United States v. Rufino Robelo-Galo

USCA11 Case: 24-12128 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 02/17/2026 Page: 1 of 13

FOR PUBLICATION

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 24-12128

____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

RUFINO ROBELO-GALO,

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 5:11-cr-00023-MW-GRJ-1

____________________

Before NEWSOM, BRASHER, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.

BRASHER, Circuit Judge:

This appeal raises a question of first impression: what does

it mean for an inmate to be the “only available caregiver” for a fam-

ily member under United States Sentencing Guidelines

§ 1B1.13(b)(3)(C)? Federal prisoner Rufino Robelo-Galo petitioned

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2 Opinion of the Court 24-12128

for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582, arguing that he

was the “only available caregiver” for his incapacitated father. The

district court determined that Robelo-Galo’s son, Elmer, was an

available caregiver, and, as a result, that Robelo-Galo was not the

only available caregiver. The court denied the petition, and Robelo-

Galo appealed.

We now hold that to establish eligibility for release under

section 1B1.13(b)(3)(C) an inmate must demonstrate that no other

person is qualified and free to provide the needed care. Whether an

alternative caregiver is both qualified and free will turn on the

unique facts of a particular case, but we identify several factors that

district courts should consider in making that assessment. And, ap-

plying that standard here, we conclude that the district court rea-

sonably weighed and considered the relevant factors in determin-

ing that Robelo-Galo is not the “only available caregiver” for his

father. Accordingly, we affirm the denial of Robelo-Galo’s petition

for compassionate release.

I.

Robelo-Galo pleaded guilty to two charges related to drug

trafficking. The district court initially imposed a 354-month sen-

tence, but following a retroactive amendment to the Guidelines, it

reduced Robelo-Galo’s sentence to 296 months. Robelo-Galo’s cur-

rent release date is May 15, 2033.

Robelo-Galo is originally from Honduras, and his father still

lives there. In the years since Robelo-Galo’s arrest and imprison-

ment, his father’s physical condition has substantially declined,

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rendering him bedridden. As a result, his father is incapable of self-

care, and he relies on a caregiver for survival. Until recently,

Robelo-Galo’s former romantic partner, Reyna Gutierrez, served

as Robelo-Galo’s father’s caregiver. But because of her own deteri-

orating health, Gutierrez is no longer able to provide Robelo-

Galo’s father with the full-time care that he needs.

In 2024, Robelo-Galo filed a petition for compassionate re-

lease. Under the Guidelines, a prisoner may be eligible for compas-

sionate release when an “extraordinary and compelling” circum-

stance justifies his early release. The 2023 Guidelines amendments

expanded the list of “extraordinary and compelling” circumstances

to include “[t]he incapacitation of the defendant’s parent when the

defendant would be the only available caregiver for the parent.”

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(b)(3)(C). Seizing on that amendment, Robelo-

Galo claimed that he was the only available caregiver for his father,

qualifying him for a sentence reduction.

The United States opposed Robelo-Galo’s motion. The gov-

ernment argued that Robelo-Galo failed to establish that he was

the only available caregiver because he did not address why no

other family members (including any of Robelo-Galo’s five chil-

dren), non-related caregivers, or government-provided assistance

could meet his father’s needs.

The district court agreed with the government and denied

Robelo-Galo’s motion. However, in its ruling, the district court

granted Robelo-Galo leave to refile his motion “[i]n the event [that

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4 Opinion of the Court 24-12128

he] can demonstrate that his children are unable to care for his fa-

ther . . . .” Doc. 784 at 2.

Robelo-Galo did just that: He filed a renewed motion for

compassionate release, arguing that none of his five children were

available to serve as their grandfather’s caregiver. Specifically,

Robelo-Galo asserted that one child was deceased; one’s wherea-

bouts were unknown; two lived in the United States and could not

relocate to Honduras; and the remaining child, Elmer, lived in

Honduras but four hours away. Robelo-Galo further explained that

Elmer could not travel back and forth to care for his grandfather

because he did not have a car, that Elmer could not accommodate

his grandfather in his own home because of space constraints, and

that Elmer could not relocate to his grandfather’s home because he

would not be able to find work and provide for his own children.

