Virtual Independent Paralegals, LLC

This Opinion is a

Precedent of the TTAB

Mailed: March 27, 2019

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE

_____

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board

_____

In re Virtual Independent Paralegals, LLC

_____

Serial No. 86947786

_____

Erik M. Pelton of Erik M. Pelton & Associates PLLC,

for Virtual Independent Paralegals, LLC.

Deborah Meiners, Trademark Examining Attorney, Law Office 110,

Chris A.F. Pedersen, Managing Attorney.

_____

Before Zervas, Bergsman and Greenbaum,

Administrative Trademark Judges.

Opinion by Bergsman, Administrative Trademark Judge:

Virtual Independent Paralegals, LLC (“Applicant”) seeks registration on the

Principal Register, under the provisions of Section 2(f) of the Trademark Act,

15 U.S.C. § 1052(f), of the term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS (standard

characters), for “paralegal services; providing medical record summaries, deposition

Serial No. 86947786

summaries and document review; litigation support services,” in Class 45.1 Applicant

has disclaimed the exclusive right to use the word “Paralegals.”

The Examining Attorney refused to register VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT

PARALEGALS for the services set forth in the application on the grounds that the

proposed mark is generic and, if it is not generic, that it is merely descriptive and has

not acquired distinctiveness under Sections 1, 2, 3, and 45 of the Trademark Act, 15

U.S.C. §§ 1051, 1052,, 3, and 1127.

I. Preliminary Issue

As noted below in our discussion of the evidence, the Examining Attorney

submitted multiple copies of some of the same websites. The Board has long

discouraged multiple submissions of the same evidence because they are

unnecessarily cumulative. TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD MANUAL OF

PROCEDURE (TBMP) § 1208.01 (2018); cf. In re Max Capital Grp. Ltd., 93 USPQ2d

1243, 1245-46 (TTAB 2010) (Board criticized applicant for submitting over 300 pages

of Internet material, much of which was duplicative or irrelevant). This practice

principle applies equally to examining attorneys and applicants. Attaching previously

submitted evidence a second or third time is neither a courtesy nor a convenience to

the Board. Because the Board and, presumably, an examining attorney and an

applicant, review the entire record to assess the probative value of all properly

submitted evidence, multiple submissions of the same evidence can cause confusion

1 Application Serial No. 86947786 was filed on March 21, 2016, under Section 1(a) of the

Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051(a), based upon Applicant’s claim of first use of its mark

anywhere and in commerce in May 2009.

-2-

Serial No. 86947786

in reviewing the record and unnecessary delay in issuing a final decision. If evidence

that purportedly is the same is presented more than once, the Board must compare

all versions of the evidence to confirm that it is, in fact, identical. This is not an

appropriate use of the Board’s limited resources. The better practice is to submit the

evidence only once, and to refer to the evidence by Office Action/Response date and

TSDR page number (as the Board does) in later Office Actions/Responses or appeal

briefs. We remind examining attorneys and applicants that they both can refer to any

evidence that properly is of record, regardless of who submitted it in the first instance.

Cf. Trademark Rule 2.122(a), 37 C.F.R. § 2.122(a) (“When evidence has been made of

record by one party in accordance with these rules, it may be referred to by any party

for any purpose permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.”).

II. Whether VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is generic for

“paralegal services; providing medical record summaries, deposition

summaries and document review; litigation support services”?

We turn first to an analysis of whether the designation VIRTUAL

INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is generic, because a generic designation is

incapable of functioning as a service mark. In re Cordua Rests., Inc., 823 F.3d 594,

118 USPQ2d 1632, 1634 (Fed. Cir. 2016); see also In re Emergency Alert Sols. Grp.,

LLC, 122 USPQ2d 1088, 1089 (TTAB 2017). A generic term “is the common

descriptive name of a class of goods or services.” Royal Crown Cola v. Coca-Cola Co.,

892 F.3d 1358, 127 USPQ2d 1041, 1045 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting H. Marvin Ginn

Corp. v. Int’l Ass’n of Fire Chiefs, Inc., 782 F.2d 987, 228 USPQ 528, 530 (Fed. Cir.

1986)). “The critical issue in genericness cases is whether members of the relevant

-3-

Serial No. 86947786

public primarily use or understand the term to be protected to refer to the genus of

goods or services in question.” Royal Crown Cola, 127 USPQ2d at 1046 (quoting

Marvin Ginn, 228 USPQ at 530).

Our primary reviewing court has set forth a two-step inquiry to determine

whether a mark is generic: First, what is the genus (category or class) of goods or

services at issue? Second, is the term sought to be registered understood by the

relevant public primarily to refer to that genus of goods or services? Marvin Ginn,

228 USPQ at 530. The relevant public’s perception is the chief consideration in

determining whether a term is generic. See Princeton Vanguard, LLC v. Frito-Lay N.

Am., Inc., 786 F.3d 960, 114 USPQ2d 1827, 1833 (Fed. Cir. 2015). “An inquiry into

the public’s understanding of a mark requires consideration of the mark as a whole.”

