Opinion

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 GLOBUS MEDICAL, INC. and Case No.: 3:25-cv-01522-CAB-DDL

NUVASIVE, LLC,

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ORDER GRANTING-IN-PART AND

Plaintiffs,

13 DENYING-IN-PART DEFENDANT’S

v. MOTION TO DISMISS

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ALPHATEC SPINE, INC.,

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Defendant.

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17 On June 12, 2025, Plaintiffs Globus Medical, Inc. and NuVasive, LLC (“Plaintiffs”)

18 filed suit against Defendant Alphatec Spine, Inc. (“Defendant” or “ATEC”) for patent

19 infringement. [Doc. No. 1 (“Compl.”).] ATEC filed a motion to dismiss the claims for

20 willful and induced infringement pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). [Doc. No. 11.]

21 Having considered the parties’ arguments, applicable law, and the record, and for the

22 reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART AND DENIES-IN-PART the

23 motion to dismiss.

24 I. BACKGROUND

25 Plaintiffs and Defendant are companies that develop and market products used by

26 surgeons during minimally invasive spine surgery. One type of product attaches to the

27 patient’s vertebrae so that the spine is anchored and the surgeon has space to operate.

28 [Compl. ¶¶ 38–43.] Plaintiffs allege that Defendant’s Sigma Access System is “virtually

1 identical” to Plaintiffs’ MAS TLIF System. [Id. at ¶ 45.] The other type of product is a

2 spacer that is inserted into the patient’s spine and then expanded. [Id. at ¶ 46.] Plaintiffs

3 allege that Defendant’s Calibrate LTX product “bears a striking resemblance” to Plaintiffs’

4 CALIBER-L System. [Id. at ¶ 50.]

5 Plaintiffs have asserted eight patents directed to methods and devices for performing

6 spinal surgery. [Id. at ¶¶ 13–37.]

7 • U.S. Patent No. 8,357,184 (the “’184 patent”), issued January 22, 2013,

8 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Performing Spinal Surgery” [Id. at ¶ 14];

9 • U.S. Patent No. 9,050,146 (the “’146 patent”), issued June 9, 2015, entitled

10 “Method and Apparatus for Performing Spinal Surgery” [Id. at ¶ 17];

11 • U.S. Patent No. 10,660,628 (the “’628 patent”), issued May 26, 2020, entitled

12 “Minimally Disruptive Retractor and Associated Methods for Spinal Surgery”

13 [Id. at ¶ 20];

14 • U.S. Patent No. 8,556,979 (the “’979 patent”), issued October 15, 2013,

15 entitled “Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof” [Id.

16 at ¶ 23];

17 • U.S. Patent No. 8,518,120 (the “’120 patent”), issued August 27, 2013,

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entitled “Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof” [Id.

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at ¶ 26];

20 • U.S. Patent No. 9,039,771 (the “’771 patent”), issued May 26, 2015, entitled

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“Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof” [Id. at ¶ 29];

22 • U.S. Patent No. 9,204,974 (the “’974 patent”), issued December 8, 2015,

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entitled “Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof” [Id.

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at ¶ 32]; and

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• U.S. Patent No. 11,890,203 (the “’203 patent”), issued February 6, 2024,

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entitled “Expandable Fusion Device and Method of Installation Thereof” [Id.

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at ¶ 35].

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1 II. LEGAL STANDARD

2 Under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may move to

3 dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” A court

4 may dismiss “based on the lack of cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts

5 alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696,

6 699 (9th Cir. 1988). Although a complaint need contain only “a short and plain statement

7 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), to survive

8 a motion to dismiss it “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a

9 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)

10 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A complaint must

11 include something more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me

12 accusation” or “‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a

13 cause of action[.]’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). Determining whether a

14 complaint will survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is a “context-specific

15 task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common

16 sense.” Id. at 679.

17 III. DISCUSSION

18 A. Willful and Induced Infringement Require Pre-Suit Knowledge of the

19 Asserted Patents

20 A required element of both willful and induced infringement is that the accused

21 infringer knew of the asserted patents. Commil USA, LLC v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 575 U.S. 632

22 (2015) (induced infringement); WBIP, LLC v. Kohler Co., 829 F.3d 1317, 1341 (Fed. Cir.

23 2016) (willful infringement). ATEC moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ willful and induced

24 infringement claims because they fail to allege (1) any pre-suit knowledge of the ’979,

25 ’120, ’771, ’974, and ’203 patents and (2) sufficient facts to support pre-suit knowledge of

26 the ’184, ’146, and ’628 patents. [Doc. No. 11-1 at 10–11, 18–19.]

