Matthew

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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Case No.: 25-cv-01665-DMS-MSB

JACOB MATTHEW,

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Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S

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v. MOTION TO PROCEED IN FORMA

12 PAUPERIS, DENYING PLAINTIFF’S

CHRISTOPHER PALOMARES, et al.,

MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY

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Defendants. INJUNCTION, DENYING

14 PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO FILE

DOCUMENTS UNDER SEAL,

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DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION

16 TO CLARIFY EQUITABLE

STATUS, AND GRANTING

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PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR

18 LEAVE TO FILE SUPPLEMENTAL

PLEADING

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I. INTRODUCTION

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On June 30, 2025, Plaintiff Jacob Matthew, proceeding pro se, filed a Complaint for

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the seizure of his automobile on tribal land. (ECF No. 1).1 Plaintiff concurrently filed a

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Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). (ECF No.

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2). The Court found that Plaintiff was unable to pay the filing fee but dismissed the case

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1 The Complaint was docketed on July 7, 2025. However, the Court received it on June 30, 2025, in paper

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1 with leave to amend for failure to state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)’s screening

2 requirement. (ECF No. 8 at 2, 4). Plaintiff then filed his First Amended Complaint

3 (“FAC”) on July 22, 2025, which is subject to a second sua sponte review here. (FAC,

4 ECF No. 11). In addition to the FAC, Plaintiff has filed a Motion for Preliminary

5 Injunction, Motion to File Documents Under Seal, and Motion to Clarify Equitable Status.

6 (Prelim. Inj. Mot., ECF No. 10; Sealing Mot., ECF No. 12; Equitable Status Mot., ECF

7 No. 9). Plaintiff later filed an Ex Parte Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Pleading.

8 (Suppl. Pleading Mot., ECF No. 14). For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS

9 Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP, DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction,

10 DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to File Documents Under Seal, and DENIES Plaintiff’s

11 Motion to Clarify Equitable Status. The Court also GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave

12 to File Supplemental Pleading to the extent that Plaintiff files an amended complaint within

13 twenty-one (21) days of this Order incorporating the allegations contained in the Motion.

14 II. SECOND SUA SPONTE SCREENING

15 A complaint filed by any person proceeding IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) is

16 subject to mandatory sua sponte review and dismissal by the district court. “[T]he court

17 shall dismiss” a case filed IFP “at any time if the court determines that . . . the action . . .

18 (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or

19 (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C.

20 § 1915(e)(2). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that the targets of frivolous or

21 malicious suits need not bear the expense of responding.’” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d

22 903, 907 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d

23 680, 681 (7th Cir. 2012)).

24 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon

25 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of

26 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d

27 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the

28 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A complaint

1 fails to state a claim for relief under Rule 8 if the factual assertions in it, taken as true, are

2 insufficient for the reviewing court plausibly “to draw the reasonable inference that the

3 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678

4 (2009). When a judge assesses plausibility, they must draw on “judicial experience and

5 common sense.” Id. at 679.

6 Plaintiff’s FAC corrects the deficiencies identified in the Court’s prior Order. (ECF

7 No. 8 at 4). Plaintiff alleges that Defendants acted under color of state law pursuant to a

8 cross-deputization agreement between San Diego County and the San Pasqual Band of

9 Mission Indians. (FAC 3). He also appears to allege that Defendants cited him for

10 violating the California Vehicle Code because it mirrors the tribal code. (Id. at 4) (“[T]he

11 citation for tribal code 3.07(D)(e) . . . , requiring a valid state driver’s license and vehicle

12 registration, mirrors California Vehicle Code §§ 4000 and 12500, evidencing state law

13 enforcement.”). On a liberal reading of the FAC alone, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s

14 allegations are “sufficient to warrant . . . an answer.” Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113,

15 1116 (9th Cir. 2012); see also id. at 1121 (“We construe pro se complaints liberally and

16 may only dismiss a pro se complaint for failure to state a claim if it appears beyond doubt

17 that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him

18 to relief.” (quoting Silva v. Di Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090, 1101 (9th Cir. 2011))). Because

19 Plaintiff’s FAC pleads factual content that, if accepted as true, broadly states a claim for

20 relief, Plaintiff’s claims—which can be parsed through at a later juncture—survive.