The district court denied Robelo-Galo’s renewed motion.

The district court reasoned that, because Elmer was “within hours

of the incapacitated family member,” Robelo-Galo was not “the

only available caregiver for his incapacitated father.” Order Den.

Mot. for Compassionate Release at 2. It added that “a finding of

compassionate release cannot rest solely on avoiding such incon-

venience for a convicted inmate’s family.” Id.

Robelo-Galo appealed.

II.

This appeal presents two issues. First, we must consider

what it means to be the “only available caregiver” under the

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Guidelines. Second, we must determine whether the district court

erred by finding that Elmer is an “available caregiver” such that

Robelo-Galo is not the “only available caregiver.”

A.

The first question—what it means to be the “only available

caregiver” under the Guidelines—is a question of law that we re-

view de novo. United States v. Warren, 820 F.3d 406, 407 (11th Cir.

2016). On de novo review, “[w]e utilize traditional rules of statutory

construction to interpret [the] guideline.” United States v. Mandhai,

375 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir. 2004).

This is a question of first impression. No case law from the

Supreme Court, our circuit, or any other circuit defines “available

caregiver” under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(b)(3)(C). Applying the “tradi-

tional rules of statutory construction,” Mandhai, 375 F.3d at 1247,

then, we look to the usual sources to determine the phrase’s ordi-

nary meaning—dictionaries, context, and canons of interpretation,

among others. PETA v. Miami Seaquarium, 879 F.3d 1142, 1146–47

(11th Cir. 2018). We will start with an analysis of the parties’ com-

peting interpretations and then identify a non-exhaustive list of fac-

tors for district courts to consider.

1.

We turn first to the parties’ competing interpretations of

“only available caregiver.” Both parties agree that it isn’t enough

for an inmate to establish that he is an available caregiver for a rel-

ative; he must instead exclude likely alternatives and be the “only

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available caregiver.” It follows, Robelo-Galo argues, that a district

court should decide whether an alternative caregiver is “available”

on a case-by-case basis, focusing on the practical realities of provid-

ing care. He contends that the focus should be on an alternative

caregiver’s capacity to provide care and his willingness to do so.

The government disagrees. It argues that any potential caregiver

who is not himself “incapacitated” is necessarily “available.”

We think that Robelo-Galo has the better position, and, in

fact, the government conceded as much at oral argument. To sup-

port its argument, the government relied upon U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.13(b)(3)(A), which provides that the “incapacitation of the

caregiver of the defendant’s minor child” constitutes an “extraordi-

nary and compelling reason” that may justify a sentence reduction.

But the plain text of section 1B1.13(b)(3)(C) counsels against an in-

capacitation-based definition of “available caregiver.” The Sentenc-

ing Commission used “incapacitation of the caregiver” when de-

scribing the caregiver of a defendant’s minor child in (b)(3)(A) but

used “available caregiver” when describing the caregiver of a de-

fendant’s spouse or parent in (b)(3)(B) and (b)(3)(C). See Antonin

Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal

Texts 170 (2012) (“[A] material variation in terms suggests a varia-

tion in meaning[.]”). Moreover, the government’s interpretation

would lead to absurd results—requiring the inmate to be the only

not-incapacitated person who could theoretically provide care

would mean that, as long as a single healthy person existed, no in-

mate could meet the standard. The government wisely dropped

this position at oral argument.

