The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
No. 83154-2-I
Respondent,
DIVISION ONE
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ANTHONY PRESSLEY,
Appellant.
CHUNG, J. — A jury convicted Anthony Pressley of witness tampering and
two violations of a protection order, as well as three counts of second-degree
rape of a child, third degree rape of a child, and one count of second-degree
child molestation with a special verdict finding a pattern of sexual abuse. He
received an exceptional sentence based on the special verdict. He now appeals
the conviction. He challenges the admission of evidence under ER 404(b) and
the sufficiency of evidence for each alternative means for the charge of witness
tampering. Pressley also argues the trial court erred by imposing an exceptional
sentence without entering the requisite findings of fact and conclusions of law,
and by imposing community custody conditions that violate his constitutional
rights.
We affirm the convictions, as any error in admitting ER 404(b) evidence
was harmless and because there was sufficient evidence of both alternative
means of witness tampering. However, because the record contains no findings
of fact and conclusions of law to support the exceptional sentence, we remand
No. 83154-2-I/2
for entry of the required findings and conclusions. We also remand to strike the
challenged conditions because the condition restricting dating and other
relationships is unconstitutionally vague and the condition restricting internet
usage is not crime-related.
FACTS
Anthony Pressley and K.L. are half-siblings, 19 years apart, who share
mother Andrea Green. Pressley and K.L. had a close relationship, spending time
going for drives and listening to music together. After Pressley and his girlfriend
broke up, he moved into a duplex and K.L. would visit often, sometimes spending
the night. K.L. considered Pressley her best friend.
On February 7, 2019, 12-year-old K.L. went to Seattle Children’s Hospital
for a urology appointment for her recurrent urinary tract infections. Green had to
work and could not attend, so 31-year-old Pressley drove K.L. and stayed in the
waiting area. During the appointment, the nurse practitioner inquired whether
K.L. was sexually active and mistakenly told K.L. that her answers were
confidential. K.L. told the nurse practitioner and a social worker that she was
sexually active with a male and they used condoms, but would not reveal any
further information including name or age. The medical providers contacted law
enforcement and Green to report the sexual activity.
When Green returned home from work that evening she confronted K.L.
and asked with whom she was sexually active. Green eventually learned that
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Pressley was having sex with K.L. 1 Green called 911 that night and an officer
came out the next day to speak with them.
A few days later, Green filed a petition for an order of protection
restraining Pressley from contact with K.L. The court granted the temporary order
on February 13, 2019, and the order for protection on February 27, 2019. The
order had an expiration date of February 26, 2020.
The State initially charged Pressley with one count of second-degree rape
of a child in May 2020. On June 3, 2020, the court entered a sexual assault
protection order prohibiting Pressley from having contact with K.L., which
remained in effect until June 3, 2022.
In March 2021, Shelby Nguyen, Pressley’s and K.L.’s half-sister, learned
that the two had been in contact despite the protection order in place. 2 K.L. told
the detective that she and Pressley had been talking on the phone since April
2020, and had met in person one time and had sex in Pressley’s car.
After the detective learned of the ongoing contact between K.L. and
Pressley, the State filed amended charges adding additional counts. The final
information charged eight counts: three counts of second-degree rape of a child,
one count of third-degree rape of a child, one count of second-degree child
molestation, one count of tampering with a witness, violation of a court order, and
1 According to Green, K.L. cried and said that she “couldn’t get the person in trouble.”
K.L. confessed “[i]t was my brother Anthony.” K.L. also told Green that she did not want to get
Pressley in trouble because she really loved him. K.L. recounted the discussion differently. K.L.
stated that her mom began blurting out names. When Green said, “Is it Anthony,” K.L. “said
yeah.”.
2 Nguyen is Andrea Green’s daughter, but has a different father than both Pressley and
K.L.
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violation of a sexual assault protection order. The sex offenses were all charged
as a pattern of sexual abuse.
