Hlad

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

TERESA HLAD and STEVEN HLAD,

Plaintiffs, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:23-CV-00785

v.

(MEHALCHICK, J.)

YOEL HIRSCH, SARAH HIRSCH,

AIRBNB, INC., JOHN DOE 1-10 and

ABC CO. 1-10, XYZ CORPORATIONS 1-

10,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM

Plaintiffs Teresa Hlad and Steven Hlad initiated this action by filing a complaint

against Defendants Sarah Hirsch, Yoel Hirsch, and Airbnb, Inc. (“Airbnb”) (together

“Defendants”) on April 13, 2023. (Doc. 35-3). Before the Court is a motion for summary

judgment filed by Sarah and Yoel Hirsch and a motion for summary judgment filed by Airbnb.

(Doc. 35; Doc. 39). For the following reasons, Defendants’ motions for summary judgment

will be GRANTED.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The following background is taken from Defendants’ statements of material facts and

exhibits.1 Teresa and Steven Hlad were visiting Lackawaxen, PA to spend Christmas with

1 Teresa and Steven Hlad have not filed a response to Defendants' statements of

material facts, as required by Local Rule 56.1. Accordingly, “[a]ll material facts set forth in

the statement[s] required to be served by the moving part[ies] will be deemed to be admitted.”

M.D. Pa. L.R. 56.1; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2); United States v. Alberto, No. 3:18-CV-1014,

2020 WL 730316, at *2 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 13, 2020) (concluding that the “[f]ailure to file this

their family and friends from December 22, 2022 to December 28, 2022. (Doc. 37, ¶ 2). Nicole

Gignac, a friend of the Hlads’ daughter, rented the subject property (the “Property”) on

Airbnb’s platform. (Doc. 37, ¶ 3). Sarah and Yoel Hirsch own the Property and listed it for

rent on Airbnb. (Doc. 37, ¶ 4). Airbnb did not operate, own, control, offer, manage, inspect

or even have the right to access the Property. (Doc. 41, ¶ 7-8).

On the morning of December 25, 2022, Teresa Hlad and her son decided to go for a

walk and take pictures. (Doc. 37, ¶ 5). Teresa Hlad exited out the back door of the house on

the Property and saw a bridge in the woods in the distance. (Doc. 37, ¶ 7). Assuming a trail

was near the bridge, she started walking towards the bridge. (Doc. 37, ¶ 7). However, as

Teresa Hlad entered the woods, she knew she was not walking on a trail and appreciated that

the ground was “uneven” and had “leaves, snow, logs, and. . . was hilly.” (Doc. 37, ¶ 8, 9).

Before walking over the bridge, Teresa Hlad noticed that there was no trail and that the

ground was uneven, choppy, and leafy. (Doc. 37 ¶¶ 10-11). Teresa Hlad testified that she

walked carefully in the woods because “it was pretty lumpy out there,” but the lighting was

sufficient, and nothing was obstructing her ability to see where she was walking. (Doc. 37. ¶¶

12-14).

Teresa Hlad testified that she crossed the bridge and decided to turn around when she

realized there was no trail over the bridge. (Doc. 35-4, at 17). When she turned around, she

was on a “little bit of a hill” and her left foot “kind of went into the ground” causing her to

fall. (Doc. 35-4, at 9). Teresa Hlad testified that the hill was “dingy” and the “dirt was all

uneven,” which caused her to fall. (Doc. 35-4, at 18). The fall happened between 11:15 and

[responsive statement of material facts] results in admission of the moving

party's statement of facts”).

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11:30 a.m., and the weather was clear and sunny. (Doc. 37, at ¶ 6). Teresa Hlad was unable

to provide the location of her fall, stating that if she marked the location, it would be a guess.

(Doc. 35-4, at 20).

Teresa Hlad’s daughter, testified that there was a trail opening near the rear of the

house on the Property with signs indicating where the trail was. (Doc. 37, ¶ 16). Teresa Hlad

never asked her daughter where the trails were on the Property, and she failed to follow the

signs which clearly indicated where the trail was. (Doc. 37, ¶ 17). Teresa Hlad never contacted

her Airbnb host to ask where the trail was located. (Doc. 37, ¶ 18).

