Opinion

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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Case No. 2:25-cv-06852-HDV-MBK

11 FERNANDO HUERTA CHAVARIN,

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S

13 v. MOTION TO REMAND AND FOR

ATTORNEY’S FEES [13]

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15 GENERAL MOTORS LLC, et al.

16 Defendants.

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1 I. INTRODUCTION

2 This lemon law action arises out of Plaintiff Fernando Huerta Chavarin’s purchase of a 2024

3 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 from Diamond Chevrolet in San Bernardino. Plaintiff alleges that his

4 vehicle experienced multiple “electrical system defects” during the warranty period.

5 Before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand (“Motion”) [Dkt. 13], which asserts that the

6 removal of this case on July 25, 2025 was untimely. Plaintiff maintains that removability was clear

7 from the face of the Complaint filed in Los Angeles Superior Court [Dkt. 1-1], or, in the alternative,

8 as early as June 16, 2025, when Plaintiff made initial disclosures including the sales contract and

9 repair records.

10 For the reasons discussed below, the Court concludes that the initial Complaint did not

11 provide sufficient grounds for triggering the 30-day removal clock under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1).

12 The Complaint did not allege any facts to show that Plaintiff met the $50,000 jurisdictional

13 requirement under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (“MMWA”) for federal question jurisdiction,

14 and the bare allegation of Plaintiff’s California residency was not enough to allege domicile or

15 citizenship for diversity purposes.

16 Nor did the initial disclosures start the second 30-day removal window under section

17 1446(b)(3). These records did not provide evidence of the vehicle’s market value to calculate the

18 damages required for jurisdiction under the MMWA, and they added little to no information relevant

19 to an analysis of Plaintiff’s citizenship—certainly far less than what was required to satisfy the

20 “unequivocally clear and certain” removability standard applicable here.1

21 Because the removal was timely, the Motion is denied.

22 II. BACKGROUND

23 Plaintiff purchased a new 2024 Chevrolet Silverado 2500 (the “Vehicle”) in April 2024.

24 Complaint ¶¶ 6, 9. Plaintiff alleges the vehicle was defective and Defendant General Motors failed

25 to fulfill its warranty obligations. Id. ¶¶ 12, 14.

26 Plaintiff filed a Complaint in Los Angeles Superior Court on March 14, 2025, alleging claims

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1 Because the Motion to Remand is denied, Plaintiff’s attendant motion for attorney’s fees is also

28 denied.

1 under the California Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (“Song-Beverly”) and the federal

2 MMWA. Id. ¶¶ 8–44. The Complaint identifies Plaintiff as a resident of Perris, California, but

3 provides no further information about domicile or citizenship. Id. ¶ 2. Defendant filed its Answer

4 on April 17, 2025. Declaration of Michelle Yang in Support of Motion (“Yang Decl.”) [Dkt. 13-1]

5 ¶ 6.

6 On June 16, 2025, Plaintiff’s counsel served Defendant’s counsel with its initial disclosures

7 pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure section 871.26. See Declaration of Casey Douglas in

8 Support of Defendant’s Opposition (“Douglas Decl.”) [Dkt. 18-1] ¶ 2, Ex. A (“Initial Disclosures”)

9 [Dkt. 18-2]; Yang Decl. ¶ 7. The initial disclosures identified the Vehicle’s then-current mileage

10 (29,987 miles), its possessory owner (Plaintiff), and the location of the Vehicle (an address in Perris,

11 California). Initial Disclosures at 2. As part of those June 16 initial disclosures, Plaintiff’s counsel

12 also provided a copy of the Vehicle’s sales contract. Yang Decl. ¶ 7, Ex. 2 (“Sales Contract”) [Dkt.

13 13-3]. The Sales Contract (signed on April 28, 2024) identified Plaintiff’s specific address in Perris,

14 California, and included Plaintiff’s cell phone number—a number with a 951 area code located in

15 western Riverside County. Sales Contract at 1, 5; see Area Code 951, Wikipedia,

16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_951 (last visited Oct. 29, 2025). Finally, the initial

17 disclosures contained various repair records for the Vehicle. Douglas Decl. ¶ 2.

