, 2022 statement by Dr. Kellis is a description of a symptom

which does not require separate evaluation under agency regulations. A “medical opinion” is

defined as a “statement from a medical source about what [claimants] can still do despite [their]

impairment[s] amd whether [they] have one or more impairment-related limitations or

restrictions’ in their ability to perform the physical, mental, or other demands of work. 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1513(a)(2). A mere recitation of an individual’s medical history and symptoms is not a

proper medical opinion. Hurst v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:23-cv-01722, 2-24 WL 3890905, at

*9 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 21, 2024). Because the November 29, 2022 statement merely describes a

symptom and activities that may exacerbate that symptom, it does not amount to a medical

opinion.

As for the other two “opinions,” the ALJ was not required to address these statements

made by Dr. Kellis, as the regulations establish that any “[s]tatements on issues reserved to the

Commissioner,” such as whether a person is or is not “disabled, . . . able to work, or able to

perform regular or continuing work,” are “inherently neither valuable nor persuasive.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1520b(c)(3)(i). The ALJ was therefore not required to “provide any analysis about how

[he] considered such evidence in his determination or decision.” 20 C.F.R. §404.1520b(c);

Walton v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:23-cv-1408, 2024 WL 3387300, at *21 (N.D. Ohio June

24, 2024). As the ALJ analyzed all relevant opinions issued by Dr. Kellis, addressing the key

factors of supportability and consistency, I cannot order remand on this basis.

B. Baptie’s physical therapist, Andrew Helber, DPT, did not render an opinion

requiring analysis as such by the ALJ.

Baptie also argues that the ALJ failed to evaluate the opinion of her physical therapist.

(ECF Doc. 8, p. 15). Specifically, Baptie argues that DPT Helber’s December 6, 2022 note

stating, “[p]ain symptoms remain about the same. It is postural in nature. Prolonged seated and

standing activities reproduce pain symptoms. She does do better when she does not have to do

desk work,” amounted to a medical opinion, and the ALJ’s failure to analyze the statement

accordingly constituted error. (Id.). The Commissioner asserts that the ALJ did not need to assess

the opinion of Baptie’s physical therapist because it pre-dates her alleged onset date, and

because, rather than opining about her capabilities despite her impairment, it is simply a

statement concerning the activities that cause her to experience symptoms. (ECF Doc. 9, at p.

14).

The statements in question were written in DPT Helber’s notes just over a month before

the alleged onset date, so, given the close proximity in time, an evaluation of this would be

relevant, if in fact it was a medical opinion. DPT Helber’s statements, however, do not meet the

definition of a “medical opinion,” as it is defined above. The statements in DPT Helber’s therapy

notes are no more than a description of Baptie’s symptoms, and do not amount to a medical

opinion. The statements do not opine about Baptie’s functional capacity, but merely describe

what postures may bring about increased pain, and further do not recommend functional

limitations or restrictions. Accordingly, the statements do not rise to the level of a medical

opinion, and there was no error when the ALJ did not address the statements as such.

C. The ALJ properly evaluated the state agency reviewing physicians’ opinions.

Finally, Baptie argues that the ALJ improperly relied on the opinions of the state agency

reviewing physicians in determining the RFC, as these opinions were based on an incomplete

record that did not include Dr. Kellis’ April 29, 2024 opinion, his April 2024 examination notes,

or Baptie’s EMG results. (Id. at p. 16). She further avers that the reviewing physicians failed to

“evaluate and reconcile any of the other opinions of Dr. Kellis or those of the physical therapist.”

(Id.). In sum, Baptie argues that the ALJ “cherry-picked” select portions of the record in

determining the RFC rather than doing a a proper analysis of the entire record. (Id. at p. 17).

The Commissioner contends that the ALJ’s evaluation of the state agency medical

consultant’s evaluation was proper, despite the opinion’s lack of consideration of the medical

opinion and evidence from April 2024, because the ALJ specifically included limitations in the

RFC based on the April 2024 evidence. (Id.). The Commissioner contends that the ALJ properly

evaluated the medical evidence in the record and built a logical and accurate bridge between the

evidence and the her RFC finding, and that Baptie’s argument that the ALJ “cherry-picked”

evidence is no more than an invitation to reweigh the evidence. (Id.). Accordingly, the

Commissioner argues, substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s RFC finding and the decision

should be affirmed. (Id. at p. 17).

In evaluating the medical opinions of the state agency reviewing physicians, the ALJ

wrote:

Their medical findings are persuasive because they are supported by the objective

medical evidence recounted above while adequately considering the claimant’s

subjective complaints. Their medical findings are persuasive because they are

consistent with the limited course of treatment for any medically determinable

physical impairment. However, the medical consultants did not have the benefit of

reviewing the more recent medical evidence of record from April, 2024 including

the April 10, 2024 EMG study of her arms and hands. As such to adequately

account for the claimant’s impairments of the arms/hands, the undersigned adds

frequent reaching, handling, and fingering as opposed to comstant reaching,

handling, and fingering. The undersigned declines to reduce reaching, handling,

and fingering to only occasional because the EMG contained ‘moderate’ and ‘mild’

findings, and the claimant testified that the current treatment for her hands consists

of only exercises and a brace on the left.

(Tr. 28).

“[B]ecause state agency review precedes ALJ review, there is always some time lapse

between the consultant’s report and the ALJ hearing and decision.” Jones v. Colvin, No.

5:13CV1781, 2014 WL 459812, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 12, 2014), quoting Chandler v. Comm’r

of Soc. Sec., 667 F.3d 356, 361 (3d Cir. 2011)). It is proper for the ALJ to rely on the state

agency opinions, so long as the ALJ takes into account subsequent evidence and any relevant

changes in the claimant’s condition. McGrew v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 343 F. App’x 26, 32 (6th

Cir. 2009); Brown v. Saul, No. 1:18-CV-1463, 2019 WL 4039055, at *6 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 27,

2019) (“If an ALJ's decision includes a discussion of medical opinions or other evidence post-

dating the State agency opinions, courts will generally find no error as the ALJ adequately

reviewed the complete case record.”) (collecting cases).

There is no error in relying on state agency findings where, as here, the ALJ considered

medical opinions and other evidence post-dating the state agency opinions. See Young v. Comm’r

of Soc. Sec. No. 1:23-cv-01435, 2024 WL 3387315, at *18 (N.D. Ohio June 18, 2024). While

Baptie complains that the ALJ found the state agency reviewing physicians’ opinions persuasive

despite the opinions pre-dating certain medical opinions and evidence, the ALJ explicitly

addressed and added specific limitations to the RFC directly reflecting that evidence. It is clear

that the ALJ considered the subsequent evidence and met his obligations of reviewing the

complete case record. Thus, there was substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s RFC finding,

and he did not rely strictly on “cherry-picked” evidence pre-dating April 2024. The ALJ’s

determination of Baptie’s RFC was based on a thorough review of the entire medical record.

Accoridngly, I find no error in the ALJ’s assessment of the state agency reviewing physicians’

opinions or in the determination of Baptie’s RFC.

VII. Conclusion

Because the ALJ applied proper legal standards when evaluating the opinion of Dr. Kellis

and the state agency reviewing physicians, and correctly assessed that other statements contained

in Dr. Kellis’ examination notes and the notes of DPT Helber to not be “medical opinions,” I

affirm the Commissioner’s final decision denying Baptie’s application for DIB.

Dated: March 27, 2026

United States Magistrate Judge

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