Airbnb is an online marketplace that provides an opportunity for individuals who wish

to offer accommodations to connect with individuals seeking to book accommodations. (Doc.

41, ¶ 2). Airbnb is not a party to or a participant in the agreements for booking entered between

hosts and guests. (Doc. 41, ¶ 4). Hosts are solely responsible for listing their accommodations

and determining on what material terms they will offer for their accommodations. (Doc. 41,

¶ 5). Airbnb had no notice of any prior incidents involving a fall at the subject property. (Doc.

41, ¶ 11). Regardless, Airbnb does not “guarantee. . . the existence, quality, safety,

sustainability, or legality of any Listings or Host Services.” (Doc. 41, ¶ 10).

Teresa and Steven Hlad initiated this lawsuit by filing a complaint in the Pike County

Court of Common Pleas on April 13, 2023. Therein Teresa Hlad alleged Count I – Negligence

against Defendants, and Steven Hlad alleged Count II – Loss of Consortium against

Defendants. (Doc. 35-5, at 7-9). On May 11, 2023, Sarah and Yoel Hirsch removed the matter

to this Court. (Doc. 1). On April 1, 2025, Sarah and Yoel Hirsch filed a motion for summary

judgment, brief in support, and statement of facts. (Doc. 35; Doc. 36; Doc. 37). On April 2,

2025, Airbnb filed a motion for summary judgment, brief in support, and statement of the

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facts. (Doc. 39; Doc. 40; Doc. 41). On May 19, 2025, Teresa and Steven Hlad filed their brief

in opposition. (Doc. 43). On June 2, 2025, Defendants filed their respective reply briefs. (Doc

45; Doc. 46). Accordingly, the motions for summary judgment are ripe for disposition.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

Summary judgment should be granted only if “there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

A fact is “material” only if it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute of material fact is “genuine” if the evidence “is such

that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at

248. In deciding a summary judgment motion, all inferences “should be drawn in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party, and where the non-moving party’s evidence

contradicts the movant’s, then the non-movant’s must be taken as true.” Pastore v. Bell Tel. Co.

of Pa., 24 F.3d 508, 512 (3d Cir. 1994). However, a party opposing a summary judgment

motion must comply with Local Rule 56.1, which specifically directs the oppositional party

to submit a “statement of the material facts, responding to the numbered paragraphs set forth

in the statement required [to be filed by the movant], as to which it is contended that there

exists a genuine issue to be tried”; if the nonmovant fails to do so, “[a]ll material facts set forth

in the statement required to be served by the moving party will be deemed to be admitted.”

M.D. Pa. L.R. 56.1.

A federal court should grant summary judgment “if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

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judgment as a matter of law.” Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 278 (3d Cir. 2000).

In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court’s function is not to make credibility

determinations, weigh evidence, or draw inferences from the facts. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249.

Rather, the court must simply “determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson,

477 U.S. at 249.

The party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the

district court of the basis for its motion,” and demonstrating the absence of a genuine dispute

of any material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). If the movant makes

such a showing, the non-movant must go beyond the pleadings with affidavits or declarations,

answers to interrogatories, or the like to demonstrate specific material facts which give rise to

a genuine issue. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. The non-movant must produce

evidence to show the existence of every element essential to its case, which it bears the burden

of proving at trial, because “a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the

nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at

323. Furthermore, mere conclusory allegations and self-serving testimony, whether made in

the complaint or a sworn statement, cannot be used to obtain or avoid summary judgment

when uncorroborated and contradicted by other evidence of record. See Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife

Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871, 888 (1990); see also Thomas v. Delaware State Univ., 626 F. App’x 384, 389

n.6 (3d Cir. 2015) (not precedential) (“[U]nsupported deposition testimony, which is

contradicted by the record, is insufficient to defeat summary judgment.”); Nat’l Labor Rel. Bd.

v. FES, 301 F.3d 83, 95 (3d Cir. 2002) (“[The plaintiff’s] testimony . . . amounts to an

unsupported, conclusory assertion, which we have held is inadequate to satisfy the movant’s

burden of proof on summary judgment.”).