21 Within twenty-one (21) days of the date of this Order, Plaintiff may file a Second

22 Amended Complaint (“SAC”) that incorporates the allegations made in Plaintiff’s

23 supplemental pleading.2 See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1131 (9th Cir. 2000) (“We

24 have noted frequently that the ‘rule favoring liberality in amendments to pleadings is

25 particularly important for the pro se litigant. Presumably unskilled in the law, the pro se

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2 Therefore, Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Pleading is GRANTED to the extent that

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1 litigant is far more prone to making errors in pleading than the person who benefits from

2 the representation of counsel.’” (quoting Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir.

3 1987))).

4 III. MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

5 Injunctive relief is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear

6 showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Nat’l Res. Def. Council, Inc.,

7 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008). “A party seeking a preliminary injunction must meet one of two

8 variants of the same standard.” All. for the Wild Rockies v. Pena, 865 F.3d 1211, 1217 (9th

9 Cir. 2017). Under the Winter standard, a party is entitled to a preliminary injunction if he

10 demonstrates (1) “that he is likely to succeed on the merits,” (2) “that he is likely to suffer

11 irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief,” (3) “that the balance of equities tips

12 in his favor,” and (4) “that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20.

13 “A plaintiff must make a showing on all four prongs to obtain a preliminary injunction.”

14 A Woman’s Friend Pregnancy Res. Clinic v. Becerra, 901 F.3d 1166, 1167 (9th Cir. 2018)

15 (citation modified).

16 Under the Ninth Circuit’s “serious questions test—a sliding scale variant of the

17 Winter test— . . . a party is entitled to a preliminary injunction if [he] demonstrates (1)

18 serious questions going to the merits, (2) a likelihood of irreparable injury, (3) a balance of

19 hardships that tips sharply towards the plaintiff, and (4) the injunction is in the public

20 interest.” Flathead-Lolo-Bitterroot Citizen Task Force v. Montana, 98 F.4th 1180, 1190

21 (9th Cir. 2024) (citation modified). “[I]f a plaintiff can only show that there are ‘serious

22 questions going to the merits’—a lesser showing than likelihood of success on the merits—

23 then a preliminary injunction may still issue if the ‘balance of hardships tips sharply in the

24 plaintiff’s favor,’ and the other two Winter factors are satisfied.” All. for the Wild Rockies,

25 865 F.3d at 1217 (quoting Shell Offshore, Inc. v. Greenpeace, Inc., 709 F.3d 1281, 1291

26 (9th Cir. 2013)). A plaintiff need only demonstrate success as to at least one of their claims

27 to receive preliminary injunctive relief. See Ozkay v. Equity Wave Lending, Inc., 2020 WL

28 12764953, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2020).

1 Plaintiff requests a preliminary injunction to remedy his alleged injuries from

2 Defendants’ conduct on June 20, 2025. (Prelim. Inj. Mot.). Specifically, he moves this

3 Court to compel the return of his vehicle, enjoin enforcement of the citation issued against

4 him, and prohibit Defendants from disclosing information related to his confidential patent

5 application. (Id. at 1). Although Plaintiff’s Motion mentions the Winter factors, Plaintiff’s

6 analysis, specifically with respect to his likely success on the merits, is sparse. Garcia v.

7 Google, Inc., 786 F.3d 733, 740 (9th Cir. 2015) (“The first factor under Winter is the most

8 important—likely success on the merits.”). At this stage in the case, there is insufficient

9 evidence in the record for Plaintiff to meet his burden on the first factor. Accordingly, the

10 Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction without prejudice. See id.

11 (“Because it is a threshold inquiry, when a plaintiff has failed to show the likelihood of

12 success on the merits, we need not consider the remaining three Winter elements.” (citation

13 modified)).

14 IV. MOTION TO SEAL

15 “Courts have long recognized ‘a general right to inspect and copy public records and

16 documents, including judicial records and documents.’” Rieckborn v. Velti PLC, 2014 WL

17 4964313, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2014) (quoting Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns Inc., 435

18 U.S. 589, 597 (1978)). However, “[t]his right is not absolute. To balance the competing

19 interests of the public’s right of access against litigants’ need for confidentiality, a party

20 seeking to file under seal materials related to dispositive motions must provide ‘compelling

21 reasons’ to do so.” Id. (quoting Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172,

22 1180 (9th Cir. 2006)). Under this standard, “a party seeking to seal materials must

23 ‘articulate compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings,’ providing the court

24 with ‘articulable facts’ identifying the particular interests favoring secrecy and showing

25 how those interests outweigh the ‘strong presumption’ favoring disclosure.” Id. (quoting

26 Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1178–81).