Id. at 1831 (quoting In re Steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293, 75 USPQ2d 1420, 1421

(Fed. Cir. 2005)). “Even if each of the constituent words in a combination mark is

generic, the combination is not generic unless the entire formulation does not add any

meaning to the otherwise generic mark.” In re 1800Mattress.com IP LLC, 586 F.3d

1359, 92 USPQ2d 1682, 1684 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting In re Steelbuilding.com, 75

USPQ2d at 1421); see also Princeton Vanguard, 114 USPQ2d at 1832.

Evidence of the public’s understanding of a term may be obtained from “any

competent source, such as consumer surveys, dictionaries, newspapers and other

publications.” Id. at 1830 (quoting In re Northland Aluminum Prods., Inc., 777 F.2d

1556, 227 USPQ 961, 963 (Fed. Cir. 1985)).

-4-

Serial No. 86947786

With respect to the first part of the Marvin Ginn inquiry, the genus may be defined

by the services identified in the application: “paralegal services; providing medical

record summaries, deposition summaries and document review; litigation support

services.” See In re Reed Elsevier Props. Inc., 482 F.3d 1376, 82 USPQ2d 1378, 1380

(Fed. Cir. 2007); Magic Wand Inc. v. RDB Inc., 940 F.2d 638, 19 USPQ2d 1551, 1552

(Fed. Cir. 1991) (a proper genericness inquiry focuses on the identification set forth

in the application or certificate of registration). Applicant and the Examining

Attorney agree that the proper genus is “paralegal services; providing medical record

summaries, deposition summaries and document review; litigation support

services.”2

The second part of the Marvin Ginn test is whether the term sought to be

registered is understood by the relevant public primarily to refer to that genus of

goods or services. The relevant public encompasses “actual [and] potential purchasers

of . . . goods or services” identified in the application or registration. The Loglan Inst.

Inc. v. The Logical Language Grp. Inc., 962 F.2d 1038, 22 USPQ2d 1531, 1533 (Fed.

Cir. 1992) (citation omitted); Sheetz of Del., Inc. v. Doctor’s Assocs. Inc., 108 USPQ2d

1341, 1351 (TTAB 2013). Both Applicant and the Examining Attorney refer to

Applicant’s website to identify the relevant public:3

VIP Help Me is proud to serve both the plaintiff and

defense bar. Our clients consist of preeminent plaintiff and

insurance defense attorneys, solo and small firm

practitioners, in-house and captive counsel, claims

2 Applicant’s Brief, p. 13 (10 TTABVUE 14); Examining Attorney’s Brief (12 TTABVUE 7).

3 Applicant’s Brief, p. 16 (10 TTABVUE 16); Examining Attorney’s Brief (12 TTABVUE 7).

-5-

Serial No. 86947786

adjusters, third party administrators and major regional

and national insurance carriers.4

Nevertheless, the determination of whether a mark is generic must be made in

relation to the goods or services for which registration is sought, not in the abstract.

Because there are no restrictions or limitations to the channels of trade or classes of

consumers for “paralegal services; providing medical record summaries, deposition

summaries and document review; litigation support services,” the services and their

relevant purchasers may not be limited by extrinsic evidence. See Remington Prods.,

Inc. v. N. Am. Philips Corp., 892 F.2d 1576, 13 USPQ2d 1444, 1448 (Fed. Cir. 1990)

(the mark must be considered in context, i.e., in connection with the goods); Magic

Wand, 19 USPQ2d at 1553-54 (holding that the description of services in respondent’s

registration defines the relevant public); Couch/Braunsdorf Affinity, Inc. v. 12

Interactive, LLC, 110 USPQ2d 1458, 1463 (TTAB 2014) (“The question of

registrability must be determined, in proceedings before the Board, on the basis of

the services as set forth in the registrations, rather than in reference to the precise

nature of the services on or in connection with which the marks are actually used or

intended to be used.”).

4 Applicant’s website (viphelpme.com) attached to the May 9, 2017 Response to Office Action

(TSDR 11). The Examining Attorney also submitted a copy of Applicant’s website with her

May 31, 2017 Office Action (TSDR 8). In addition, Applicant submitted the relevant portion

of the website as its specimen of use.

Citations to the USPTO TSDR database are to the downloadable .pdf format.

-6-

Serial No. 86947786

The record is replete with evidence, discussed more fully below, that “independent

paralegals” are paralegals who offer their services to ordinary consumers for, inter

alia, legal document preparation without the supervision of attorneys. See, e.g.,

• Washington Post website (washingtonpost.com):

Preparing for the Invasion of Independent Paralegals

* * *

They call themselves independent paralegals, legal

technicians or document preparers. Working on their own,

they help people fill out the paperwork for uncontested

divorces, personal bankruptcies and other simple

procedures, at prices far below those of private lawyers.5

• Online Paralegal Degree Center website (on-line-paralegal-degree.org)

Can I Hire A Paralegal Instead Of A Lawyer?

* * *

What Is An Independent Paralegal?