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III. DISCUSSION

A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS WARRANTED ON TERESA HLAD’S NEGLIGENCE CLAIM

AGAINST SARAH AND YOEL HIRSCH.

Sarah and Yoel Hirsch contend that they owed no duty to Teresa Hlad, who

voluntarily assumed the risk of her actions, arguing that Teresa Hlad should have noticed the

risks of walking off-trail in snow, which were open and obvious with an exercise of normal

perception, intelligence, and judgment. (Doc. 36, 11-12). Additionally, Sarah and Yoel Hirsch

submit that because Teresa Hlad provided no evidence of the location of the fall, Plaintiffs

cannot meet their burden of showing a viable claim for negligence. (Doc. 36, at 12-13). Teresa

Hlad counters that Sarah and Yoel Hirsch’s motion specifically points to genuine issues of

fact in this case to be decided by a jury. (Doc. 43, ¶ 16).

To survive summary judgment on a negligence claim under Pennsylvania law, a

plaintiff must demonstrate genuine dispute of material fact regarding “(1) the existence of a

duty or obligation recognized by law; (2) a breach of the duty; (3) causal connection between

the breach of duty and the resulting injury; and (4) actual loss or damage.” Pace v. Wal-Mart

Stores East, LP, 337 F. Supp. 3d 513, 519 (E.D. Pa. 2018). The parties dispute whether Sarah

and Yoel Hirsch owed a duty to Teresa Hlad. (Doc. 36, at 11; Doc. 43, at 6). The standard of

care owed by an owner or occupier depends on whether the person on the premises is a

trespasser, licensee, or business invitee. See McDowell v. Moran Foods, LLC, 680 F. App'x 72,

72 (3d Cir. 2017). Business invitees are owed the highest standard of care. Falcone v, Speedway

LLC, No. 14-2188, 2017 WL 220326, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Jan 19, 2017) (citing Traux v. Roulhac,

126 A.3d 991, 997 (Pa. Super Ct. 2015)); Pusateri v. Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P., 646 F. Supp.

3d 650, 653 (W.D. Pa. 2022) (citing Campisi v. Acme Markets, Inc., 915 A.2d 117, 119 (Pa.

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Super Ct. 2006). A business invitee is “a person who is invited to enter or remain on land for

a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business dealings with the possessor of the

land.” Falcone, 2017 WL 220326, at *2 (quoting Charlie v. Erie Ins. Exch., 100 A.3d 244, 253

(Pa. Super Ct. 2014)). An Airbnb guest is considered a business invitee. See Parsons v. Drake,

32 A.2d 27 (1943) (citing Restatement Second, Torts § 332) (finding guests of inns, hotels,

motels, and similar establishments are business invitees); see Montaperto v. Split Rock Resort,

765 F. Supp. 852, 853-54 (M.D. Pa. 1991) (identifying a guest at a resort as a business invitee).

A possessor of land must protect a business invitee not only from known dangers, but also

from “dangers that might be discoverable with reasonable care.” Traux, 126 A.3d at 997. A

possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to his invitees by a condition

on the land only if he:

(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition,

and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk to such invitees, and (b)

should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to

protect themselves against it, and (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect

them against the danger.

Neve v. Insalaco's, 771 A.2d 786, 790 (Pa. Super. 2001) (quoting Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 343).

