The opinion
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FOR PUBLICATION
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-12754
____________________
KEVIN LEWIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHERIFF, FULTON COUNTY GEORGIA,
FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA,
SHERIFF, CHATHAM COUNTY GEORGIA,
CHATHAM COUNTY, GEORGIA,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-00532-JCF
____________________
Before JILL PRYOR, NEWSOM, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-12754
Plaintiff Kevin Lewis is legally blind. After being arrested on
an outstanding warrant, he was detained in Georgia for less than
48 hours at the Chatham County jail and for approximately 16 days
at the Fulton County jail. At both jails, he was denied help reading
documents, navigating the jail, accessing the grievance process, and
receiving desired medications. Also, despite his requests for assis-
tance, he was not afforded certain accommodations for using jail
telephones and kiosks.
Lewis contends that the county sheriffs who supervised the
jails unlawfully discriminated against him. He sued Chatham
County Sheriff John Wilcher and Fulton County Sheriff Patrick
Labat, seeking monetary damages and injunctive relief under § 504
of the Rehabilitation Act and Title II of the Americans with Disa-
bilities Act.
The district court granted summary judgment to the sher-
iffs. After careful review, and having heard oral argument, we af-
firm the district court’s decision. We hold that the district court did
not err in granting summary judgment to the sheriffs on Lewis’s
claims for money damages because his evidence was insufficient to
create a genuine issue of material fact on whether the sheriffs in-
tentionally discriminated against him. And his claims for injunctive
relief are moot because he is no longer in jail.
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I . BACKGROUND
In the section that follows, we discuss Lewis’s experiences at
the Chatham County jail and the Fulton County jail. We then lay
out his lawsuit’s procedural history.
A. Lewis’s Experience at the Chatham County Jail
In 2020, the Savannah Police Department in Chatham
County, Georgia arrested Lewis on an outstanding arrest warrant
from Fulton County, Georgia.1 He was taken for pre-trial detention
to the Chatham County jail, where he immediately faced chal-
lenges due to his blindness. Even after he requested assistance, jail
staff refused to assist him in navigating the jail premises by guiding
him or letting him know how many steps to take to get from one
location to another.
Lewis had a medical evaluation at the Chatham County jail,
where CorrectHealth was the third-party medical contractor re-
sponsible for inmate care. CorrectHealth policy required all in-
mates to be advised of medical grievance procedures during their
“intake.” Doc. 71-9 at 2. 2 During his intake, Lewis informed the
nurse of his blindness and that—per his doctor’s recommenda-
tions—he needed specific over-the-counter eye drops, ibuprofen,
and a riboflavin vitamin. A physician’s assistant wrote prescriptions
1 Because the district court granted summary judgment against Lewis, we con-
sider the record in the light most favorable to him. See Feliciano v. City of Mia.
Beach, 707 F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir. 2013).
2 “Doc.” refers to the district court’s docket entries.
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4 Opinion of the Court 23-12754
for the eye drops and other medications and sent them to the phar-
macy. Lewis received most of the medications. But the eye drops
did not arrive until after he had been discharged for transfer to the
Fulton County jail.
Lewis was assigned to an individual, ADA-approved cell in
the Chatham County jail’s booking and receiving area, where he
could receive 24-hour medical supervision. He made one phone
call at check-in. Then, he was unable to make any other calls be-
cause even though there was a braille-equipped phone in his cell,
he could not read braille. He repeatedly requested assistance with
the phone, but no one would assist him.
B. Lewis’s Experience at the Fulton County Jail
After less than 48 hours at the Chatham County jail, Lewis
was transferred to the Fulton County jail, where he was held for
about two more weeks. On the day after he was transferred, he was
placed in the facility’s Medical Observation Unit, where he re-
mained for the rest of his confinement. In this unit, Lewis received
“his allergy medicine, Advil, and some usable eyedrops—but not
the ones he asked for.” Doc. 84 at 4.
Lewis maintains that he needed assistance while in the jail
to make requests for accommodations and to access the jail’s griev-
ance procedures, its telephones, and other critical services admin-
istered through the jails’ system of kiosks. He says that such help
was hard to come by until nearly the end of his confinement.
Regarding the accommodation-request process, Lewis re-
peatedly tried to elevate concerns ranging from needing verbal
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23-12754 Opinion of the Court 5
instructions on how to use the showers to being ignored when he
asked for soap, toilet paper, and supplies to clean up his sick cell-
mate’s feces. According to Fulton County jail officials, staff are re-
quired to assist visually impaired inmates with submitting accom-
modation requests and in “understanding the grievance process
and in completing the process.” Doc. 76-6 at 7. But Lewis was nei-
ther advised of the jail’s accommodation request procedure nor in-
formed about the jail’s grievance procedures. 3 Because he never re-
ceived this guidance, he never made formal requests for disability
accommodations nor filed any grievances while in the Fulton
County jail.