An independent paralegal, which may also be referred to

as a freelance professional, is a non-attorney legal

professional who provides different types of legal document

services to patrons for a fee without being under the

supervision of a licensed attorney. Since the paralegal is

not working directly under an attorney, there are some

strict limitations as to what they are lawfully allowed to

do. They cannot actually practice law but they can help

individuals with less complicated matters that do not

create the need for legal advice. Providing information

about certain legal topics is not against the law, but they

must be careful how the patron takes the information that

is offered.6

5 May 31, 2017 Office Action (TSDR 33).

6 May 31, 2017 Office Action (TSDR 31).

-7-

Serial No. 86947786

• Amazon.com website advertising the sale of the book “The Independent

Paralegal’s Handbook: Everything You Need To Run a Business Preparing

Legal Paperwork for the Public.”7 The advertising copy reads as follows:

Everyday more and more people are turning to

independent paralegals for help with routine legal

paperwork. This long-proven definitive reference provides

crucial legal and business advice for all those considering a

career in this growing field. Interviews with prominent

independent paralegals bring the text to life.

Accordingly, the relevant public is not limited to professionals such as lawyers,

corporations, claims adjusters, third party administrators, and insurance carriers, as

stated by Applicant in its website; it includes the public at large, namely, ordinary

consumers who need assistance completing legal forms.

We now turn to how the relevant consumers use or understand the designation

VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS when it is used in connection with

“paralegal services; providing medical record summaries, deposition summaries and

document review; litigation support services.” The Examining Attorney submitted

numerous examples of the term “Virtual Paralegal” identifying a class of paralegals

who telecommute or work remotely.

• Certified Paralegals Community website (certifiedparalegals.org)

Virtual Paralegal: Job Description & Duties

* * *

What is A Virtual Paralegal?

A virtual paralegal is a paralegal who performs duties from

home or some other location other than the employer’s

7 May 31, 2017 Office Action (TSDR 34).

-8-

Serial No. 86947786

office. The jobs are generally assigned and turned [in]

through some form of electronic means. For the virtual

paralegal, being comfortable with technology is crucial to

performing his or her duties successfully.8

• Virtual Paralegal Training Center website (google.com)

What is a Virtual Paralegal?

Virtual Paralegals are contract, independent or freelance

paralegals qualified by education, training or work

experience who are employed or retained by a lawyer, law

office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity

who perform specifically delegated substantive legal work

for which a lawyer is responsible on an as needed basis

with such services being supplied through the use of

technology and remote access systems.9

• The Virtual Paralegal website (google.com)

The Virtual Paralegal – Independent Contract Freelance

Paralegal Services

* * *

What is a Virtual Paralegal

The evolution of technology and the Internet has made it

possible for professionals to work from home in what is

considered a “virtual office”. A virtual paralega[l] is a

highly trained independently contracted business owner

who is not considered an employee of the law office he or

she is performing work for. Virtual paralegals are cost

effective since they are only paid for the work they perform.

All work is performed virtually by utilizing telephones, fax,

email, and other internet established technology, providing

the same support to a law office as a regular employee

would, but at a lower cost to the law office.10

8 November 22, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 5-8).

9 October 17, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 15-16). In the May 31, 2017 Office Action, the website

domain name is virtualparalegaltrainingcenter.com.

10 October 17, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 17-41 at 24).

-9-

Serial No. 86947786

• AgileLaw website (agilelaw.com)

The Pros and Cons of Being a Virtual Paralegal

* * *

What is a Virtual Paralegal?

* * *

[A] virtual paralegal is a paralegal who works under the

direct supervision of an attorney but she works from her

home or another remote location other than the attorney’s

office. Some virtual paralegals are directly employed by the

law firm but works [sic] from home while other virtual

paralegals work as independent contractors for one or more

attorneys.11

• Law Crossing website (lawcrossing.com)

Get daily email updates for your search:

“virtual paralegal jobs jobs [sic]”.

* * *

Your search results

122 jobs found for Virtual Paralegal Jobs.12

• Law Crossing website (lawcrossing.com) posted an article entitled “The Virtual

Paralegal Allows Paralegals to Work At Home Or Offsite” which described

virtual paralegal as “paralegal work online.”13

• Jobs2Careers website (jobs-to-careers.com)

Find Your Next Virtual Paralegal Job in Alexandria, VA.

11 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 12-16).

12 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 22-30). Law Crossing is a job listing website.

13 May 31, 2017 Office Action (TSDR 63).

- 10 -

Serial No. 86947786

* * *

1,417 Virtual Paralegal jobs in Alexandria, VA!14

• Paralegal Alliance website (paralegalalliance.com)

Virtual Paralegal – Advantages and Disadvantages

What is a virtual paralegal?

… [A] virtual paralegal can be defined as a person with

formal education and training in the legal systems that

assists attorney from a remote location.15

• Lawyer-Coach website (lawyer-coach.com)

Introducing Guest Blogger Cathy Ribble – “Virtual

Paralegal Partnerships: What Solo Attorneys Need to

Know”

* * *

What is a virtual paralegal?

The virtual paralegal meets the ABA’s definition [of a legal

assistant or paralegal], but this paralegal is also good at

working independently and is tech-savvy when it comes to

sharing files and information via the internet. Most virtual

paralegals work as independent contractors from a fully

equipped home office.16

The Examining Attorney and Applicant submitted excerpts from websites

(including those referred to above) featuring the use of the term “Independent

Paralegal” identifying a class of paralegal who performs clerical work or document

preparation without attorney supervision.

14 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 31-32).

15 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 33).

16 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 42-45).

- 11 -

Serial No. 86947786

• Do It Yourself Documents And Independent Paralegal Services

website (google.com)

To Use a Paralegal or Not?