Furthermore, a possessor of land will not owe a duty to a business invitee if the

business invitee assumed the risk of their actions. Kaplan v. Exxon Corp., 126 F.3d 221, 224-25

(3d Cir. 1997); Dalton v. Little Lion, No. 19-5358, 2021 WL 1293424, at *4 (E.D. Pa. April 7,

2021); Carrender v. Fitterer, 469 A.2d 120, 188 (Pa. 1983) (“to say that the invitee assumed the

risk of injury from a known and avoidable danger is simply another way of expressing the

lack of any duty on the part of the possessor to protect the invitee against such dangers”). A

defendant is relieved of their duty of care when the plaintiff has voluntarily and deliberately

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proceeded to take a known and obvious risk. Barret v. Fredavid Builders, Inc., 685 A.2d 129,

131 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343. A danger is obvious when

both the condition and the risk are apparent and would be recognized by a reasonable person,

exercising normal perception intelligence and judgment. DeMolick v. United States, 593 F.

Supp. 3d 165, 171 (M.D. Pa. 2022) (citing Carrender, 469 A.2d at 123).

Assumption of the risk is analyzed in the context of determining whether a defendant

owed a plaintiff a duty. Kaplan, 126 F.3d at 224–25. As such, assumption of the risk is a

question for the jury “unless reasonable minds could not disagree.” Kaplan, 126 F.3d, at 225.

To grant summary judgment on assumption of the risk, the Court must find—conclusively

and beyond question—that: “(1) [the plaintiff] consciously appreciated the risks attending her

action; (2) she assumed the risk of injury by engaging in the action despite appreciating its

risks; and (3) the injury she sustained was the same as that which she appreciated and

assumed.” Dalton, 2021 WL 1293424, at *4; see Bullman v. Giuntoli, 761 A.2d 566, 573 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 2000); see also Murphy v. Excel Site Rentals LLC, No. 4:17-CV-02353, 2019 WL

3387661, at *6 (M.D. Pa. July 26, 2019). Summary judgment is appropriate “[o]nly where the

evidence reveals a scenario so clear as to void all questions of material fact concerning the

plaintiff's own conduct. . .” Montagazzi v. Crisci, 994 A.2d 626, 636 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2010).

For the first element, the evidence must “conclusively [establish] that the plaintiff was

subjectively aware of the risk.” Roessing v. United States, No. 3:19-cv-161, 2021 WL 1663590,

at *6 (W.D. Pa. April 28, 2021) (citing Barret, 685 A.2d at 131); Barillari v. Ski Shawnee, Inc.,

986 F. Supp. 2d 555, 563 (M.D. Pa. 2013) (citing Handschuh v. Albert Dev., 574 A.2d 693, 695

(Pa. Super. Ct. 1990)). “The plaintiff must be aware of the ‘particular danger’ from which she

is subsequently injured in order to voluntarily assume that risk as a matter of law.” Roessing,

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2021 WL 1663590, at *6 (citing Barillari v. Ski Shawnee, Inc., 986 F. Supp. 2d 555, 563 (M.D.

Pa. 2013)). For the second element, the plaintiff must voluntarily assume the risk. Kaplan, 126

F.3d at 226 (citing Howel v. Clyde, 620 A.2d 1107, 1112 (Pa. 1993)). There is no assumption

of risk when a plaintiff has no reasonable alternative to encountering the risk. Kaplan, 126

F.3d at 226-27 (citing Prosser and Keeton on Torts § 68 at 490-91); see also Roessing, 2021 WL

16635900, at *7 (citing Howell, 620 A.2d at 1112).

Here, there is no dispute of fact that Teresa Hlad consciously and subjectively

appreciated the risks of walking off-trail in the snowy woods. Teresa Hlad knew that she was

not walking on a trail when she entered the woods. (Doc. 37, ¶ 8; Doc. 43-1, at 17). She was

aware that the ground was “uneven” and had “leaves, snow, logs, and was hilly. . .” (Doc.

37, ¶ 9, Doc. 43-1, at 17). Teresa Hlad testified that she was walking carefully because “it was

pretty lumpy out there” (Doc. 37, ¶ 12; Doc. 43-1, at 27) and that when she was walking, the

lighting was sufficient to see where she was going and nothing was obstructing her view. (Doc.