A jury convicted Pressley as charged and returned a special verdict
finding that the sex offenses were part of an ongoing pattern of sexual abuse.
Based on the jury’s finding on the special interrogatory, the court sentenced
Pressley to an exceptional minimum term of 326 months to life. 3
Pressley appeals.
DISCUSSION
Pressley appeals the court’s admission of evidence, the sufficiency of
evidence of an alternate means of witness tampering, whether written factual
findings support the court’s exceptional sentence, and two conditions of
community custody.
I. ER 404(b) Evidence
Pressley argues that testimony by his longtime friend, Emily
Lothchomphou, was propensity evidence improperly admitted under ER 404(b)
as evidence of motive. Over Pressley’s objection, the State sought to introduce
testimony from Lothchomphou as to comments Pressley made about his dying
father around October 2020. These statements occurred after Pressley had been
charged with raping K.L.
3 The court imposed minimum terms of 280 months for each of the second-degree child
rapes, 116 months for child molestation, and 60 months for third degree rape of a child to be
served concurrently. The court also imposed 22 months for witness tampering, and 364 days
each for the gross misdemeanor violations of the court and protection orders to be run
consecutively to each other and the sex offenses.
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Pressley was estranged from his father, Tony Pressley, 4 who was
incarcerated for raping his own biological daughter, Shannon. When Pressley
informed Lothchomphou that Tony had a brain tumor, she replied “Good.”
According to Lothchomphou, Pressley responded, “Why would you say that? I
mean, like he is a person too.” Lothchomphou told Pressley, “I believe that
people who do the things that your father did do not deserve to breathe the same
air as us.” She testified that Pressley then said, “Why would you think someone
who has that style of love, don’t you think it would be hard on them for society to
say you can’t love people like that? . . . What if you were someone who had a
love like that and society said you couldn’t?”
During the initial hearing on admission of Lothchomphou’s testimony
about this conversation, the State informed the court it “will absolutely not be
arguing that because his father did something, he did it too.” Rather, the State
sought admission of the evidence to show motive, intent, and state of mind. The
State “view[ed] the comment with Emily as almost an admission.” Pressley
argued the evidence was irrelevant and propensity evidence.
So, whether or not he chooses to defend his father or at
least to just say I don’t necessarily wish him to be dead is not
relevant to this case. It confuses the issue.
But the other part of it is, it is propensity evidence. It’s
basically saying, look, he is the type of person who would commit
these kinds of crimes.
In considering whether to admit the evidence, the court noted, “[i]f he was
talking specifically in relation to himself, there would be no issue. The only issue
4 For clarity we refer to Tony Pressley by his first name. We intend no disrespect.
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here is it’s in reference to his father’s behavior.” Initially, the court concluded
Lothchomphou’s testimony was not admissible for the purposes of motive.
However, the court agreed that if Pressley testified, the evidence might be
admissible on rebuttal as evidence of intent.
At the State’s request, later during pretrial proceedings, the court revisited
the admissibility of Lothchomphou’s testimony as evidence of Pressley’s thinking.
In response, the court noted, “But it’s in relation to a statement he made in
response to [sic] his father, not himself. And to me that’s the distinguishing
factor.” The State argued that Pressley’s statement was relevant to “his state of
mind and his own rationalization and minimalization [sic] in this case.” Pressley
continued to object to the evidence as character evidence showing propensity
and as highly prejudicial. The court determined the evidence was admissible to
show defendant’s state of mind and intent. The court offered to give a limiting
instruction to the jury.
After a recess and voir dire, the court returned to Lothchomphou’s
testimony a third time to make a final ruling on the issue. Relying on State v.