27 Courts in this district, and across the country, are split on whether an alleged

28 infringer must have knowledge of the asserted patents before the suit is filed to sustain

1 claims of induced or willful infringement. See ZapFraud, Inc. v. Barracuda Networks,

2 Inc., 528 F. Supp. 3d 247, 249 n.1 (D. Del. 2021) (compiling cases). There is no binding

3 Federal Circuit or Supreme Court precedent on this issue. After carefully considering each

4 side, the Court believes that the proper rule is that an alleged infringer must know about

5 the asserted patents before a suit is filed and that a complaint cannot provide a required

6 element of a claim for induced or willful infringement. In particular, the Court is persuaded

7 that a patentee must have a good faith basis for its claims when they are filed and it would

8 be circular to allow the complaint itself to serve as that good faith basis. The Federal

9 Circuit reasoned as much when it considered the appropriate scope of waiver resulting from

10 an advice of counsel defense:

11 [I]n ordinary circumstances, willfulness will depend on an infringer’s

prelitigation conduct. It is certainly true that patent infringement is an

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ongoing offense that can continue after litigation has commenced. However,

13 when a complaint is filed, a patentee must have a good faith basis for alleging

willful infringement. Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 8, 11(b). So a willfulness claim

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asserted in the original complaint must necessarily be grounded exclusively

15 in the accused infringer’s pre-filing conduct.

16 In re Seagate Tech., LLC, 497 F.3d 1360, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2007), abrogated on other

17 grounds by Halo Elecs., Inc. v. Pulse Elecs., Inc., 579 U.S. 93 (2016); see also ZapFraud,

18 Inc. v. Barracuda Networks, Inc., 528 F. Supp. 3d 247, 251 (D. Del. 2021) (“It seems to

19 me neither wise nor consistent with principles of judicial economy to allow court dockets

20 to serve as notice boards for future legal claims for indirect infringement and enhanced

21 damages.”).

22 1. The ’979, ’120, ’771,’974, and ’203 Patents

23 Applying this rule here, there are no specific allegations that ATEC knew of the

24 ’979, ’120, ’771, ’974, or ’203 patents before this suit. Plaintiffs’ opposition does not argue

25 otherwise. [See Doc. No. 14 at 10–14 (presenting the Complaint’s allegations of pre-suit

26 knowledge of the ’184, ’146, and ’628 patents).] And to the extent the Complaint alleges

27 that ATEC generally monitored NuVasive’s patent portfolio, [e.g. Compl. ¶¶ 61, 66],

28 “[m]ere awareness of a patent portfolio is not sufficient to show knowledge of a specific

1 patent.” Plexxikon Inc. v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., No. 17-CV-04405-HSG, 2021 WL

2 2224267, at *8 (N.D. Cal. June 2, 2021). The Court therefore GRANTS ATEC’s motion

3 to dismiss the Complaint’s induced infringement claims for the ’979, ’120, ’771, ’974, and

4 ’203 patents.

5 2. The ’184, ’146, and ’628 Patents

6 The Complaint does contain specific allegations that ATEC knew of the ’184, ’146,

7 and ’628 patents before this suit. [Compl. ¶¶ 86, 107, 126.] The crux of those allegations

8 is that four former NuVasive executives and employees—two of which are named

9 inventors on the ’628 patent—developed NuVasive products, worked at NuVasive when

10 the ’184 and ’146 patents were filed, were “involved with and aware of NuVasive’s product

11 development and patented technology,” and now work at ATEC. [Doc. No. 14 at 8–9

12 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 51–68).]

13 The Court finds that Plaintiffs’ allegations are sufficient at this stage of the case with

14 respect to the ’184 and ’146 patents. In particular, Plaintiffs allege that Patrick Miles held

15 executive leadership positions (President, COO, and Vice Chairman) at NuVasive from

16 2001–2017 and “was involved with and aware of NuVasive’s product development and

17 patented technology relating to spinal surgical systems.” [Compl. ¶¶ 52–53.] He was thus

18 an executive leader when both the ’184 and ’146 patents were issued and it is plausible he

19 knew of their existence when he became ATEC’s Executive Chairman in 2017 and later,

20 its CEO. [Id. at ¶ 55.] Plaintiffs also allege that ATEC’s Executive Vice President Brian

21 Snider previously worked at NuVasive from 2008 to 2017 and “was involved with and

22 aware of Nuvasive’s patented technology relating to spinal surgical systems. [Id. at ¶¶ 56–

23 58.] Thus, ATEC plausibly knew of the ’184 and ’146 patents via Miles and Snider. See

24 Lifetime Indus., Inc. v. Trim-Lok, Inc., 869 F.3d 1372, 1379–80 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (finding

25 plaintiff adequately pleaded knowledge by alleging knowledge of patent and patented

26 technologies by two product designers). The Court DENIES ATEC’s motion to dismiss

27 the willful infringement claims for the ’184 and ’146 patents.