Lewis similarly struggled to access the Fulton County jail’s
phones and other critical services administered through jail kiosks.
He requested assistance with using the phones and kiosks multiple
times because neither was suitable for use by a visually impaired
person. When he would ask guards for assistance with the phones,
they would respond by instructing him to set up voice recogni-
tion—but nobody helped him set up voice recognition until nearly
the end of his confinement.
After approximately two weeks in custody at the Fulton
County jail, Lewis was released on bond. Shortly after, the State of
Georgia dropped its criminal charges against him.
C. Procedural History of Lewis’s Lawsuit
3 Lewis was given an inmate handbook on the final day of his confinement.
But the handbook cannot be read by visually impaired persons.
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In early 2022, Lewis sued Chatham County and Fulton
County, as well as Sheriff Wilcher and Sheriff Labat in their official
capacities. In his amended complaint, he raised claims under 42
U.S.C. § 1983, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and Title II of the
ADA. He sought money damages and injunctive relief.
Following discovery, the district court granted summary
judgment to defendants on all claims. The court focused on Lewis’s
ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims against the sheriffs, which are
the only claims at issue in this appeal. 4
Explaining that the causes of action under the ADA and the
Rehabilitation Act “are essentially identical,” the district court con-
cluded that these claims can “be considered simultaneously.”
Doc. 89 at 15. The court noted that both statutes require a plaintiff
raising a disability discrimination claim to show that the plaintiff,
“by reason of” his or her disability, was “excluded from the partic-
ipation in” or “denied the benefits of” some program or activity
that fell within the purview of the statutes. Id. at 14–15; see
42 U.S.C. § 12132; 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). Also, to seek compensatory
damages for these claims, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant
4 The court granted summary judgment for the sheriffs on Lewis’s § 1983
money damages claims, concluding they were immune because they were
sued in their official capacities. The court also granted summary judgment to
the counties on all claims, deciding that the counties had not been shown to
be “actually responsible” for the conditions in the county jails or “for the ac-
tions of county sheriffs on a respondeat superior theory.” Doc. 89 at 14 (citation
modified). The § 1983 claims and claims against the counties are not before us
on appeal.
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“engaged in intentional discrimination.” Doc. 89 at 15 (citing Silber-
man v. Mia. Dade Transit, 927 F.3d 1123, 1134 (11th Cir. 2019)).
To conduct its analysis, the district court examined Lewis’s
three “core contentions”: that he had been denied reasonable ac-
commodations (1) during the booking process at both jails;
(2) when both jails failed to provide his requested medicated eye
drops; and (3) when he was subjected to unsanitary conditions at
the Fulton County jail. Doc. 89 at 17.
Regarding the booking process, the district court construed
in Lewis’s favor evidence that jail officers “failed to count paces,
describe his surroundings, offer explanations, assist him in using
the phone[,] and . . . answer his questions about the documents he
was being made to sign.” Id. But the court decided this evidence
was not enough to show him being “denied the benefits of his ar-
rest and booking.” Id. (citation modified).
As to Lewis’s eye drops requests at both jails, the district
court identified “uncontroverted record evidence” that the Chat-
ham County jail “did prescribe and order” Lewis’s requested eye
drops, but they did not arrive at the pharmacy until after he had
been transferred to the Fulton County jail, which “did provide
[him] with usable eye-drops, albeit not the ones he requested.” Id.
at 18 (citation omitted). The court explained that the law entitles a
disabled prisoner “to reasonable accommodations, not to optimal
ones finely tuned to his preferences.” Id. It then determined that
the jails’ “non-perfunctory efforts” to provide eye drops precluded
a finding of unlawful discrimination. Id. at 19.
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Regarding Lewis’s evidence of unsanitary conditions at the
Fulton County jail, the district court decided that he could not es-
tablish that the poor conditions existed “because he was disabled.”
Id. To the contrary, jail residents were subjected to these condi-
tions regardless of whether they had disabilities. Further, the court
observed that Lewis presented no evidence of “intent on the part
of Sheriff Labat” to discriminate against him as to these conditions.
Id. at 20.
Finally, the district court decided that Lewis’s ADA and Re-
habilitation Act “claims for prospective injunctive relief [were]
moot in light of his release from custody and dismissal of his crim-
inal charges.” Id. at 21.