Saltarelli, 98 Wn.2d 358, 655 P.2d 697 (1982), the court admitted the evidence to
show motive, but not to show intent. The court stated that Saltarelli defined
motive as “[a]n inducement, or that which leads or tempts the mind to indulge a
criminal act,” which was exactly the basis upon which the State was attempting to
admit Lothchomphou’s testimony. The court then weighed the probative value of
Lothchomphou’s testimony against its prejudice:
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I will acknowledge and admit that there is prejudice in relation to
this evidence being admitted. But clearly, here, there is a significant
issue in relation to whether the act occurred or not. And based
upon this case, when I am limiting it to motive only, not propensity
evidence, and motive is permitted under the rule, I will find that it’s
not more prejudicial than probative. It is probative to the issues in
this case.
Accordingly, Lothchomphou testified to the conversation. The court issued
a limiting instruction immediately after the testimony and when the case was
submitted to the jury:
Certain evidence has been admitted for only a limited purpose. This
evidence consists of statements made by the defendant regarding
his biological father. You may consider this evidence for purposes
of determining the defendant’s motive. You may not consider it for
any other purpose. Any discussion of this evidence during your
deliberations must be consistent with this limitation.
On appeal, Pressley renews his argument that the evidence was
inadmissible character and propensity evidence under ER 404(b). ER 404(b)
states that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove
the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.”
However, this evidence may be admissible “for other purposes, such as proof of
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
mistake or accident.” ER 404(b). In determining the admissibility of prior acts,
“the court first must analyze whether the evidence is logically relevant to prove
an ‘essential ingredient’ of the charged crime rather than simply to show the
defendant had a propensity to act in a certain manner which he followed on that
particular occasion.” State v. Bowen, 48 Wn. App. 187, 190, 738 P.2d 316
(1987), overruled on other grounds by State v. Lough, 125 Wn.2d 847, 889 P.2d
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487 (1995). “[T]he question to be answered in applying ER 404(b) is not whether
a defendant’s prior bad acts are logically relevant—they are. Evidence that a
criminal defendant is a ‘criminal type’ is relevant.” State v. Slocum, 183 Wn. App.
438, 456, 333 P.3d 541 (2014). However, the policy for excluding such evidence,
despite its probative value, is “ ‘the practical experience that its disallowance
tends to prevent confusion of issues, unfair surprise and undue prejudice.’ ” Id.
(quoting Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469, 476, 69 S. Ct. 213, 93 L. Ed.
168 (1948)).
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse
of discretion. State v. Gunderson, 181 Wn.2d 916, 922, 337 P.3d 1090 (2014).
A trial court abuses its discretion when a decision is manifestly unreasonable or
based on untenable grounds or reasons. Id.
Here, the testimony recounted a statement Pressley made about his dying
father, acknowledging his humanity and flaws. Pressley’s sympathy for his father
does not make the existence of any fact pertaining to the charged crimes any
more probable. But to the extent the inference that Pressley feels sorry for his
father because he has the same “style of love” as his father, it could suggest
Pressley has a propensity toward engaging in the sex offenses as charged.
Thus, the comments about his father constitute character evidence that is
generally inadmissible unless introduced for “other purposes” as set forth in ER
404(b).
The court considered and admitted the evidence under ER 404(b) to prove
motive. Motive “can demonstrate an impulse, desire, or any other moving power
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which causes an individual to act.” State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 259, 893
P.2d 615 (1995). As noted by the trial court, courts have also defined motive as
“ ‘[a]n inducement, or that which leads or tempts the mind to indulge a criminal
act.’ ” Saltarelli, 98 Wn.2d at 365 (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1164 (4th rev.
ed. 1968)). Here, the trial court admitted Lothchomphou’s testimony to show that
Pressley was motivated to commit the sex offenses because he not only
sympathized with, but also had the same “style of love” as his convicted sex
offender father. In other words, the court found that the statement shows motive
by inferring that his own “style of love” led Pressley to commit the charged
offenses.
Even if evidence is relevant, the court must evaluate the evidence under
ER 403, which requires consideration of whether “its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time,
or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” ER 403; State v. Scherf, 192
Wn.2d 350, 387, 429 P.3d 776 (2018). The party seeking to exclude the
evidence has the burden of proving unfair prejudice. State v. Burkins, 94 Wn.