* * *

Technically, a ‘paralegal’ is a trained legal assistant

supervised by an attorney. A ‘paralegal’ who works on their

own is called an ‘independent paralegal’ because they are

not supervised by a lawyer.

Statistics show that in some states about 75% of divorces

and 60% of bankruptcies are done without lawyers. Many

of these do-it-yourselfers have chosen independent

paralegals instead.

What can an independent paralegal do for you? A paralegal

is more than a clerical person. S/he is familiar with local

forms, local rules, and has knowledge about local processes.

An independent paralegal can NOT give you legal advice,

represent you in court, or choose your forms for you. Many

paralegals also do not file your returns at the court for you

or “prepare” your paperwork. Paralegals may avoid these

activities in order to protect themselves for being charged

with the crime “unauthorized practice of law” (UPL).

Instead the paralegal may provide information, perform

typing, proofreading, and give other assistance.

* * *

An independent paralegal is not employed by a law firm or

supervised by an attorney. An independent paralegal does

not give legal advice or practice law.17

• Laws website (paralegal.laws.com)

Independent Paralegal Role and Responsibility

The classification of “independent paralegals” is one rarely

used today, mainly because it can be overly broad and

contradictory, and in some cases it represents a position

that in most jurisdictions is illegal to hold. This can have a

17 November 22, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 17-19).

- 12 -

Serial No. 86947786

number of different meanings, and therefore, being an

independent paralegal can be applied to a number of

situations where a more precise classification is required.

In a sense, the term is commonly used in reference to

paralegals who work for more than one institution or work

on their own. Freelance paralegals represent independent

contractors who are signed for a term or duration to a

company, firm, or attorney, but do not represent a full time

employee. In all instances, they word under the direct

supervision of an attorney, and not independently.

The phrase independent paralegal has also been used in

reference to individuals who perform legal tasks short of

those that can only be performed by a lawyer. Independent

paralegals would usually work toward the tending of other

services, usually in the capacity of helping individuals who

have sought to defend themselves in legal proceedings or

who required document processing to be performed on their

behalf.

* * *

On the whole, actual independent paralegals are a thing of

the past, but the phrase became so ingrained in the lexicon

that it is often used as a broader classification for [a]

different form of paralegal, and for the time being, the

name seems to have stuck.18

• Law Crossing website (lawcrossing.com)

Independent Paralegals Sought By Legal Firms On

Contract Basis

* * *

“What does it take to be an independent or contract

paralegal?” asks Dorothy Secol, a freelancer since 1982, on

NJParalegal.com.

* * *

The NFPA [National Federation of Paralegal Associations]

also identifies the independent paralegal … also called a

18 May 9, 2017 Response to Office Action (TSDR 13-17).

- 13 -

Serial No. 86947786

forms practitioner or document preparer. These titles

denote a paralegal who does not work under an attorney’s

supervision and whose work is more often clerical than

“legally substantive.”19

• Bowdry’s Independent Paralegal website (bowdrysindependentparalegal.com)

advertises its virtual paralegal services.20

• LinkedIn website (linkedin.com/title/independent-paralegal/tucson)

Independent Paralegal – Tucson

Professionals on LinkedIn

Alison Torba, CP

Independent Paralegal

* * *

Daniel X. Aguilera

Independent Paralegal at Chainfruit Document Services

* * *

Dawn Marie AZ Paralegal Plus

AZ Paralegal Plus, LLC – Virtual Independent Paralegal

and Legal Services Provider21

• ParalegalEDU.org

Freelance Paralegal

* * *

19 May 9, 2017 Response to Office Action (TSDR 19-27).

20 May 31, 2017 Office Action (TSDR 47-50). Bawdry’s Independent Paralegal renders its

services to law firms or corporations.

21 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 20). AZ Paralegal Plus is discussed above because it

advertises itself as a “Virtual Independent Paralegal.” See October 17, 2016 Office Action

(TSDR 55).

- 14 -

Serial No. 86947786

Q. What is the difference between a freelance paralegal

and an independent paralegal?

Freelance paralegals should not be confused with

independent paralegals, as independent paralegals offer

services to the public without any attorney representation.

In other words, freelance paralegals provide their services

to law firms and attorneys, while independent paralegals

provide their services to consumers.

Q. What is a virtual paralegal?

Within the popular freelance paralegal profession are

virtual paralegals. Virtual paralegals work remotely,

providing services to attorneys using software programs

and Internet sharing utilities. Virtual paralegals often

work from the comfort of their home, providing services to

attorneys, regardless of their location.22

• Paralegal Alliance website (paralegalalliance.com)

Independent or a Freelance Paralegal, Is There a

Difference?

Legally, there is no difference between an Independent

Paralegal and a Freelance Paralegal, as the laws governing

the Paralegal, or Legal Assistant, profession make no

distinction between job titles, and treat all non-attorney

paralegals the same. However, those in the legal profession

use the two terms describe very different jobs.

Independent Paralegals

An independent paralegal is a non-attorney who provides

legal document preparation services to the public, and may

be referred to as a legal document preparer or forms

practitioner. Independent paralegals help their clients

save money on legal document preparation when they

already know what they want and simply need someone

experienced with the Courts and filing pleadings to help

them locate the correct forms, fill them out properly, and

follow the right procedures for filing or recording the

documents. Independent paralegals may prepare

22 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 37-41).