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1 These same facts, however, do not plausibly allege pre-suit knowledge of the ’628

2 patent because it issued on May 26, 2020, after both Miles and Snider left NuVasive. And

3 the fact that the application leading to the ’628 patent was filed during their employment

4 with NuVasive is inconsequential because knowledge of a patent application does not

5 fulfill the knowledge element for willful infringement. See Orthopaedic Hosp. v. Encore

6 Med. L.P., No. 19-CV-970 JLS (AHG), 2022 WL 254956, at *26 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2022)

7 (collecting district court cases in the Ninth Circuit finding knowledge of a patent

8 application alone is insufficient to meet knowledge requirement); accord State Indus., Inc.

9 v. A.O. Smith Corp., 751 F.2d 1226, 1236 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (reasoning that “patent pending”

10 marking did not support willful infringement because “[f]iling a[] [patent] application is

11 no guarantee any patent will issue and a very substantial percentage of applications never

12 result in patents”).

13 Plaintiffs also rely on pre-suit knowledge of the ’628 patent via two former

14 NuVasive engineers and named inventors—James Lee and Ali Shorooghi—who joined

15 ATEC five months before the accused product was launched. [Compl. ¶¶ 59–60.] But

16 NuVasive, Inc. was the applicant and assignee on the ’628 patent, [Doc. No. 1-4 at 2], and

17 there are no allegations that Lee and Shorooghi were kept informed during the ’628 patent’s

18 prosecution or were notified of its issuance. See Grecia v. VUDU, Inc., No. 14-CV-0775-

19 EMC, 2015 WL 538486, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2015). The Court therefore GRANTS

20 ATEC’s motion to dismiss the claims of willful infringement of the ’628 patent.

21 B. The Complaint Does Not Plausibly Allege Induced Infringement

22 ATEC also moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims of induced infringement because the

23 Complaint fails to plausibly allege that ATEC intended to induce surgeons and other

24 medical providers to infringe, as shown by its marketing and training materials. Plaintiffs

25 argue that the following allegation, repeated throughout the Complaint, is sufficient:

26 ATEC’s affirmative acts of active inducement include, among other things:

(1) publishing surgical techniques, conducting organized surgical training

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courses, and engaging in other marketing activities, to promote the Accused

28 Retractor [or Spacer] Products; (2) teaching, instructing, and training surgeons

1 how to use the Accused Retractor [or Spacer] Products; and (3) supplying one

or more components of the Accused Retractor [or Spacer] Products.”

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3 [Compl. ¶¶ 78, 99, 118, 139, 157, 160, 173, 192, 210.]

4 The Federal Circuit’s “precedent has consistently held that, when a product is sold

5 with an infringing label or an infringing instruction manual, such a label is evidence of

6 intent to induce infringement.” GlaxoSmithKline LLC v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 7 F.4th

7 1320, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (compiling cases where prescription label was sufficient and

8 further describing substantial evidence supporting jury verdict included prescription label,

9 product catalogs, and press releases). ATEC’s alleged surgical trainings or materials could

10 suffice to state a claim for induced infringement. However, this material is missing from

11 Plaintiffs’ complaint. Without more, Plaintiffs’ cited allegations are formulaic “legal

12 conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations, unwarranted deductions of fact, or

13 unreasonable inferences” that the Court is not required to credit on a motion to dismiss.

14 Coppel v. SeaWorld Parks & Ent., Inc., No. 21-CV-1430-RSH-DDL, 2024 WL 5337347,

15 at *6 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2024). And without more, Plaintiffs’ reliance on cases like In re

16 Bill of Lading Transmission & Processing Sys. Pat. Litig., 681 F.3d 1323, 1341 (Fed. Cir.

17 2012) is misplaced because in those cases the complaint contained specific allegations of

18 the inducement, such as quotes from the defendant’s marketing materials.

19 The Court therefore GRANTS ATEC’s motion to dismiss the Complaint’s claims

20 for induced infringement.

21 C. Willfulness Does Not Require Egregious Conduct

22 ATEC argues that the Complaint does not allege ATEC engaged in egregious

23 conduct. [Doc. No. 11-1 at 16.] Egregious conduct is not a required element for willful

24 infringement, which the Federal Circuit has squarely held requires “no more than deliberate

25 or intentional infringement.” SRI Int’l, Inc. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 14 F.4th 1323, 1330 (Fed.

26 Cir. 2021); see also Fate Therapeutics, Inc. v. Shoreline Biosciences, Inc., 665 F. Supp. 3d

27 1214, 1226 (S.D. Cal. 2023).

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1 CONCLUSION

2 Based on the foregoing, the Court DISMISSES without prejudice (1) Plaintiffs’

3 induced infringement claims for all asserted patents and (2) Plaintiffs’ willful infringement

4 ||claims for all asserted patents except the °184 and ’146 patents. Any amended complaint

5 || must be filed by January 5, 2026.

6 Itis SO ORDERED.

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8 || Dated: December 3, 2025

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Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo

United States District Judge

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