On appeal, Lewis makes two arguments. First, he argues
that the district court erred in deciding that he could not succeed
on the merits for both his ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims for
damages. Second, he argues that the district court erred in deciding
that his claims for injunctive relief were moot because they fell un-
der the “capable of repetition, but evading review” exception.5
5 Lewis raises a third argument on appeal, that the district court erred in ana-
lyzing together his ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims. But because this argu-
ment is foreclosed by binding precedent, we discuss it no further. Silberman,
927 F.3d at 1133–34 (“Given the textual similarities between the two statutes,
the same standards govern claims under both, and we rely on cases construing
Title II and § 504 interchangeably. . . . In other words, whatever we have
said—or say now—about Title II goes for § 504, and vice versa.” (citation mod-
ified)).
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II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary
judgment, construing the facts and drawing all reasonable infer-
ences in favor of the nonmoving party. Jones v. UPS Ground Freight,
683 F.3d 1283, 1291–92 (11th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is ap-
propriate if the record gives rise to “no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists
when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
We review questions of law de novo. Jones v. United Space All.,
L.L.C., 494 F.3d 1306, 1309 (11th Cir. 2007). We review the ques-
tion of mootness de novo as well. FTC v. On Point Cap. Partners LLC,
17 F.4th 1066, 1078 (11th Cir. 2021).
III. DISCUSSION
Lewis appeals the grant of summary judgment only as to his
ADA and Rehabilitation Act claims for monetary and injunctive re-
lief against Sheriffs Wilcher and Labat in their official capacities.
We organize our discussion of his claims in two parts. First, we ad-
dress his claims for damages, holding that he failed to come for-
ward with evidence that the defendant sheriffs engaged in inten-
tional discrimination—a requirement for damages claims under
both the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act—against him. Second, we
address his injunctive relief claims, holding that these claims are
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-12754
moot. Thus, the district court properly granted summary judg-
ment in the sheriffs’ favor.
A. Damages Claims
1. Relevant Legal Standards
We begin with the relevant legal standards applicable to
Lewis’s disability discrimination claims for damages. He raises
these claims under two statutes. First, he invokes Title II of the
ADA, which mandates that “no qualified individual with a disabil-
ity shall, by reason of such disability . . . be subjected to discrimina-
tion by any [public] entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Second, he invokes
§ 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which similarly prohibits disability
discrimination by “any program or activity receiving Federal finan-
cial assistance.” 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). Both provisions “are enforcea-
ble through private causes of action.” Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S.
181, 185 (2002).
Title II and § 504 claims are analyzed together. “Given the
textual similarities between the two statutes, the same standards
govern claims under both, and we rely on cases construing Title II
and § 504 interchangeably.” Silberman, 927 F.3d at 1133 (citation
modified). Indeed, Title II explicitly states that “[t]he remedies,
procedures, and rights set forth in [the Rehabilitation Act] shall be
the remedies, procedures, and rights this subchapter provides to
any person alleging discrimination on the basis of disability in vio-
lation of . . . this title.” 42 U.S.C. § 12133.
Under both statutes, a plaintiff raising a disability discrimi-
nation claim must show that (1) he is a “qualified individual with a
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disability”; (2) who was “excluded from participation in or denied
the benefits of a public entity’s services, programs, or activities, or
was otherwise discriminated against by the public entity”; and
(3) such “exclusion, denial of benefit, or discrimination was by rea-
son of [the] disability.” Silberman, 927 F.3d at 1134 (citation modi-
fied).
An additional requirement is imposed on a plaintiff seeking
damages for a discrimination claim. “To recover monetary dam-
ages under Title II of the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act, a plaintiff
must prove intentional discrimination on the part of the defend-
ant.” Liese v. Indian River Cnty. Hosp. Dist., 701 F.3d 334, 345 (11th
Cir. 2012) (citation omitted).
To meet the intentional discrimination standard, the plain-
tiff must establish that the defendant acted with “deliberate indif-
ference”—in other words, that the defendant is “an official who at
a minimum has authority to address the alleged discrimination and
to institute corrective measures on the entity’s behalf and had ac-
tual knowledge of discrimination in the entity’s programs and
failed adequately to respond.” Ingram v. Kubik, 30 F.4th 1241, 1257
(11th Cir. 2022) (citation modified). Further, the defendant official
cannot be held liable for intentional discrimination under a theory
of “vicarious liability,” which “is unavailable under Title II” or “un-
der section 504.” Id. at 1258 (citation modified).
2. Evaluating Lewis’s Damages Claims
Keeping these standards in mind, we evaluate Lewis’s disa-
bility discrimination damages claims. We proceed on the
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assumption that he meets the first three elements of these claims.