- 15 -

Serial No. 86947786

bankruptcy petitioners, uncontested divorce forms, powers

of attorney, deeds, or estate planning and probate

documents.

[Illegible portion because of pop-ups]23

* * *

Marketing your Services as an Independent Paralegal

As an Independent Paralegal, your target audience is much

larger than that of a Freelance Paralegal, who only

provides services to attorneys. …

* * *

Freelance Paralegals

A freelance paralegal provides services to attorneys, and

may be called a contract paralegal or freelance legal

assistant. Freelance paralegals may prepare any legal

document that an attorney could prepare. … Many

freelance paralegals specialize in just a few areas of the

law, and work only for attorneys who practice in those

areas.

* * *

Marketing your Services as a Freelance Paralegal

Freelance Paralegals’ target audience is attorneys … 24

23 If evidence is not legible, we cannot consider it. Cf. Trademark Rule 2.126(a)(2), 37 C.F.R.

§ 2.126(a)(2) (“Exhibits pertaining to an electronic submission must be made electronically

as an attachment to the submission and must be clear and legible.”); Alcatraz Media, Inc. v.

Chesapeake Marine Tours, Inc., 107 USPQ2d 1750, 1758 (TTAB 2013) (citing Hard Rock Cafe

Licensing Corp. v. Elsea, 48 USPQ2d 1400, 1404 (TTAB 1998) (“It is reasonable to assume

that it is opposer’s responsibility to review the documents it submits as evidence to ensure

that such submissions meet certain basic requirements, such as that they are legible….”)),

aff’d, 565 F. App’x 900 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (mem.); Weider Publ’ns, LLC v. D&D Beauty Care Co.,

109 USPQ2d 1347, 1351 (TTAB 2014) (onus is on party making submissions to ensure that,

at a minimum, “all materials are clearly readable by the adverse party and the Board”),

appeal dismissed per stipulation, No. 14-1461 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 10, 2014). Accordingly, the

Board will consider evidence, or a portion of the evidence, only if it is clear and legible.

24 October 17, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 42-47).

- 16 -

Serial No. 86947786

As noted above, VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is generic if the

consumers who use paralegal services primarily use or understand the term

VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS to refer to a genus, category, or class of

services when it is used in connection with “paralegal services; providing medical

record summaries, deposition summaries and document review; litigation support

services.” In making this determination, we assess the mark as a whole, taking into

account the meaning of the terms that comprise the mark:

“An inquiry into the public’s understanding of a mark

requires consideration of the mark as a whole. Even if each

of the constituent words in a combination mark is generic,

the combination is not generic unless the entire

formulation does not add any meaning to the otherwise

generic mark.” In re Steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293,

1297 [75 USPQ2d 1420, 1421] (Fed. Cir. 2005); see In re

Am. Fertility Soc’y, 188 F.3d 1341, 1347 [51 USPQ2d 1832,

1837] (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“[I]f the compound word would

plainly have no different meaning from its constituent

words, and dictionaries, or other evidentiary sources,

establish the meaning of those words to be generic, then

the compound word too has been proved generic. No

additional proof of the genericness of the compound word

is required.”).

In re 1800Mattress.com IP LLC, 92 USPQ2d at 1684.

The term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is indisputably generic. The

term VIRTUAL PARALEGAL identifies a class of paralegals who telecommute or

work remotely. Because the record clearly shows that the term “Virtual Paralegal”

refers to a paralegal who works remotely, we reject Applicant’s argument that the

term “Virtual” creates an incongruous impression when used in connection with

- 17 -

Serial No. 86947786

“Virtual Paralegal” for paralegal services.25 Also, we reject Applicant’s argument that

the term “Independent” does not have a clearly defined, specialized meaning when

used in connection with “Independent Paralegal.”26 Applicant’s arguments fly in the

face of the evidence.

The term INDEPENDENT PARALEGAL identifies a class of paralegals who

perform clerical work or document preparation without attorney supervision either

for themselves or on behalf of an attorney. Combining VIRTUAL PARALEGAL and

INDEPENDENT PARALEGAL into VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS

provides no additional or changed meaning. The combination identifies a subclass of

paralegals who work remotely without attorney supervision either for themselves or

on behalf of an attorney. See Princeton Vanguard, 114 USPQ2d at 1832 (a proposed

mark is generic if “it can be shown that the ‘public understands the individual terms

to be generic,’ and the joining of those terms into one compound word provides no

additional meaning.”); In re Gould Paper Corp., 834 F.2d 1017, 5 USPQ2d 1110, 1112

(Fed. Cir. 1987) (the words “screen” and “wipe” are “as generic in the compound as

individually, and the compound thus created is itself generic.”); In re Mecca Grade