App. 677, 692, 973 P.2d 15 (1999). Evidence is unfairly prejudicial if it is likely to
elicit “an emotional response rather than a rational decision.” Powell, 126 Wn.2d
at 264. Unfair prejudice is that caused by evidence of “scant or cumulative
probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect.”
Carson v. Fine, 123 Wn.2d 206, 223, 867 P.2d 610 (1994) (internal citations
omitted). We afford trial courts broad discretion “in balancing the probative value
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No. 83154-2-I/10
of evidence against its potential prejudicial impact.” State v. Coe, 101 Wn.2d
772, 782, 684 P.2d 668 (1984).
The admitted evidence shows Pressley sympathized with his father, who
had been convicted of the same type of crimes charged in this case. But to
interpret the statement as evidence of Pressley’s motive to engage in the
charged conduct involving K.L. requires the jury to assume that Pressley was
talking about himself, rather than his father, and that he was essentially admitting
his own “style of love”—i.e., he had the same desire to engage in sex offenses—
to Lothchomphou. While a possible inference, the statement is minimally
probative of Pressley’s own motive with respect to K.L. specifically. While the
court issued a limiting instruction that the jury was to consider the evidence only
for motive, the admission of this evidence inevitably allowed the jury to draw
parallels between Pressley and his sex offender father. The limiting instruction
magnified, rather than limited, the prejudice by providing a connection between
otherwise tenuous evidence and Pressley’s behavior.
Moreover, Lothchomphou’s testimony was the first mention of Tony’s
incarceration for raping his daughter Shannon. Green had testified that Tony was
in prison, but did not state the reason for his incarceration. The State elicited that
Tony was incarcerated for raping Shannon solely in the context of Pressley’s
conversation with Lothchomphou. Without Lothchomphou’s testimony, the jury
would not have heard that Tony had been convicted of a crime similar to those
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with which Pressley was charged. 5 Introduction of Lothchomphou’s conversation
with Pressley set up an unavoidable comparison for the jury: like father, like son.
The statement was thinly veiled propensity evidence. Propensity evidence is
particularly prejudicial in sex offense cases. State v. Saltarelli, 98 Wn.2d at 363.
The danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the minimal
probative value of Pressley’s statements to Lothchomphou. Therefore, the court
abused its discretion by admitting the testimony.
Evidentiary error may be harmless and requires reversal only if it leads to
prejudice. State v. Neal, 144 Wn.2d 600, 611, 30 P.3d 1255 (2001). “An error is
prejudicial if, ‘within reasonable probabilities, had the error not occurred, the
outcome of the trial would have been materially affected.’ ” Id. (quoting State v.
Smith, 106 Wn.2d 772, 780, 725 P.2d 951 (1986)). Improperly admitted
evidence is harmless if it is of minor significance in relation to the evidence as a
whole. Neal, 144 Wn.2d at 611.
The trial lasted several days with testimony from K.L., Pressley, Green,
Lothchomphou, and several police officers, among others. Several witnesses
testified about the close relationship between Pressley and K.L. Green testified
that Pressley occasionally showed up unexpectedly at her house in the middle of
the night to spend time with K.L. Green would wake around midnight and find
Pressley in K.L.’s room, sitting on her bed with her. Green began to think the
amount of time Pressley and K.L. spent together “was a little out of the ordinary.”
5 During earlier cross-examination, Green had testified that she had been sexually
assaulted by Tony, but did not mention whether that led to his being charged or convicted.
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So Green pulled each of them aside, separately, and said “you guys are
spending an awful lot of time together. It’s a little strange.” Both Pressley and
K.L. told Green “that it was kind of all in [her] head” because she is “an introvert”
and “not a very affectionate person.”
Pressley’s ex-girlfriend testified that K.L. would visit and spend the night at
the apartment she and Pressley shared. The apartment had three bedrooms and
a spare bonus room. When K.L. spent the night, she slept in Pressley’s room
with him, while his ex-girlfriend slept in the spare bedroom with their infant.