18 Defendant removed the case on July 25, 2025, alleging that this Court has diversity

19 jurisdiction. Notice of Removal at 3–6 [Dkt. 1]. Plaintiff filed the instant Motion on August 8,

20 2025. After full briefing, see Opposition [Dkt. 18]; Reply [Dkt. 19], the Court heard oral argument

21 on September 18, 2025, and took the matter under submission. [Dkt. 23].

22 III. LEGAL STANDARD

23 Generally, a civil action filed in state court may properly be removed if there is federal

24 subject-matter jurisdiction at the time of removal, which exists when the suit arises under federal law

25 or when the parties are diverse and the amount in controversy is over $75,000. See 28 U.S.C.

26 §§ 1441 (removal), 1331 (federal question jurisdiction), 1332 (diversity jurisdiction).

27 A notice of removal must be filed within 30 days of the initial pleading or summons if, using

28 a “reasonable amount of intelligence,” the grounds for removability can be ascertained from such

1 pleading or summons. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1); Kuxhausen v. BMW Fin. Servs. NA, 707 F.3d 1136,

2 1139–40 (9th Cir. 2013). Should the initial pleading not reveal grounds for removal, the notice of

3 removal must be filed within 30 days of the defendant receiving an “amended pleading, motion,

4 order or other paper” which displays removability on its face. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3) (emphasis

5 added); Harris v. Bankers Life & Cas. Co., 425 F.3d 689, 694 (9th Cir. 2005). Moreover, the “other

6 paper” under this section must establish that removability is “unequivocally clear and certain.”

7 Dietrich v. Boeing Co., 14 F.4th 1089, 1094 (9th Cir. 2021) (“We believe the ‘unequivocally clear

8 and certain’ test hews to the text of § 1446(b)(3).”). These 30-day time limits, although procedural

9 in nature, are mandatory, and a successful challenge to removal based on a late notice requires

10 remand. Smith v. Mylan Inc., 761 F.3d 1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2014).

11 IV. DISCUSSION

12 Plaintiff makes several interdependent arguments in support of remand. First, he argues that

13 removability was apparent from the initial Complaint based on federal question jurisdiction (given

14 the MMWA claim) and separately on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. Motion at 1, 4–7. In the

15 alternative, Plaintiff avers that the additional information provided on June 16, 2025 triggered the

16 second 30-day removal period, rendering Defendants’ removal untimely. Motion at 7; Reply at 3–4.

17 The Court addresses each removal window separately.

18 A. Removability At Initial Case Filing

19 Plaintiff first contends that removal was apparent from the face of the Complaint given the

20 inclusion of the federal MMWA claim. But the mere pleading of an MMWA cause of action is not

21 enough. The MMWA is a federal statute and so can ground federal question jurisdiction but, under

22 its express terms, only if the amount in controversy is at least $50,000. 15 U.S.C. § 2310(d)(3)(B);

23 Shoner v. Carrier Corp., 30 F.4th 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 2022).2

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2 Although the Ninth Circuit has not definitively ruled on this issue, most courts have held in this

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context that the $50,000 threshold under the MMWA has to be met exclusively by reference to

26 remedies available under that Act and cannot be satisfied by including civil penalties available under

Song-Beverly. See Critney v. Nat’l City Ford, Inc., 255 F.Supp.2d 1146, 1147–49 (S.D. Cal. 2003)

27 (holding that the MMWA threshold has to be met by aggregating MMWA claims, and not pendant

state law claims); Misel v. Mazda Motor of Am., Inc., 420 F. App’x 272, 274 (4th Cir. 2011)

28 (similar); Scarlott v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 771 F.3d 883, 887–88 (5th Cir. 2014) (similar); Ansari v.

1 Plaintiff’s Complaint failed to include any allegation that he is entitled to more than $50,000,

2 nor did it allege any other facts (i.e., sales price, market value, etc.) that would have given Defendant

3 notice that his claims were worth more than the amount in controversy required under the MMWA.