Growers, LLC, 125 USPQ2d 1950, 1959 (TTAB 2018). This is corroborated by two

examples of the terms VIRTUAL, INDEPENDENT, and PARALEGAL used in

connection with paralegal services, albeit not necessarily in the same order, but

engendering the same commercial impression. Cf. In re Wine Soc’y of Am. Inc., 12

25 Applicant’s Brief, p. 14 (10 TTABVUE 15).

26 Applicant’s Brief, p. 15 (10 TTABVUE 16).

- 18 -

Serial No. 86947786

USPQ2d 1139, 1142 (TTAB 1989) (“where the sole significant difference between

marks applied to similar goods or services is the transposition of the words which

compose those marks and where the transposition of words does not change the

overall commercial impression, confusion has been found.”); Bank of Am. Nat’l Trust

and Savings Ass’n. v. Am. Bank of St. Joseph, 201 USPQ 842, 845 (TTAB 1978)

(AMERIBANC and AN AMERICAN BANK is similar to BANKAMERICA and BANK

OF AMERICA). The first is The Virtual Paralegal website (thevirtualparalegal.com)

which uses the term INDEPENDENT VIRTUAL PARALEGAL.

Are you looking to contract or freelance out your legal

work?

An independent virtual paralegal can help.

Tired of spending too much money to hire an “employee” to

do the work, or hiring temporary help with little or no office

or legal experience? You may want to consider contracting

with an independent freelance virtual paralegal.

Contracting an independent freelance virtual paralegal is

a less expensive alternative to hiring or using a temporary

service to prepare legal documents, perform legal research,

and other office duties.

What we can do for you.

An independent freelance virtual paralegal can perform

any office administration duties, including … prepare legal

documents for court filing … trial preparation …

summarize medical records and deposition.27 (emphasis

added.)

The second example is AZ Paralegal Plus, featured on the YELP.com website,

which uses the term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGAL.28 In the YELP.com

27 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 17-19).

28 October 17, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 55).

- 19 -

Serial No. 86947786

website, AZ Paralegal Plus identified itself as offering “Virtual Independent

Paralegal and Legal Document Preparation Services.”29

Thus, the record shows that VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS will be

used by competitors and understood by the relevant public primarily as referring to

the class of paralegals who work remotely without attorney supervision either for

themselves or on behalf of an attorney.

Applicant contends that because third parties have used “Virtual” as a source

identifier, VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is not generic. Applicant

points out that The Virtual Paralegal uses the term “Virtual” as part of its trade name

and, thus, as a source identifier. However, as noted directly above, The Virtual

Paralegal also uses the term “Virtual Paralegal” as a generic term. Also, Applicant

points to Principal Register Registration No. 4138120 for the mark VPS VIRTUAL

PARALEGAL SERVICES for “paralegal services.”30 Registrant disclaimed the

exclusive right to use the term “Paralegal Services.” However, one prior registration,

consisting in part of the word “Virtual” without a disclaimer, does not rebut our

29 Id. at TSDR 56.

A third company, Mountainside Paralegal Services, LLC (mountainsidepsaz.com), invites the

public to “[c]ome see the difference a virtual/independent paralegal can make for your

practice.” Id. at 52. However, in the context of its website, Mountainside Paralegal Services

uses “independent paralegal” to mean “working for oneself” as opposed to without attorney

supervision. The alternative definition of “independent” is from Dictionary.com based on the

RANDOM HOUSE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY (2018). The Board may take judicial notice of

dictionary definitions, including online dictionaries that exist in printed format. In re Cordua

Rests. LP, 110 USPQ2d 1227, 1229 n.4 (TTAB 2014), aff’d, 823 F.3d 594, 118 USPQ2d 1632

(Fed. Cir. 2016); Threshold.TV Inc. v. Metronome Enters. Inc., 96 USPQ2d 1031, 1038 n.14

(TTAB 2010); In re Red Bull GmbH, 78 USPQ2d 1375, 1378 (TTAB 2006).

30 July 7, 2016 Office Action (TSDR 7).

- 20 -

Serial No. 86947786

finding that VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is generic. As has often been

said, we must decide each case on its own merits and on its unique evidentiary record,

and we therefore are not bound by the USPTO’s allowance of a prior registration. In

re Nett Designs Inc., 236 F.3d 1339, 57 USPQ2d 1564, 1566 (Fed. Cir. 2001).

Moreover, this registration was cancelled on December 14, 2018. A cancelled

registration is not evidence of any existing rights in the mark. See Action Temp. Servs.

v. Labor Force, 870 F.2d 1563, 10 USPQ2d 1307, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 1989). Finally, terms

that might not have been considered generic in 2012 may be considered generic now

due to the frequency of use, as demonstrated above. See In re Thunderbird Prods.,

406 F.2d 1389, 160 USPQ 730, 732 (CCPA 1969).

In view of the foregoing, we find that the term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT

PARALEGALS is generic for “paralegal services; providing medical record

summaries, deposition summaries and document review; litigation support services.”

For completeness we consider the alternative refusal whether the merely

descriptive term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS for “paralegal services;

providing medical record summaries, deposition summaries and document review;

litigation support services” has acquired distinctiveness.

III. Whether VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS for “paralegal

services; providing medical record summaries, deposition summaries

and document review; litigation support services” has acquired

distinctiveness?