Pressley confirmed these sleeping arrangements, testifying that at his apartment,
K.L. slept with him in his bed. According to Pressley, this was because his cat
had urinated on the spare bed and he could not remove the smell.
K.L. testified that Pressley initiated sexual contact and eventually started
having sex with her during her visits to his apartment. She stated that they had
sex several times each visit, and estimated they had intercourse fifty to sixty
times between October 2018 and February 2019. K.L. said that Pressley bought
her a purple “U” shaped vibrator from Amazon that they used during sex. K.L.
also testified that she had taken a pregnancy test at Pressley’s home and
disposed of it in the bathroom trashcan.
When police conducted a search of Pressley’s home, they found a used
pregnancy test in the bathroom garbage. They also found a purple vibrator in a
black box on an upper shelf in his closet. Pressley testified that he purchased the
vibrator from Amazon for use by himself with another sex toy. He said he never
discussed the vibrator with K.L., showed it to her, or told her where it was
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No. 83154-2-I/13
located.
However, DNA analysis found two contributors of DNA on the vibrator.
The DNA sample from the vibrator had “a discrete major female contributor.” A
visual comparison of the DNA profile from the vibrator sample showed matches
at all 23 regions of the DNA profile from a sample taken from K.L. The statistical
software calculated “it was 1.9 nonillion 6 times more likely that the mixture was a
mixture of [K.L.] and one unknown contributor” compared to two unknown
individuals. The laboratory analysis also concluded that “[a]ssuming two
contributors, it is 3,000 times more likely to observe this DNA profile if it
originated from Anthony Pressley and an unknown contributor rather than two
unrelated individuals selected at random from the United States population.”
From this testimony, the jury heard that K.L.’s DNA was mixed with
Pressley’s on a vibrator he admitted to owning but denied that he had ever
discussed or used with K.L. Further, K.L. knew details about the vibrator
including color, shape, and where Pressley purchased it. K.L. also knew that
Pressley had a second sex toy, lubricant, and used Viagra. Additionally, K.L.
testified that Pressley had undergone a vasectomy. He told her he would not
have sex with her until he “got clipped” so she would not get pregnant. When
they had sex, Pressley did not use a condom because he “got clipped.” Pressley
confirmed he had a vasectomy in December 2018.
Pressley’s defense was general denial of the charged crimes. While both
K.L. and Pressley had credibility issues related to their testimony, the very
6 1030. W EBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1549 (3rd ed. 1969).
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No. 83154-2-I/14
specific, objective, and highly corroborative evidence about the vibrator bolstered
K.L.’s credibility. Because of this physical evidence, the case did not rely solely
on the credibility of the parties. In comparison to the physical evidence and other
testimony, Lothchomphou’s testimony about Pressley’s statements about his
father had minor significance. Given the other ample evidence supporting K.L.’s
testimony that the charged crimes occurred, including physical evidence, the
outcome of the trial would not, within reasonable probabilities, have been
materially affected had the court excluded the inadmissible evidence. Although
Lothchomphou’s testimony was unfairly prejudicial, the physical evidence allows
us to conclude that admission of the improper propensity evidence was harmless
error.
II. Witness Tampering Alternative Means
Pressley contends the State failed to present sufficient evidence of each
alternative means of witness tampering to support a conviction. The State points
to specific testimony that established the elements of witness tampering. We
agree that the State offered sufficient evidence to prove both charged alternative
means of witness tampering.
Criminal defendants have a right to a unanimous jury verdict. W ASHINGTON
CONSTITUTION art. I, sec. 21. “This right may also include the right to a unanimous
jury determination as to the means by which the defendant committed the crime
when the defendant is charged with (and the jury is instructed on) an alternative
means crime.” State v. Owens, 180 Wn.2d 90, 95, 323 P.3d 1030 (2014). To
evaluate whether unanimity as to means is required, courts examine whether
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sufficient evidence exists to support each of the alternative means submitted to
the jury. State v. Ortega-Martinez, 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P.2d 231, 235
(1994). When sufficient evidence supports each of the alternative means of
committing the crime, express jury unanimity as to which means is not required.