4 Plaintiff’s argument that the caption and Civil Case Cover Sheet invoked the state court’s unlimited

5 jurisdiction, indicating that he was seeking damages above $35,000, Motion at 6, is similarly off the

6 mark—$35,000 does not meet the jurisdictional threshold. So, too, is Plaintiff’s contention that

7 Defendant should have known the market value of vehicles it sells. Motion at 6–7. Indeed, the

8 Ninth Circuit has explicitly held that a defendant is “not obligated to supply information which

9 [Plaintiff] ha[s] omitted,” including guesses as to the price of cars the defendant manufactures. See

10 Kuxhausen, 707 F.3d at 1141.

11 Plaintiff’s diversity-related argument fails for the same reason. Even considering the double

12 civil penalties available under the Song-Beverly Act, the initial Complaint failed to allege any facts

13 to show that the $75,000 (diversity-related) amount in controversy was met.

14 Plaintiff’s diversity argument also fails because the allegations of Plaintiff’s California

15 residency in the Complaint do not set forth Plaintiff’s domicile or citizenship. While it is certainly

16 true that, “[a]t minimum, a person’s residence constitutes some evidence of domicile,” Adams v. W.

17 Marine Prods., Inc., 958 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th Cir. 2020), “the diversity jurisdiction statute, 28

18 U.S.C. § 1332, speaks of citizenship, not of residency.” Kanter v. Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d

19 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001). “The natural person’s state citizenship is then determined by her state of

20 domicile, not her state of residence. A person’s domicile is her permanent home, where she resides

21 with the intention to remain or to which she intends to return.” Id. (citation omitted). “A person

22 residing in a given state is not necessarily domiciled there, and thus is not necessarily a citizen of

23 that state.” Id. (citation omitted); see also Ehrman v. Cox Commc’ns, Inc., 932 F.3d 1223, 1227 (9th

24 Cir. 2019) (“[R]esidency is not equivalent to citizenship.”).

25 Moreover, the Court concludes that, after Harris v. Bankers Life and Cas. Co., 425 F.3d 689

26 (9th Cir. 2005), a plaintiff’s mere allegation of residency in a complaint is not enough to trigger the

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28 Bella Auto. Grp., Inc., 145 F.3d 1270, 1272 (11th Cir. 1998) (similar).

1 30-day removal clock under section 1446(b)(1). Although Harris is sometimes distinguished on the

2 ground that the plaintiff there was alleging the prior residency of a defendant (as opposed to the

3 plaintiff’s own current residency), the Ninth Circuit was in fact quite clear and unequivocal in its

4 holding that the bare allegation of residency was insufficient to establish citizenship for purposes of

5 removability analysis under section 1446(b):

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We join with the other circuits that have adopted the same approach to indeterminate

7 pleadings—the ground for removal must be revealed affirmatively in the initial

pleading in order for the first thirty-day clock under § 1446(b) to begin.

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Applying this interpretation of § 1446(b), we quickly resolve that Bankers’ removal

9 of this case was timely. The face of Harris’ initial pleading did not affirmatively

reveal information to trigger removal based on diversity jurisdiction because the

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initial pleading only stated Brown’s 1972 residency, not his citizenship, and certainly

11 not his citizenship as of the filing of the complaint.

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Harris, 425 F.3d at 695. Here, because the Complaint was silent on the key issue of Plaintiff’s

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domicile, the Court feels compelled by Harris to find that removability was not affirmatively

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revealed at the time of the initial filing.3

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16 3 The Court acknowledges the split among various district courts in this circuit on the question of

whether a plaintiff’s bare allegation of residency starts the removal clock. Compare Rubio v. CVS

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Pharmacy, Inc., No. EDCV 25-106-KK-DTBx, 2025 WL 732837, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2025)

18 (removal clock under Section 1446 did not begin because “based on the FAC and settlement

demand, Defendants only knew Plaintiff was a resident of California”); Brady v. Kohl’s, Inc.,

19 No. LA-CV-2203427-SPG-PD, 2022 WL 4104627, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2022) (inclusion of

California address in complaint not enough to ascertain basis for removal because “residency, alone,

20 without evidence of an intention to make a certain definite place one’s permanent abode, does not

give rise to citizenship for the purposes of diversity jurisdiction”) (internal citation omitted); Crisp-

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Stoot v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. CV-18-10694-PSG-PJWx, 2019 WL 1307735, at *2–4 (C.D.