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Like Robelo-Galo, we believe a practical, fact-dependent

definition of “available caregiver” is most consistent with the

term’s plain meaning. We conclude that, to prove that he is the

“only available caregiver,” an inmate must establish that no other

likely caregiver is both (1) qualified and (2) free to provide care. An

alternative caregiver is qualified if he has the capacity to provide the

incapacitated person with the care that the person needs. An alter-

native caregiver is free if no material constraint prevents him from

providing care. Whether an alternative caregiver is both qualified

and free is a fact question that necessarily turns on the circum-

stances of a particular case.

We think this understanding of “available caregiver” is the

best reading of the term for three reasons.

First, this practical inquiry comports with the dictionary def-

inition of “available.” The term “available,” when referring to a

candidate, means “qualified or willing to do something or to as-

sume a responsibility.” Available, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary (11th ed. 2022). And when referring to a person gener-

ally, the term means “not otherwise occupied; free to do some-

thing.” Available, Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed. 2025). Our

standard—which requires the caregiver to be both qualified and

free—aligns with the ordinary understanding of the word “availa-

ble.”

Second, this practical case-by-case standard is consistent

with analogous caselaw. As Robelo-Galo points out, in D.B. v. Car-

dall, the Fourth Circuit interpreted “available” in the context of the

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unaccompanied alien statute, which asks whether a parent is “avail-

able to provide care and physical custody,” a formulation synony-

mous with “available caregiver.” 826 F.3d 721, 734 (4th Cir. 2016)

(citing 6 U.S.C. § 279(g)(2)(C)(ii)). There, the Fourth Circuit held

that a mother was unavailable because a home study revealed that

she was “incapable of providing for [her child’s] physical and men-

tal well-being.” Id. at 734. In reaching that conclusion, the Fourth

Circuit treated “availability” as a practical inquiry into whether the

parent could provide care. Although D.B. did not address the guide-

lines, the Fourth Circuit’s practical understanding of “available to

provide care” is analogous to our understanding of the very similar

“available caregiver.”

Third, this definition makes sense when we consider the

purpose of the Sentencing Commission’s Policy Statement. Of

course, purpose “cannot be used to contradict the text or to sup-

plement it.” Scalia & Garner, supra, at 57. But it may be used as “a

constituent of meaning,” and it is often “helpful in understanding

the ordinary, contemporary, common meaning” of the policy’s lan-

guage. United States v. Bryant, 996 F.3d 1243, 1257 (11th Cir. 2021).

That is the case here.

Section 1B1.13(b)(3) is not concerned with alleviating the

burdens of imprisonment on the inmate, but with preventing an

inmate’s family members from being left without care during the

inmate’s incarceration. In other words, section 1B1.13(b)(3) oper-

ates as a policy of last resort: It authorizes a sentence reduction only

when no other realistic caregiving option exists. The health of the

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family member, not the wishes of the inmate or other potential

caregivers, forms the relevant “extraordinary and compelling” jus-

tification for the inmate’s release. When an inmate’s family mem-

ber needs a caregiver, we should expect that another person who

is qualified and free to provide care will take on the role, instead of

releasing the inmate.

2.

We recognize that, as with any fact-intensive inquiry, the

question whether an alternative caregiver is “available” may re-

quire a factfinder to consider and weigh competing factors. To that

end, we offer the following non-exhaustive list of factors that dis-

trict courts should consider in determining whether a potential

caregiver is qualified and free. Cf. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms.,

Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593 (1993) (“Many factors will bear on the in-

quiry, and we do not presume to set out a definitive checklist or

test. But some general observations are appropriate.”).

First, a district court should consider whether legal barriers

prevent the potential caregiver from providing care. For example,

a potential caregiver’s immigration status can affect whether he can

lawfully remain in the country where the incapacitated family

member resides. Likewise, there may be other legal obligations—

such as enlistment in the military—that make an alternative care-

giver not free to provide care.

Second, a district court should consider physical or logistical

barriers to caregiving. Geographic distance may render caregiving

impracticable depending on the circumstances. A potential

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caregiver who lives across the country is less free to care for an in-

capacitated relative than a potential caregiver who lives in a neigh-

boring town. We do not adopt a bright-line geographical rule. In-

stead, the factfinder should consider the feasibility and burdens of

relocation (both the caregiver relocating to the relative and vice

versa) in assessing whether an alternative caregiver is free to pro-

vide the necessary care.