In its October 31, 2016 Response to an Office Action, Applicant claimed that its

mark had acquired distinctiveness by virtue of Applicant’s substantially and

exclusive use of VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS in connection with the

- 21 -

Serial No. 86947786

identified services for at least five years.31 Thus, Applicant concedes that VIRTUAL

INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is merely descriptive. See Cold War Museum, Inc.

v. Cold War Air Museum, Inc., 586 F.3d 1352, 92 USPQ2d 1626, 1629 (Fed. Cir. 2009)

(“Where an applicant seeks registration on the basis of Section 2(f), the mark’s

descriptiveness is a nonissue; an applicant’s reliance on Section 2(f) during

prosecution presumes that the mark is descriptive.”); Yamaha Int’l Corp. v. Hoshino

Gakki Co., 840 F.2d 1572, 1577, 6 USPQ2d 1001, 1005 (Fed. Cir. 1988); In re Am.

Furniture Warehouse Co., 126 USPQ2d 1400, 1403 (TTAB 2018) (noting that a claim

of acquired distinctiveness by applicant to overcome a refusal in a prior registration

for the same wording in connection with same services “can be viewed as a concession

by Applicant that the wording itself is not inherently distinctive for those services”).

Under Section 2(f) of the Trademark Act, matter that is merely descriptive under

Section 2(e)(1) may nonetheless be registered on the Principal Register if it “has

become distinctive of the applicant’s goods [or services] in commerce.” Thus, the

proposed mark may be registered on the Principal Register if Applicant proves that

the merely descriptive matter has acquired distinctiveness (also known as “secondary

meaning”) as used in connection with the Applicant’s services in commerce. See Coach

Servs. Inc. v. Triumph Learning LLC, 668 F.3d 1356, 101 USPQ2d 1713, 1728-30

(Fed. Cir. 2012); Apollo Med. Extrusion Techs., Inc. v. Med. Extrusion Techs., Inc.,

123 USPQ2d 1844, 1848 (TTAB 2017). Acquired distinctiveness is generally

understood to mean an acquired “mental association in buyers’ minds between the

31 October 31, 2016 Response to Office Action (TSDR 1, 2).

- 22 -

Serial No. 86947786

alleged mark and a single source of the product.” Apollo Med. Extrusion Techs., 123

USPQ2d at 1848 (quoting 2 MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION

§ 15:5 (4th ed., June 2017 Update)). In this regard, in analyzing above whether

VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS is a generic term, we considered all of the

evidence touching on the public perception of that term.

An applicant seeking registration of a mark under Section 2(f) bears the ultimate

burden of establishing acquired distinctiveness. In re La. Fish Fry Prods., Ltd.,

797 F.3d 1332, 1335, 116 USPQ2d 1262, 1264 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“The applicant …

bears the burden of proving acquired distinctiveness.”) (citation omitted).

A. Degree of Descriptiveness

The initial question before us in our analysis of whether VIRTUAL

INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS has acquired distinctiveness is the degree of

descriptiveness of that term as used in connection with Applicant’s services. See

Royal Crown Cola, 127 USPQ2d at 1048 (“the Board must make an express finding

regarding the degree of the mark’s descriptiveness on the scale ranging from generic

to merely descriptive, and it must explain how its assessment of the evidentiary

record reflects that finding.”); Nazon v. Ghiorse, 119 USPQ2d 1178, 1187 (TTAB

2016). “[A]pplicant’s burden of showing acquired distinctiveness increases with the

level of descriptiveness; a more descriptive term requires more evidence of secondary

meaning.” Steelbuilding.com, 75 USPQ2d at 1424. at 1006. As the Board has

explained:

[T]he greater the degree of descriptiveness, the greater the

evidentiary burden on the user to establish acquired

- 23 -

Serial No. 86947786

distinctiveness. The sufficiency of the evidence offered to

prove acquired distinctiveness should be evaluated in light

of the nature of the designation. Highly descriptive terms,

for example, are less likely to be perceived as trademarks

and more likely to be useful to competing sellers than are

less descriptive terms. More substantial evidence of

acquired distinctiveness thus will ordinarily be required to

establish that such terms truly function as source-

indicators.

In re Greenliant Sys. Ltd., 97 USPQ2d 1078, 1085 (TTAB 2010) (internal citations

omitted); see also La. Fish Fry Prods., 116 USPQ2d at 1265 (Board has discretion not

to accept an applicant’s allegation of five years of substantially exclusive and

continuous use as prima facie evidence of acquired distinctiveness when the proposed

mark is “highly descriptive”); In re Boston Beer Co. L.P., 198 F.3d 1370, 53 USPQ2d

1056, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“[C]onsidering the highly descriptive nature of the

proposed mark, [Applicant] has not met its burden to show that the proposed mark

has acquired secondary meaning.”).

Based on the evidence discussed above in connection with the genericness refusal,

we find that each of the terms comprising Applicant’s mark, “Virtual,” “Independent,”

and “Paralegals” is highly descriptive of “paralegal services; providing medical record

summaries, deposition summaries and document review; litigation support services.”

Moreover, when combined, the composite proposed mark VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT

PARALEGALS is, at the very least, highly descriptive of those services. See, e.g., Real

Foods Pty Ltd. V. Frito-Lay N. Am., Inc., 906 F.3d 965, 128 USPQ2d 1370, 1374 (Fed.

