State of New Jersey v. Alterik Ellis

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NOS. A-1796-22

A-1797-22

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

ALTERIK ELLIS, a/k/a

ALTERIK TERRELL ELLIS,

ALTERIK REEK, and

LATERIK REEK,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

TRAVIS DEFOE, a/k/a

ALAN WILSON and

MESIAH BLACKWELL,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Argued (A-1796-22) and Submitted (A-1797-22)

October 7, 2025 – Decided October 23, 2025

Before Judges Firko, Perez Friscia and Vinci.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law

Division, Hudson County, Indictment No. 19-01-0118.

Stephen W. Kirsch, Designated Counsel, argued the

cause for appellant Alterik Ellis in A-1796-22 (Jennifer

N. Sellitti, Public Defender, attorney; Stephen W.

Kirsch, on the brief).

Jennifer N. Sellitti, Public Defender, attorney for

appellant Travis Defoe in A-1797-22 (Amira R.

Scurato, Designated Counsel, on the brief).

Patrick F. Galdieri, II, Special Deputy Attorney

General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause

for respondent State of New Jersey (Wayne Mello,

Acting Hudson County Prosecutor, attorney; Patrick F.

Galdieri, II, of counsel and on the briefs).

PER CURIAM

In these back-to-back appeals, which we have consolidated for the purpose

of writing one opinion, defendants Alterik Ellis and Travis Defoe challenge their

convictions and sentences for murder, conspiracy to commit murder, aggravated

assault, and theft. Each defendant was sentenced to an aggregate term of thirty -

five years' imprisonment. Because the court erred in instructing the jury on

accomplice liability, we reverse defendants' convictions and remand for a new

trial or further proceedings.

A-1796-22

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I.

A Hudson County grand jury returned a sixteen count indictment, number

19-01-0118, charging Ellis with the following offenses: first-degree murder,

N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) or (2) (count one); first-degree conspiracy to commit

murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a)(1) (count two); three counts of second-degree

aggravated assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(1) (counts three through five); second-

degree possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a)(1)

(count six); second-degree unlawful possession of a handgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-

5(b)(1) (count seven); and third-degree theft, N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3(a) (count eight).

Defoe was charged in the same sixteen-count indictment in counts nine

through sixteen with the same offenses as Ellis: first-degree murder (count

nine); first-degree conspiracy to commit murder (count ten); three counts of

second-degree aggravated assault (counts eleven, twelve, and thirteen); second -

degree possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose (count fourteen); second-

degree unlawful possession of a handgun (count fifteen); and third -degree theft

(count sixteen).

Defendants were tried together over the course of eleven days. At the

close of the State's case, Ellis moved for a judgment of acquittal on all eight

A-1796-22

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counts against him. The court granted the motion as to counts three, four, five,

and seven, but denied the motion as to counts one, two, six, and eight.

Defoe also moved for a judgment of acquittal on all eight counts against

him. The court granted the motion as to counts eleven, twelve, thirteen, and

fifteen, but denied the motion as to counts nine, ten, fourteen, and sixteen.

The jury found Ellis guilty on counts one, two, six, and eight, and Defoe

guilty on counts nine, ten, fourteen, and sixteen. Defendants moved for a new

trial and a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The court denied both motions.

At Ellis's sentencing, the court imposed a thirty-five-year term with a

thirty-year parole disqualifier on count one; a twenty-year term, with an eighty-

five percent period of parole ineligibility under the No Early Release Act

(NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, on count two; a seven-year term with a three-year

parole disqualifier on count six; and a four-year term on count eight. The

sentences on counts two, six, and eight were all concurrent to the sentence

imposed on count one.

At Defoe's sentencing, the court imposed a thirty-five-year term with a

thirty-year parole disqualifier on count nine; a twenty-year term with an eighty-

five percent period of parole ineligibility under NERA on count ten; a seven-

year term with a three-year parole disqualifier on count fourteen; and a four-

A-1796-22

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year term on count sixteen. The sentences on counts ten, fourteen, and sixteen

were all concurrent to the sentence imposed on count nine. The court issued

judgments of conviction (JOC). Defoe's JOC was amended to reflect his proper

jail credits. These two appeals followed.