37, ¶¶ 13-14; Doc. 43-1, at 14). Accordingly, reasonable minds could not disagree that Teresa

Hlad consciously appreciated the risks attending her action. See Roessing, 2021 WL 1663590,

at *6 (finding plaintiff consciously appreciated the risk of slipping and falling when she saw

the snow heap prior to stepping on it and affirmatively considered where to cross before

stepping on it); see also Kaplan, 126 F.3d at 226 (finding a snow mound was a known and

obvious risk).

It is also undisputed that Teresa Hlad voluntarily walked off-trail in the snowy woods

despite appreciating the risks. Teresa Hlad’s daughter testified that there were signs marking

the trails on the premises. (Doc. 37, ¶ 16). Despite the availability of marked trails, Teresa

Hlad voluntarily chose to walk on a path that did not contain a walking trail. As such,

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reasonable minds could not disagree that Teresa Hlad’s assumption of risk was voluntary. See

Kaplan, 126 F.3d 221, 226 (finding a plaintiff assumes a risk voluntarily she elects to encounter

the risk despite the existence of safe alternatives); see also Roessing, 2021 WL 1663590, at *7

(“the question under this factor is whether there was a safe alternative to encountering the

risk, not whether the plaintiff was subjectively aware of a safe alternative”).

Finally, it is undisputed that Teresa Hlad’s injury was the result of her assuming the

risk of walking off-trail in the snowy woods.2 Teresa Hlad testified that while on her walk she

turned around, her left foot went into the ground causing her to fall and injure her ankle.

(Doc. 35-4, at 9). The risk of walking off-trail in the snowy woods is the possibility of slipping

and falling. See Roessing, 2021 WL 1663590, at *8. As there are no disputes of fact regarding

Teresa Hlad’s assumption of risk, Sarah and Yoel Hirsch’s motion for summary judgment on

Teresa Hlad’s claim of negligence is GRANTED. (Doc. 35).

B. SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS WARRANTED ON TERESA HLAD’S NEGLIGENCE CLAIM

AGAINST AIRBNB.

Airbnb contends it is entitled to summary judgment on Teresa Hlad’s negligence claim

against it because there is no evidence that Airbnb owed Teresa Hlad any duty of care

regarding the condition of the property. (Doc. 40, at 5). Airbnb asserts that it does not own,

2 Sarah and Yoel Hirsch assert that because Teresa Hlad was unable to identify exactly

where the slip and fall occurred, she cannot meet her burden of showing negligence. (Doc. 36,

at 13). Teresa Hlad counters that she identified the location of her fall to the best of her ability,

providing a photograph marking where she fell. (Doc. 43, at 8; Doc. 43-3). The exact location

of Teresa Hlad’s fall is not a material fact because, as explained fully in supra Section III.A, it

is undisputed that Teresa Hlad consciously and subjectively appreciated the risks of walking

on uneven, hilly ground covered in logs, leaves, and snow. See Kaplan, 126 F.3d at 227 n.5

(considering exact location of fall in proximate cause analysis of negligence claim; omitting

consideration of exact location of fall in assumption of the risk analysis); see also Dalton, 2021

WL 1293424, at *2-*3, *5 (finding parties’ disagreement on the exact location of the fall was

immaterial to the assumption of the risk analysis).

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possess, or control the Property, nor did it have notice of the allegedly dangerous condition

on the property (Doc. 40, at 6-7). Teresa Hlad counters that the jury must determine what

duty, if any, Airbnb owes to prospective renters to insure the properties they rent are suitable

for their purpose and pose no unreasonable hazards. (Doc. 43, at 4).

Under Pennsylvania law, “the duty to protect against known dangerous conditions

falls upon the possessor of the land.” Estate of Zimmerman v. SEPTA, 168 F.3d 680, 684-85 (3d

Cir. 1999). One is a possessor of land if they occupy the land with the intent to control it.