22 Cal. Mar. 22, 2019) (finding responses to RFAs stating that plaintiff was a resident of California not

enough to start removal clock under section 1446); Cioffi v. Solomon, No. C-14-04139-RMW, 2014

23 WL 6679555, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 21, 2014) (“Plaintiff’s initial complaint did not trigger the first

thirty-day window for removal because it only disclosed plaintiff’s residency, not his citizenship.”)

24 with Crescencio v. Ford Motor Co., No. CV 24-10946-MWF-BFMx, 2025 WL 1122096, at *2 (C.D.

Cal. Apr. 9, 2025) (holding that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, “diversity of citizenship

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was affirmatively revealed on the face of the Complaint” that only pleaded residence, not domicile);

26 Hernandez v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 8:25-CV-00276-FWS-ADS, 2025 WL 914758, at *3 (C.D.

Cal. Mar. 26, 2025) (“Defendant also contends removal was timely because diversity of citizenship

27 was not clear until Defendant performed an investigation confirming that Plaintiff’s alleged

California residence was also Plaintiff’s citizenship. The Court is not persuaded.”); Pulcini v. Ford

28 Motor Co., No. 2:24-CV-08846-JLS-AS, 2024 WL 4836469, at *3–4 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2024)

1 B. Removability on June 16

2 Next, Plaintiff argues that, at the very latest, its June 16 disclosures qualified as an “other

3 paper” under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3) sufficient to start the 30-day removal clock because they

4 “unequivocally” showed that the $50,000/$75,000 thresholds had been exceeded. Motion at 7;

5 Reply at 3–4. These disclosures included the Vehicle’s sales contract, several repair orders, and a

6 written disclosure of the current mileage. Douglas Decl. ¶ 2; Initial Disclosures at 2. The sales

7 contract revealed that the cash price of the Vehicle and accessories was $72,815.00. Sales Contract

8 at 1–2. It also showed that the total cash price (including collateral charges and sales tax, theft

9 deterrent devices and surface protection products, a service contract, and a debt cancellation

10 agreement or guaranteed asset protection financing) was $89,014.05; that Plaintiff made a down

11 payment of $3,914.00; and that he financed $86,213.05, incurring financing charges of $33,754.70—

12 for a total cost of $123,881.75. Id.

13 As to the MMWA claim, the Court concludes that the initial disclosures did not meet the

14 “unequivocally clear and certain” standard for removability under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3). Although

15 the sales contract contained additional information relevant to damages, the MMWA theory of

16 damages most applicable here—California Commercial Code section 2713—provides for

17 “diminished value” damages defined as the “difference between the market price at the time when

18 the buyer learned of the breach and the contract price together with any incidental and consequential

19 damages.” Cal. Comm. Code § 2713(1). That calculation simply could not be made on the basis of

20 the information contained in the initial disclosures because the Defendant had neither the market

21 price at the time of the defect, nor full information about the current condition of the car, and did not

22 have any other information relating to the incidental and consequential damages. Indeed, even if it

23 had applied a calculation using a Song-Beverly formula, the damages would have come to less than

24 $50,000. See infra note 4.

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26 (distinguishing Harris and finding that diversity jurisdiction existed based on allegations of

residency, and removal clock therefore commenced upon receipt of the complaint). However, while

27 each district court must make its own determination based on the facts and the applicable law, this

Court concludes that Harris controls on this record and finds that a mere allegation of residency is

28 not enough to start the removal clock under section 1446(b).

1 As to the Song-Beverly claim—upon which the Plaintiff relies for his diversity jurisdiction

2 argument—the information provided on June 16 did give Defendant enough information to know

3 that the $75,000 amount in controversy had been met when considering the double civil penalties

4 available under that statute.4

5 But Plaintiff’s argument on the timeliness of Defendant’s diversity-based removal

6 nonetheless fails because the June 16 disclosures do not establish Plaintiff’s domicile or citizenship

7 for purposes of making removability “unequivocally clear and certain” under section 1446(b)(3).

8 While the disclosures did for the first time reveal Plaintiff’s exact address in Perris, California,

9 identified the repairs in California, and included a cell phone number that ties back to San

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4 Defendant argues that even Song-Beverly civil penalties were still indeterminate. It cavils that it

12 cannot calculate the mileage offset because Plaintiff’s initial disclosures did not certify that the

repair records were complete or identify which presentation for repairs was the first relevant one.