Owens, 180 Wn.2d at 95. Insufficient evidence on any one means necessitates a
particularized expression of jury unanimity, or the conviction is invalid. Id.
Witness tampering is an alternative means crime. State v. Lucas-Vicente,
22 Wn. App. 2d 212, 220, 510 P.3d 1006 (2022). Under RCW 9A.72.120(1), a
person is guilty of witness tampering if they induce a witness in an official
proceeding to:
(a) Testify falsely or, without right or privilege to do so, to withhold
any testimony; or
(b) Absent himself or herself from such proceedings; or
(c) Withhold from a law enforcement agency information which he
or she has relevant to a criminal investigation or the abuse or
neglect of a minor child to the agency.
Here, the State charged Pressley under RCW 9A.72.120(1)(a) and (b). The court
instructed the jury on those two alternative means of committing witness
tampering, but did not issue a unanimity instruction on means. Pressley
acknowledges that the State presented evidence to support conviction under
RCW 9A.72.120(1)(a), but argues the State failed to provide sufficient evidence
to establish that he induced K.L. to absent herself from any official proceeding as
required for conviction under RCW 9A.72.120(b).
“Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the State, it allows any rational trier of fact to find all
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of the elements of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.
DeVries, 149 Wn.2d 842, 849, 72 P.3d 748 (2003). A challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all
reasonable inferences therefrom. Id. Review for sufficiency of the evidence is
highly deferential to the jury’s decision, and we do not consider issues of
credibility, persuasiveness, and conflicting testimony. State v. Davis, 182 Wn.2d
222, 227, 340 P.3d 820 (2014).
During trial, a detective on the case testified that K.L. told her Pressley
made statements about her testifying:
She had said that he would say things to her such as, you know,
don’t show up for court, if you tell the family -- or if you say you are
lying, the family will only be mad at you for a little bit, and you won’t
get in trouble because you are a minor.
This testimony supports both charged means of committing witness tampering. 7
Of particular import is the detective’s statement that Pressley told K.L., “don’t
show up for court.” Pressley did not object to this testimony. 8 Viewing this
testimony in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence demonstrates that
Pressley induced K.L. to absent herself from the proceedings in violation of RCW
9A.72.120(1)(b). The State presented sufficient evidence of both charged means
of witness tampering.
7 In addition, as Pressley concedes, K.L.’s testimony that Pressley told her, “I could just
like say it was all a lie,” was sufficient to establish the first means.
8 The State also points to testimony from Shelby Nguyen, who recounted K.L.’s
statement that Pressley asked her not to testify or to drop the charges. Pressley objected on
hearsay grounds. The court sustained the objection but did not strike the testimony from the
record. Because the detective’s testimony was admitted without objection and provides the same
evidence, we need not consider Nguyen’s statement.
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III. Exceptional Sentence
Pressley argues the trial court failed to enter written findings of fact and
conclusions of law to support an exceptional sentence. The State argues the trial
court’s completion of the checkbox portion of the judgment and sentence
amounts to written findings of fact and conclusions of law. We disagree.
The Sentencing Reform Act (SRA) allows a trial court to deviate from a
standard range sentence if “there are substantial and compelling reasons.” RCW
9.94A.535. When imposing an exceptional sentence, the trial court “shall set
forth the reasons for its decision in written findings of fact and conclusions of
law.” RCW 9.94A.535. “[T]he SRA’s written findings provision requires exactly
that—written findings.” State v. Friedlund, 182 Wn.2d 388, 394, 341 P.3d 280
(2015). The only permissible finding of fact is to confirm that the jury has found
an aggravating fact proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Sage, 1 Wn.
App. 2d 685, 709, 407 P.3d 359 (2017). The court must then make the legal
determination as to whether those aggravating factors are substantial and
compelling reasons to impose an exceptional sentence. Id.