Estate of Zimmerman, 168 F.3d at 684 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 328). Liability is

primarily based on possession and control, rather than ownership of land. Brown v. End Zone,

Inc., 259 A.3d 473, 491 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2021). A possessor of land is only liable if they know

or should have known of a dangerous condition on the premises. Gutteridge v. A.P. Green

Services, Inc., 804 A.2d 643, 656 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2002). Other jurisdictions find that Airbnb’s

enforcement of certain policies and guidelines for property owners on its marketplace does

not amount to possession or control over their hosts’ properties. Matthew-Ajayi Airbnb, Inc.,

No. ADC-23-3035, 2025 WL 487572, at *3 (D. Md. Feb. 13, 2025) (finding Airbnb had no

liability for slip in fall that occurred in host’s property because Airbnb did not have possession

or control over the property); Carroll v. Am. Empire Surplus Lines Ins. Co., 289 F. Supp. 3d 767,

775 (E.D. La. 2017) (finding Airbnb does not have custody or control over host’s property

because they do not have the right to alienate the property, authorize repairs, or access the

property at will; comparing Airbnb’s general duty to that of a travel agency); see Hofer v. Gap,

Inc., 516 F. Supp. 2d 161, 176-78 (D. Mass. 2007) (finding online travel agents are generally

not liable for the negligence or dangerous conditions of third-party hotel or travel operators).

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Here, Airbnb provides an affidavit from its legal investigations associate stating that

“Airbnb does not own, control, or possess any of the accommodations listed on its

marketplace, and does not have the right to access the property where [Teresa] Hlad allegedly

sustained injuries.” (Doc. 39-3, at 3; Doc. 41, ¶ 7). Airbnb also provides their terms and

conditions, which state that Airbnb “do[es] not and cannot control the conduct of Guests and

Hosts.” (Doc. 39-4, at 15). Teresa Hlad failed to respond to Airbnb’s statement of the facts or

to provide any evidence controverting Airbnb’s evidence that they do not own, control, or

possess the subject property. See M.D. Pa. L.R. 56.1 (“[a]ll material facts set forth in the

statement required to be served by the moving party will be deemed to be admitted.”). Teresa

Hlad merely provides unsupported, conclusory statements arguing that Airbnb does have

control over the subject property and notice of the hazardous conditions that caused Teresa

Hlad’s injuries. (Doc. 43, at 8). See Nat’l Labor Rel. Bd., 301 F.3d at 95. (“[The plaintiff’s]

testimony . . . amounts to an unsupported, conclusory assertion, which we have held is

inadequate to satisfy the movant’s burden of proof on summary judgment.”). Nevertheless,

the court need not address whether Airbnb had possession or control over the subject property

creating a duty of care because even if Airbnb did owe Teresa Hlad a duty of care, as explained

fully in supra Section III.A, it is undisputed that Teresa Hlad assumed the risk of her actions,

negating the duty of care owed by the possessors of the subject property. Accordingly,

Airbnb’s motion for summary judgment on Teresa Hlad’s claim of negligence is

GRANTED.3 (Doc. 35).

3 Steven Hlad’s loss of consortium claim is a derivate claim, based upon the outcome of

Teresa Hlad’s negligence claim. Sprague v. Kaplan, 572 A.2d 789, 790 (Pa. Super. 1990) (“Loss

of consortium has been recognized [Pennsylvania] as a right evolving out of the marriage

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IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the forgoing, Defendants’ motions for summary judgment are GRANTED.

(Doc. 35; Doc. 39). Teresa and Steven Hlad’s claims of negligence and loss of consortium are

DISMISSED. The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE this case. An appropriate Order

follows.

Dated: December 31, 2025 s/Karoline Mehalchick ___

KAROLINE MEHALCHICK

United States District Judge

relationship and is grounded on the loss of a spouse's service after injury.”); Suniaga v.

Downingtown Area Sch. Dist., 504 F. Supp. 3d 430, 455 (E.D. Pa. 2020) (finding a claim for

loss of consortium is a derivative claim, meaning it is based upon the outcome of other claims

in the suit). As Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on Teresa Hlad’s negligence

claims are GRANTED, Defendants’ motions for summary judgment on Steven Hlad’s

derivate loss of consortium claim are likewise GRANTED. (Doc. 35; Doc. 39).

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