On appeal, Ellis raises the following contentions:

POINT I

THE MOTION FOR A JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL

ON THE HOMICIDE, CONSPIRACY, AND

UNLAWFUL-PURPOSE WEAPONS COUNTS

SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED BECAUSE

THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE IN THE

STATE'S CASE TO PROVE THOSE CHARGES

UNDER STATE V. REYES1 AND STATE V.

LODZINSKI.2

POINT II

DESPITE THE FACT THAT THERE WAS NO

FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE BEFORE THE JURY

THAT LINKED DEFENDANT OR THE

CO[-]DEFENDANT TO THE TOYOTA CAMRY

THAT THE STATE CLAIMED WAS THE VEHICLE

IN WHICH THE SHOOTER AND HIS

ACCOMPLICE DROVE TO AND FROM THE

SCENE, THE JUDGE IMPROPERLY PREVENTED

DEFENSE COUNSEL FROM ARGUING THAT

FACT TO THE JURY IN SUMMATION.

1

50 N.J. 454 (1967).

2

467 N.J. Super. 447 (App. Div. 2019) (Lodzinski I); 246 N.J. 331 (2021)

(Lodzinski II); and 249 N.J. 116 (2021) (Lodzinski III).

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POINT III

THE PROSECUTOR STEPPED FAR OUTSIDE THE

BOUNDS OF PROPRIETY WHEN HE BADLY

MISSTATED THE TESTIMONY OF THE ONLY

EYEWITNESS IN THE CASE, OVER THE

OBJECTION OF DEFENSE COUNSEL.

POINT IV

THE TRIAL JUDGE IMPROPERLY BARRED THE

DEFENSE FROM QUESTIONING A LAW

ENFORCEMENT WITNESS ABOUT HIS PENDING

INVESTIGATION FOR MISCONDUCT ON THE

JOB, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE PENDING

INVESTIGATION MIGHT AFFECT THE JURY'S

EVALUATION OF HIS BIAS AND CREDIBILITY

AS A WITNESS.

POINT V

DESPITE HAVING PROVIDED THE JURY WITH

INSTRUCTIONS ON LESSER-INCLUDED

HOMICIDE OFFENSES, THE JUDGE'S

INSTRUCTIONS ON ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY

FAILED TO CONVEY THE CRITICAL PRINCPLE,

FROM STATE V. BIELKIEWICZ,3 THAT AN

ACCOMPLICE AND A PRINCIPAL CAN BE

GUILTY OF DIFFERENT HOMICIDE OFFENSES

DEPENDING ON THEIR INDIVIDUAL STATES OF

MIND; IN FACT, THOSE INSTRUCTIONS FAILED

TO TELL THE JURY AT ALL THAT THE CONCEPT

OF ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY APPLIED TO ANY

HOMICIDE OFFENSE OTHER THAN MURDER.

(NOT RAISED BELOW)

3

267 N.J. Super. 520 (App. Div. 1993).

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POINT VI

THE JURY INSTRUCTIONS ON CONSPIRACY TO

COMMIT MURDER FAILED TO RESTRICT THOSE

CONSPIRACIES TO AGREEMENTS TO

PURPOSELY KILL, INSTEAD EXPANDING THE

DEFINITION OF THE CRIME TOO FAR TO

INCLUDE AGREEMENTS TO KNOWINGLY KILL

OR TO PURPOSELY OR KNOWINGLY

SERIOUSLY INJURE SOMEONE. (NOT RAISED

BELOW)

POINT VII

DEFENDANT'S CONVICTIONS SHOULD BE

REVERSED FOR CUMULATIVE ERROR. (NOT

RAISED BELOW)

POINT VIII

DEFENDANT'S CONVICTIONS FOR

CONSPIRACY AND POSSESSION OF A WEAPON

FOR AN UNLAWFUL PURPOSE SHOULD HAVE

BEEN MERGED INTO HIS MURDER

CONVICTION. (NOT RAISED BELOW)

Defoe raises the following contentions:

POINT I

DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL BY THE JUDGE'S

FAILURE TO ENSURE THAT THE JURY VERDICT

MET THE EVIDENTIAL STANDARD MANDATED

BY OUR CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE

AND COURT RULES. U.S. CONST. AMENDS. V

AND XIV, N.J. CONST. ART. I, [¶ ¶] 1, 9, AND 10.