27 Plaintiff moves this Court to: (1) seal his pending Motion to Seal; (2) seal Exhibits

28 2 and 15 of the FAC; and (3) redact portions of the FAC discussing Plaintiff’s patent.

1 (Sealing Mot.). The “compelling reasons” standard applies because a complaint “is more

2 than tangentially related to the underlying cause of action.” Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Chrysler

3 Grp., LLC, 809 F.3d 1092, 1099 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Toppan Interamerica, Inc. v.

4 Whalen LLC, 2024 WL 3261202, at *1 (S.D. Cal. July 1, 2024) (“Here, in the Court’s

5 judgment, a motion seeking leave to amend a complaint is more than tangentially related

6 to the merits of the case because the complaint is the cornerstone of any case. Therefore,

7 the Court shall apply the ‘compelling reasons’ standard.”).

8 Plaintiff requests that his pending Motion to Seal be sealed, but provides no

9 reasoning in support; therefore, the request is denied. (See Sealing Mot. 4). Plaintiff

10 requests that Exhibits 2 and 15 of the FAC be sealed so as not to reveal “private trust

11 information, accounts, and beneficiary names.” (Id. at 2). Although Plaintiff argues that

12 the Exhibits confirm the trust’s existence, foreign status, irrevocable nature, and trustee, he

13 does not “explain how the [] documents could ‘become a vehicle for improper purposes’”

14 and therefore falls short of the compelling reasons standard. (Id. at 3); Mortg. Fund IVC

15 Tr. 2016-RN5 v. Brown, No. 2:17-cv-02309-KJD-BNW, 2020 WL 4606657, at *1 (D. Nev.

16 Aug. 11, 2020) (quoting Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179). Finally, Plaintiff requests that

17 portions of the FAC mentioning a patent be redacted to protect against harm by

18 competitors, creditors, or third parties. (Sealing Mot. 4). However, the FAC merely

19 mentions the existence of the patent without any technical description and “an unsupported

20 assertion of unfair advantage to competitors without explaining how a competitor would

21 use the information to obtain an unfair advantage is insufficient.” (FAC ¶¶ 15, 18, 37; FAC

22 9); Avalyn Pharma, Inc. v. Vincent, No. 3:20-cv-02267-RSH-KSC, 2023 WL 11891787, at

23 *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 11, 2023) (citation modified) (quoting Ochoa v. McDonald’s Corp., No.

24 14-cv-02098-JD, 2015 WL 3545921, at *1 (N.D. Cal. June 5, 2015). Accordingly, the

25 Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to File Under Seal.

26 V. CONCLUSION

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For the reasons explained above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed

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! || and orders as follows:

2 1. The United States Marshal shall serve a copy of the FAC, summons, and the

3 || Court’s Orders with respect to Plaintiff's FP Motion upon Defendants. All costs of service

4 || shall be advanced by the United States.

5 2. Plaintiff shall serve upon Defendants or, if appearance has been entered by

6 counsel, upon Defendants’ counsel, a copy of every further pleading or other document

7 || submitted for consideration of the Court. Plaintiff shall include with the original paper to

8 filed with the Clerk of the Court a certificate stating the manner in which a true and

? || correct copy of any document was served on Defendants or counsel for Defendants and the

10 || date of service. Any paper received by a district judge or magistrate judge which has not

1! |lbeen filed with the Clerk or which fails to include a Certificate of Service will be

12 disregarded.

13 The Court also DENIES Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction, DENIES

14 || Plaintiff's Motion to File Documents Under Seal, and DENIES Plaintiff's Motion to

15 Clarify Equitable Status.* The Court GRANTS Plaintiffs Motion for Leave to File

16 Supplemental Pleading to the extent that Plaintiff files an amended complaint within

17 twenty-one (21) days of this Order incorporating the allegations contained in the Motion.

18 IT IS SO ORDERED.

19 || Dated: December 1, 2025 \ S | J \

20 vr in yn.

21 Hon. Dana M. Sabraw

United States District Judge

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24 SSS

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> Plaintiff alleges that Defendants misidentified Plaintiff as “Jacob Jensen” when his real name is “Jacob

26 || Matthew.” (Equitable Status Mot.). Plaintiff contends that this action “chilled Plaintiffs expressive

assertion of his judicially affirmed identity as ‘Jacob Matthew’ .. . , undermining his trust duties and

27 causing irreparable harm.” (/d. at 2). It is unclear to the Court what kind of relief Plaintiff seeks

28 through this Motion, especially since the present action is filed in his preferred name. Accordingly,

Plaintiff's Motion to Clarify Equitable Status is DENIED.