Here, the trial court referenced the aggravating factor by completing a
section of the judgment and sentence form as follows:
Aggravating factors were [ ] stipulated by the defendant, [ ] found by
the court after the defendant waived jury trial, [X] found by jury by
special interrogatory. [ ] Findings of fact and conclusions of law are
attached in Appendix 2.4. [ ] The jury's interrogatory is attached.
The prosecuting attorney [X] did [ ] did not recommend a similar
sentence.
EXCEPTIONAL MINIMUM TERM [For Maximum and Minimum
Term Sentence]. Substantial and compelling reasons exist which
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justify an exceptional minimum term above the standard range.
This will be accomplished by the below consecutive sentence within
the standard range: Count(s) 5, 7, and 8 will run consecutively to
each other and consecutively to Counts 1, 2, and 3. Counts 1, 2, 3,
4, and 6 will run concurrently to each other. RCW 9.94A.507(3);
9.94A.535. Findings of fact and conclusions of law are attached in
Appendix 2.4. The prosecuting attorney [X] did [ ] did not
recommend a similar sentence.
This section of the form states in pre-printed text that “[f]indings of fact and
conclusions of law are attached” in an appendix. However, no such appendix
appears in the record. In a subsequent section of the form detailing the terms of
confinement, the court noted consecutive sentences and wrote by hand “based
on jury finding of aggravating circumstances and ‘free crimes’ rule.” Nowhere in
the judgment and sentence does the court provide the specifics of the
aggravating factor, the jury verdict, or any findings of fact and conclusions of law
to support application of the free crimes rule.
The trial court did not provide the requisite written findings of fact
confirming the jury’s special verdict on the aggravating factor and the legal
conclusion that the aggravating factor provided substantial and compelling
grounds for the exceptional sentence. Because the court’s failure to comply with
RCW 9.94A.535 was error, we remand for entry of the appropriate findings of fact
and conclusions of law. 9
9 When a court fails to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting an
exceptional sentence, the remedy is to remand for entry of those findings and conclusions. In re
Pers. Restraint of Breedlove, 138 Wn.2d 298, 311, 979 P.2d 417 (1999).
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IV. Community Custody Conditions
Pressley challenges two conditions of community custody, condition 17,
prohibiting him from dating women or forming relationships with families who
have minor children, and condition 21, prohibiting him from internet access
without permission. Appellate courts review community custody conditions for
abuse of discretion and will reverse a manifestly unreasonable condition. State v.
Irwin, 191 Wn. App. 644, 652, 364 P.3d 830 (2015). A trial court abuses its
discretion if it imposes an unconstitutional community custody condition. State v.
Wallmuller, 194 Wn.2d 234, 238, 449 P.3d 619 (2019). Conditions that interfere
with fundamental constitutional rights must be sensitively imposed and
reasonably necessary to accomplish essential state needs and public order.
State v. Warren, 165 Wn.2d 17, 32, 195 P.3d 940 (2008). We review
constitutional questions de novo. Wallmuller, 194 Wn.2d at 238. We do not
presume that a community custody condition is constitutional. Irwin, 191 Wn.
App. at 652.
A. Relationships with Families with Minor Children
Community custody condition 17 establishes a crime-related prohibition:
“Do not date women nor form relationships with families who have minor
children, as directed by the supervising Community Corrections Officer.” In
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keeping with several prior cases, we conclude this condition is unconstitutionally
vague. 10
A community custody condition is unconstitutionally vague if “(1) it does
not sufficiently define the proscribed conduct so an ordinary person can
understand the prohibition or (2) it does not provide sufficiently ascertainable
standards to protect against arbitrary enforcement.” State v. Padilla, 190 Wn.2d
672, 677, 416 P.3d 712 (2018). When considering the meaning of a community
custody condition, “the terms are not considered in a ‘vacuum,’ rather, they are
considered in the context in which they are used.” State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739,
754, 193 P.3d 678 (2008). “If persons of ordinary intelligence can understand
what the [law] proscribes, notwithstanding some possible areas of disagreement,
the [law] is sufficiently definite.” City of Spokane v. Douglass, 115 Wn.2d 171,
179, 795 P.2d 693 (1990), quoted in Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d 671, 679, 425 P.3d 847
(2018). A community custody condition is not unconstitutionally vague merely
because a person cannot predict with complete certainty the point at which the
actions would be classified as prohibited. Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d at 679.