A-1796-22

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POINT II

DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL BY A FAULTY

ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY JURY CHARGE THAT

FAILED TO PROPERLY INSTRUCT THE JURY

THAT DEFENDANT COULD BE LIABLE FOR A

LESSER OFFENSE THAN THE PRINCIPAL. U.S.

CONST. AMENDS. V and XIV, N.J. CONST. ART. I,

[¶ ¶] 1, 9, AND 10. (NOT RAISED BELOW)

POINT III

DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL BY A FAULTY

CONSPIRACY JURY CHARGE AS TO MURDER.

(NOT RAISED BELOW)

POINT IV

DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN THE JUDGE

REFUSED DISCOVERY REQUESTS AND

REFUSED TO ALLOW CROSS-EXAMINATION OF

POLICE WITNESSES AS TO THE FBI'S

INVESTIGATIONS INTO THEIR MISCONDUCT.

POINT V

DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN THE

ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR MISSTATED THE

SOLE LAY WITNESS'[S] TESTIMONY IN HIS

SUMMATION.

A-1796-22

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POINT VI

DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN THE TRIAL

COURT REFUSED TO ALLOW DEFENSE

COUNSEL TO ARGUE IN SUMMATION FAIR

COMMENT THAT THE STATE HAD FAILED TO

CARRY ITS BURDEN OF PROVING THE

OFFENSES BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT

BECAUSE IT FAILED TO PRODUCE ANY

EVIDENCE CONNECTING DEFENDANTS TO THE

[TWENTY-SIX] FINGERPRINTS FOUND IN THE

CAR.

POINT VII

THE TRIAL JUDGE ERRED IN FAILING TO

MERGE CONSPIRACY AND POSSESSION OF A

WEAPON FOR AN UNLAWFUL PURPOSE INTO

THE MURDER CONVICTION. (NOT RAISED

BELOW)

POINT VIII

DEFENDANT'S CONVICTIONS SHOULD BE

REVERSED FOR CUMULATIVE ERROR.

II.

These cases stem from the death of seventeen-year-old J.S.,4 who died as

a result of a drive-by shooting in Jersey City. Detective Michael Burgess of the

Jersey City Police Department (JCPD) testified that on October 26, 2018, at

4

We use initials to protect the identities of the victims. N.J.S.A. 2A:82-46(d).

A-1796-22

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approximately 11:30 p.m., he was dispatched to a report of gunshots fired at 76

Brinkerhoff Street. J.S.'s "lifeless" body was lying in a pool of blood "right

behind the front door" of the apartment building located at 76 Brinkerhoff Street.

When he arrived at the scene, Burgess was directed to a "dark colored"

car parked on the north side of Brinkerhoff Street, which had been detained with

four occupants: Jayden Boyd, Addison Bansraj, Dionte Spell, and Lomell

Farmer. According to Burgess, the four individuals were "patted down for

weapons" and temporarily secured. Burgess did not note the make or model of

the dark colored car, and the police radio recordings of that night were not

preserved. A second victim, S.W., who had been in apartment one at 76

Brinkerhoff, was taken from the scene by ambulance.

Detective Scott Rogers of the JCPD testified he responded to the scene

and when he arrived, there were already police officers at the scene, including:

Officer Melange Ramirez, Officer Yabir Singh, Officer Wiggins, Officer

Robertson, Lieutenant Timmins, 5 and Burgess. He noticed that there was a

"small crowd in front at 76 Brinkerhoff," and J.S.'s body was inside the vestibule

5

The record does not contain the first names for Wiggins, Robertson, and

Timmins.

A-1796-22

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"on her side" with her feet toward the exit door and her head toward the interior

of the vestibule.

Rogers testified that he spoke to, among others, four females who were at

the scene: Keshana West, Zakeda Holmes, Sierra Wright, and Yasmia Johnson.

He obtained their contact information before they were transported to the "West

District." Rogers also spoke with S.W. (the alleged victim in counts four and

twelve) and Gregory Lampkin, but he did not obtain their contact information.

Detective Daniel Bellini of the Hudson County Prosecutor's Office

(HCPO) testified that in October 2018, he was assigned to the Crime Scene Unit.