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Opposition at 6, 17–18. But the initial disclosures did include the Vehicle’s current mileage, see

Initial Disclosures at 2, which is necessarily an upper bound on the mileage at the time of the first

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relevant repair. Using this mileage of 29,987, the amount of the mileage offset is calculated by

15 dividing by 120,000 and then multiplying by the “actual price of the new motor vehicle paid or

payable by the buyer, including any charges for transportation and manufacturer-installed options.”

16 See Cal. Civ. Code § 1793.2(d)(2)(C) (setting out mileage offset formula). It is not totally clear what

line items should be included in the “actual price” in this formula, but even using the total sales price

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of $123,881.75—and thereby calculating the largest possible mileage offset, most favorable to

18 Defendant’s argument that the amount in controversy was not clearly met from the initial

disclosures—the mileage offset is $30,957.02.

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Similarly, Defendant argues that Plaintiff did not provide loan payment history until July 27, 2025,

20 and thus Defendant could not calculate any additional statutory offsets, including the unpaid

financing offset, until after this date. Opposition at 6, 18. But again, to use the number most

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favorable to Defendant that was obvious from Plaintiff’s initial disclosures, the cash price of the

22 Vehicle and accessories alone, without any financing charges, any third-party optional equipment or

contracts, or any negative equity incorporated from prior vehicles, was $72,815.00.

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Subtracting the upper bound mileage offset from the lower bound price paid or payable, Plaintiff’s

24 actual restitution damages under Song-Beverly were still at least $41,857.98. But Plaintiff is

seeking, inter alia, civil penalties of twice this amount (so $83,715.96) on top of this. Complaint at

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6; Cal. Civ. Code § 1794(c); see also Ladd v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, No. 2:25-cv-02879-HDV-

26 BFM, 2025 WL 2081572, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 24, 2025) (“[W]hile far from a certainty, civil

penalties are a key component of the relief sought in Song-Beverly actions, and they are undoubtedly

27 part of what is at stake in the litigation.”). Thus, even from the most conservative numbers on the

face of Plaintiff’s initial disclosures, the amount in controversy is easily met, and it was

28 unequivocally clear and certain that the case was removable.

1 || Bernardino County, see Initial Disclosures; Sales Contract, they offered almost nothing bearing on

2 || the central issue of Plaintiff's intention to remain in California. See Kanter, 265 F.3d at 857.

3 || Domiciliary analysis is a question of fact that turns on many factors, including “current residence,

4 | voting registration and voting practices, location of personal and real property, location of brokerage

5 | and bank accounts, location of spouse and family, membership in unions and other organizations,

6 || place of employment or business, driver’s license and automobile registration, and payment of

7 | taxes.” Lew v. Moss, 797 F.2d 747, 750 (9th Cir. 1986). The disclosures offered almost nothing on

8 || these factors except for confirmation of residence, vehicle location, and, perhaps, the inference that

9 | Plaintiff has lived in California for over a year. That is not enough. The Ninth Circuit has

10 | emphasized that the “unequivocally clear and certain” standard under section 1446(b)(3) is a “high

11 | bar.” Blumberger v. Tilley, 115 F.4th 1113, 1122 (9th Cir. 2024). The June 16 disclosures fail to

12 | meet this high standard for removability.°

13 | V. CONCLUSION

14 For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s removal was timely and Plaintiff’s Motion is denied.

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16 | Dated: October 29, 2025

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18 Hernan D. Vera

United States District Judge

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> The Court has identified one recent case where the plaintiff’s extensive time living in California in

24 | large part satisfied this standard. See Rubio, 2025 WL 732837, at *2 (“[I]t was not until Defendants

5 received Plaintiffs responses to [defendant’s interrogatories] on December 16, 2024, indicating,

among other things, Plaintiff resided in Rancho Cucamonga, California since 2005, that it became

26 || ‘unequivocally clear and certain’ Plaintiff's citizenship was in California and Defendants had

grounds for removal based on diversity jurisdiction.”). Obviously, there is some point after which it

27 || isreasonable to infer (even under the high bar applicable here) that a party’s lengthy period of

residency equates to an intent to stay. But the facts here come nowhere close to the nearly 20 years

28 | of residency in Rubio.