Third, a district court should consider whether knowledge-

or capability-based barriers affect the caregiver’s qualifications. A

potential caregiver who does not speak the incapacitated person’s

language, for example, may lack the ability to provide them with

effective care. Similarly, a potential caregiver that would need to

learn specialized medical skills may not be qualified.

Fourth, a district court should consider any familial dynam-

ics or relationship history that may bear on an alternative care-

giver’s availability. A history of abuse may undermine a potential

caregiver’s capacity to provide appropriate care. Likewise, a

longstanding pattern of estrangement or absence may weigh

against a finding that a potential caregiver is free to provide care.

By contrast, evidence that a family member or friend has previ-

ously cared for the incapacitated person supports a finding that the

family member or friend is available.

Fifth, a district court should consider any economic, finan-

cial, or employment-related barriers that would impact a care-

giver’s availability. Although alternative caregivers may not be ex-

pected to surmount unusual or extraordinary obstacles, a caregiver

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is not unavailable merely because providing care would require

balancing caregiving with other obligations. In weighing these

kinds of constraints, a district court should consider whether the

alternative caregiver’s constraints or burdens are meaningfully dif-

ferent or greater than those that the inmate would face if released

to provide care.

B.

We now ask whether the district court erred in determining

that Robelo-Galo is not the “only available caregiver” for his father

because Elmer is also “available” to provide care. This is a “quin-

tessential mixed question of law and fact.” Wilkinson v. Garland, 601

U.S. 209, 212 (2024). But because the inquiry primarily turns on

“case-specific factual issues” and compels the district court “to mar-

shal and weigh evidence,” we review it for clear error. Id. at 222

(quoting U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n ex rel. CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v.

Vill. at Lakeridge, LLC, 583 U.S. 387, 396 (2018)). We will find clear

error only when, “although there is evidence to support” the con-

clusion, we are “left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed.” United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333

U.S. 364, 395 (1948).

We cannot say that the district court clearly erred in finding

that Elmer is an available caregiver. In its analysis, the district court

discussed many of the relevant factors we have outlined above and

found that Elmer is both qualified and free to provide care. There

is no dispute that Elmer is qualified to provide the kind of care that

Robelo-Galo’s father needs. The district court also found that

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Elmer is a “close family member” of his incapacitated grandfather,

lives within reasonable proximity to him, and faces no material

burdens beyond “the ordinary constraints of . . . daily li[fe]” that

would impede his freedom to serve as a caregiver. Doc. 788 at 2.

We cannot say that any of these underlying fact-findings are clearly

erroneous.

Although Robelo-Galo argues that Elmer is unavailable be-

cause he needs to work and he lives hours away from and his grand-

father’s current residence, we cannot say that these circumstances

render him not free to provide care. We agree with the district

court that the ordinary burdens of caregiving, without more, are

insufficient to establish unavailability. And we note that Robelo-

Galo would face many of the same constraints that he claims ren-

der Elmer unavailable. Like Elmer, Robelo-Galo, if released to

serve as his father’s caregiver, would need to relocate and find em-

ployment. The contention that these circumstances disqualify

Elmer as an available caregiver but would not similarly constrain

Robelo-Galo reinforces the conclusion that the asserted barriers re-

flect ordinary caregiving burdens rather than legally relevant ob-

stacles.

In sum, the district court reasonably determined that Elmer

is available to care for Robelo-Galo’s father. Even if another district

court could have weighed these facts differently, we are not “left

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been com-

mitted.” U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. at 395. Accordingly, we cannot

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say that the district court committed clear error in finding that

Robelo-Galo is not the “only available caregiver” for his father.

III.

The district court is AFFIRMED.