Cir. 2018) (CORN THINS and RICE THINS are highly descriptive); La. Fish Fry

Prods., Ltd., 116 USPQ2d at 1265; Apollo Med. Extrusion Techs., 123 USPQ2d at

1851 (MEDICAL EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGIES is highly descriptive of

- 24 -

Serial No. 86947786

“polyurethanes in the form of sheets, films, pellets, granules, and tubes for use in the

manufacture of medical devices, medical diagnostic devices, artificial vascular grafts,

stents, pacemaker leads, artificial heart pump diaphragms, catheters, drug delivery

devices, orthopedic and spinal implants, blood glucose monitors, and blood gas

analyzers”); In re Positec Grp. Ltd., 108 USPQ2d 1161, 1173 (TTAB 2013) (holding

SUPERJAWS merely descriptive for tools). Clearly, no thought or imagination is

required to immediately understand that paralegal services rendered under the mark

VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS are just that, services rendered by

paralegals who perform clerical work or document preparation virtually and

independently.

Accordingly, Applicant’s proposed mark VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT

PARALEGALS is highly descriptive of Applicant’s services under Section 2(e)(1) of

the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1052(e)(1).

B. Acquired Distinctiveness

Because we have found that the term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS

is highly descriptive of Applicant’s services, Applicant’s burden of establishing

acquired distinctiveness under Section 2(f) is commensurately high. See

Steelbuilding.com, 75 USPQ2d at 1424; In re Bongrain Int’l Corp., 894 F.2d 1316, 13

USPQ2d 1727, 1729 (Fed. Cir. 1990); In re LC Trademarks, Inc., 121 USPQ2d 1197,

1199 (TTAB 2016); In re Greenliant Sys. Ltd., 97 USPQ2d at 1085.

“To show that a mark has acquired distinctiveness, an applicant must

demonstrate that the relevant public understands the primary significance of the

- 25 -

Serial No. 86947786

mark as identifying the source of a product or service rather than the product or

service itself.” Steelbuilding.com, 75 USPQ2d at 1422; see also Coach Servs.,

101 USPQ2d at 1729. Our ultimate Section 2(f) analysis and determination in this

case is based on all of the evidence considered as a whole.

The considerations to be assessed in determining whether

a mark has acquired secondary meaning can be described

by the following six factors: (1) association of the

trade[mark] with a particular source by actual purchasers

(typically measured by customer surveys); (2) length,

degree, and exclusivity of use; (3) amount and manner of

advertising; (4) amount of sales and number of customers;

(5) intentional copying; and (6) unsolicited media coverage

of the product embodying the mark. … All six factors are to

be weighed together in determining the existence of

secondary meaning.

In re Snowizard, Inc., 129 USPQ2d 1001, 1005 (TTAB 2018) (quoting Converse, Inc.

v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 907 F.3d 1361, 128 USPQ2d 1538, 1546 (Fed. Cir. 2018)). See

also Steelbuilding.com, 75 USPQ2d at 1424; Cicena Ltd. v. Columbia Telecomms.

Grp., 900 F.2d 1546, 14 USPQ2d 1401, 1406 (Fed. Cir. 1990). On this list, no single

fact is determinative. In re Tires, Tires, Tires Inc., 94 USPQ2d 1153, 1157 (TTAB

2009); see also In re Ennco Display Sys. Inc., 56 USPQ2d 1279, 1283 (TTAB 2000)

(“Direct evidence [of acquired distinctiveness] includes actual testimony, declarations

or surveys of consumers as to their state of mind. Circumstantial evidence, on the

other hand, is evidence from which consumer association might be inferred, such as

years of use, extensive amount of sales and advertising, and any similar evidence

showing wide exposure of the mark to consumers.”).

In this appeal, the only evidence that VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS

has acquired distinctiveness is Applicant’s claim that its use of that term has been

- 26 -

Serial No. 86947786

substantially exclusive and continuous for the last five years. Because, for purposes

of this section, we are assuming that VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS –

which we found to be generic – is, at very best, highly descriptive, we find that five

years of substantially exclusive and continuous use is not sufficient to prove that

VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS has acquired distinctiveness. See La.

Fish Fry Prods., 116 USPQ2d at 1265 (Board has discretion not to accept an

applicant’s allegation of five years of substantially exclusive and continuous use as

prima facie evidence of acquired distinctiveness when the proposed mark is “highly

descriptive”); see also Real Foods Pty v. Frito-Lay N. Am., 128 USPQ2d at 1378 (“while

evidence of substantially exclusive and continuous use may be sufficient to prove a

prima facie case of acquired distinctiveness, this is not always the case. …

‘Particularly for a mark that is … highly descriptive like [Real Foods’ proposed

marks], the [TTAB] was within its discretion not to accept [Real Foods’] alleged five

years of substantially exclusive and continuous use as prima facie evidence of

acquired distinctiveness.’”) (internal citations omitted).

Thus, the record falls short of establishing acquired distinctiveness.

In view of the foregoing, Applicant has failed to meet its burden of showing that

the highly descriptive term VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT PARALEGALS has acquired

distinctiveness.

Decision: The refusal to register the designation VIRTUAL INDEPENDENT

PARALEGALS on the ground that it is generic is affirmed and the refusal to register

- 27 -

Serial No. 86947786

that designation on the ground that it is merely descriptive and has not acquired

distinctiveness is also affirmed.

- 28 -