10 In unpublished decisions, this court has previously determined that the same
community custody conditions prohibiting “relationships with families with minor children” were
unconstitutionally vague. See State v. Mansour, 14 Wn. App. 2d 323, 334, 470 P.3d 543 (2020),
review denied, 196 Wn.2d 1040, 479 P.3d 708 (2021) (published in part on other issues); State v.
Zavala, No. 80817-6, slip op. at 10 (Wash. Ct. App. April 26, 2021) (unpublished); In re Personal
Restraint of Fagin, No. 80545-2, slip op. at 7 (Wash. Ct. App. November 1, 2021) (unpublished);
State v. Robinett, No. 50653-0, slip op. at 7-9 (Wash. Ct. App. Jan. 15, 2019) (unpublished).
Washington appellate courts should not, unless necessary for a reasoned decision, cite or
discuss unpublished opinions in their opinions.” GR 14.1(c). “However, unpublished opinions of
the Court of Appeals filed on or after March 1, 2013, may be cited as nonbinding authorities, if
identified as such by the citing party, and may be accorded such persuasive value as the court
deems appropriate.” GR 14.1(a).
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No. 83154-2-I/21
In Nguyen, the Washington Supreme Court considered whether the term
“dating relationship” was unconstitutionally vague in a community custody
condition. 191 Wn.2d at 682-83. The Court noted, “[a] ‘relationship’ is defined as
“a state of affairs existing between those having relations.’ ” Id. at 682 (quoting
WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1916 (2002)). Using this
definition with the objective modifier “dating,” a person of ordinary intelligence
could distinguish a “dating relationship” from other types of relationships.
Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d at 682.
Unlike the condition in Nguyen, Pressley’s community custody condition
has a general prohibition on relationships with families with minor children. The
broad definition could apply to any reoccurring interaction with a family. Without a
modifier or qualifier for the type of relationship with a family, the condition does
not provide sufficiently ascertainable standards such that Pressley could
understand the prohibited conduct and is protected from arbitrary enforcement.
As a result, the condition prohibiting relationships with families with minor
children is unconstitutionally vague and we remand to the trial court to strike the
condition.
B. Internet Usage
Condition 21 broadly prohibits Pressley from accessing the internet
without permission:
Do not access the Internet on any computer, phone, or computer-
related device with access to the Internet or on-line computer
service except as necessary for employment purposes (including
job searches) in any location, unless such access is approved in
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advance by the supervising Community Corrections Officer and
your treatment provider.
The State acknowledges that the record contains no analysis of the crime-related
nature of the prohibition and requires remand.
A sentencing court has the discretion to impose a crime-related prohibition
as a condition of community custody. RCW 9.94A.703(3)(f). A crime-related
prohibition “means an order of a court prohibiting conduct that directly relates to
the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted.” RCW
9.94A.030(10). A “reasonable relationship” must exist between the crime of
conviction and the community custody condition. Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d at 684. The
prohibited conduct need not be identical, but there must be some basis for the
connection to the crime of conviction. Id.
Here, the trial court did not consider whether a reasonable relationship
existed between internet usage and the circumstances of Pressley’s crime.
Therefore, we accept the State’s concession and remand to the trial court to
strike the condition.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Pressley’s convictions but remand for entry of written findings of
fact and conclusions of law regarding the exceptional sentence, and to strike
community custody conditions 17 and 21.
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No. 83154-2-I/23
WE CONCUR:
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