First, the parties agree that Lewis is blind and therefore is a “quali-
fied individual with a disability.” Silberman, 927 F.3d at 1134 (cita-
tion modified). Second, construing the facts in his favor on sum-
mary judgment review, we assume that Lewis was “excluded from
participation in or denied the benefits of” the jails’ “services, pro-
grams, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against” by the
jails. Id. (citation modified). Third, we assume that Lewis’s exclu-
sion, denial, or discrimination occurred “by reason of [his] disabil-
ity.” 6 Id. (citation modified).
Lewis’s case turns on the final element of a disability dis-
crimination damages claim: whether the plaintiff can establish “in-
tentional discrimination on the part of the defendant.” Liese,
701 F.3d at 334 (citation omitted). We conclude that Lewis cannot
establish intentional discrimination by the defendant sheriffs.
The record reveals no evidence that the sheriffs intentionally
discriminated against Lewis. Wilcher swore in his affidavit that he
“d[id] not believe [he] kn[ew], met, or [had] spoken with” Lewis
6 By making this assumption, we are not suggesting that Lewis’s evidence was
sufficient to establish that he experienced discrimination, denial of benefits, or
exclusion from participation “by reason of” his disability. Silberman, 927 F.3d
at 1134 (citation modified). For example, Lewis says that his many requests for
sanitizing wipes, a mop, and other cleaning supplies went ignored. Yet he of-
fered no evidence that these requests were ignored “by reason of” his disabil-
ity. Id. That said, we forgo further analysis of this issue because his failure to
establish intentional discrimination by the defendants is dispositive of his
claims.
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and did not receive any grievance complaints about mistreatment
at the Chatham County jail from him. Doc. 72-12 at 3. A member
of the Fulton County Sheriff’s Office said he “didn’t have any griev-
ances under Mr. Lewis,” either. Doc. 80-1 at 11. And Lewis pre-
sented no evidence indicating that either sheriff knew about his
mistreatment.
As discussed above, to recover under an intentional discrim-
ination standard, the plaintiff must come forward with evidence
that the defendant official “had actual knowledge of discrimination
in the entity’s programs and failed adequately to respond.” Ingram,
30 F.4th at 1257 (citation omitted). By failing to establish that the
sheriffs possessed this knowledge, Lewis cannot recover damages
from them under Title II or § 504.
B. Injunctive Relief Claims
Besides damages, Lewis sought prospective injunctive relief.
We hold that Lewis’s claims for prospective relief are moot because
he is no longer in detention and the “capable of repetition yet evad-
ing review” exception does not apply.
“An issue becomes moot when it no longer presents a live
controversy with respect to which the court can give meaningful
relief.” Mobley v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 783 F.3d 1347, 1352
(11th Cir. 2015) (citation modified). We have applied this rule spe-
cifically to prisoners who bring claims for injunctive relief after be-
ing released from custody. In this Court, “[t]he general rule . . . is
that a transfer or a release of a prisoner from prison will moot that
prisoner’s claims for injunctive and declaratory relief.” Smith v.
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Allen, 502 F.3d 1255, 1267 (11th Cir. 2007). “The reason for this rule
is that injunctive relief is a prospective remedy, intended to prevent
future injuries.” Id. (citation omitted).
Here, Lewis brought his suit for injunctive relief in early
2022 after being released from detention in the fall of 2020. As a
pre-trial detainee, his situation is akin to those who served in
prison. Thus, his claim falls under the general mootness rule for
the injunctive relief claims of prisoners who have been released
from custody.
Lewis argues nonetheless that his injunctive relief claims
meet this Court’s “capable of repetition, yet evading review” ex-
ception to mootness. We have held that this “narrow” exception
“can be invoked only when (1) there is a reasonable expectation or
a demonstrated probability that the same controversy will recur in-
volving the same complaining party, and (2) the challenged action
is in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation
or expiration.” Soliman v. United States ex rel. INS, 296 F.3d 1237,
1242–43 (11th Cir. 2002) (emphasis in original) (citation modified).
Here, Lewis cannot meet the first prong of the mootness ex-
ception because there is not “a reasonable expectation or a demon-
strated probability” of him being incarcerated again. Id. (citation
modified). After he was released from pre-trial detention, the State
of Georgia dropped its charges against him. The record contains
no evidence indicating that Lewis may be incarcerated again. As
Lewis himself notes, he is “in no hurry to prove ‘a reasonable
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expectation or a demonstrated probability’ he will soon be arrested
again.” Appellant’s Br. 31.
Thus, Lewis’s claim for injunctive relief is moot. This issue
“no longer presents a live controversy with respect to which the
court can give meaningful relief.” Mobley, 783 F.3d at 1352.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Sheriffs Wilcher and Labat.
AFFIRMED.