At approximately 11:50 p.m., he was called and told by Detective Matthew

Kickey, also of HCPO's Crime Scene Unit, "that there was a female who was

shot and eventually pronounced deceased." He had arrived at the scene together

with Detective Maegan Larsen, also of the HCPO Crime Scene Unit, at

approximately 12:55 a.m. He explained that "[i]t was raining heavily," and it

was windy, cold, and "the lighting issues were poor."

Upon arrival Bellini observed several shell casings in the roadway of

Brinkerhoff Street. He testified that nine-millimeter shell casings were

recovered from the street outside 76 Brinkerhoff, one projectile from the

vestibule, and one projectile fragment. Bellini noted that multiple "apparent

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projectile defect[s]" were found on the building and on the stairs leading up to

the building. He testified that the recovered spent casings had "the head stamp

PMC .9-millimeter Luger." No gun was recovered, but the police found a black

T-Mobile cell phone and a white Apple iPhone at the scene. Bellini also

observed J.S.'s body in the entryway vestibule. According to Bellini, "[J.S.] was

laying on the ground on her side in the fetal position."

Bellini stated that a cigarette butt was found near one of the shell casings,

but it was not seized. Bellini also testified that the police did not insert a

"protrusion rod" into any of the bullet holes or projectile defects to determine

the trajectory of the gunfire.

On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Bellini if he was "currently

under investigation by the [FBI]." The State objected and, at sidebar, explained

that Bellini was under investigation in an unrelated matter. Defense counsel

argued that the inquiry was relevant because Bellini was "under investigation

relating to his ability to handle and properly store evidence, which goes to the

heart of his role in this case." Defense counsel argued that the inquiry related

to Bellini's credibility, bias, and motive, claiming that Bellini, who had already

been "demoted," had "every incentive in this case to testify exactly how the State

wants him [to], whether or not it is, in fact, the truth in this case."

A-1796-22

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Still at sidebar, the State argued that the line of questioning was improper

because it involved an ongoing investigation with no finding of wrongdoing.

Further, the State argued that Bellini was entitled to the presumption of

innocence, and "under the law a witness' credibility may only be impeached by

specific instances of sustained finding of misconduct." The court, after

confirming that the investigation had nothing to do with defendants' case, stated

that the defense did not provide it with anything to justify the proposed line of

questioning, sustained the State's objection, and told the jury to disregard the

question.

Jovette Brown, supervisor of the JCPD's CCTV 6 Unit, testified about the

system of civilian cameras in various Jersey City locations. As supervisor, she

monitored the CCTV cameras throughout the city and handled requests for

footage from the police, the prosecutor's office, and civilians. She explai ned

that there are more than two hundred cameras in various locations throughout

Jersey City, divided into North, West, East, and South districts. The cameras

record twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and the CCTV system was

in good working order in October 2018.

6

CCTV stands for "closed caption television."

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Detective Risheem Whitten of the HCPO testified that in October 2018,

he was a member of the Crime Scene Unit (CSU). As part of his investigation

into J.S.'s shooting, Whitten processed a 1999 white Toyota Camry, bearing

New Jersey license plate number Y75 JZT, for evidence. Whitten stated that

twenty-six fingerprints were lifted from the inside, the outside, and from items

within the Camry. Ten of the twenty-six prints were taken from the passenger's

side of the vehicle, including the door handle. He clarified that none of the

fingerprints were lifted from the gearshift lever, and the lever was not swabbed

for DNA.

Whitten also testified that he recovered "a burnt marijuana roach" from

the Camry. Whitten stated that he did not process a cigar wrapper found in the

Camry, and that no firearm or ammunition was recovered from the vehicle.

Detective Anthony Espaillat of the HCPO testified that in October 2018,

he was assigned to the CSU. As part of the investigation, Espaillat met with the

registered owner of the Camry, Son Doan, and took comparison fingerprints,

palm prints, and a buccal swab from Doan.

On July 7, 2022, the State moved for a mistrial based on defense counsel's

questioning of Bellini, specifically, whether he was under investigation by the

FBI. In denying the State's motion for a mistrial, the court held:

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There was an objection at the time, it was

sustained. The jury was told . . . to disregard the

question. And there was no response to the question.

[The court] presume[s] a tactical decision was

made not to ask the [c]ourt for any further instruction

at the time. It [was not] an appropriate question, bad

form, but [the court does not] think a mistrial is

warranted. [The] matter is somewhat distinguishable

from [Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497 (1978),]

. . . . This was asked in conjunction with a number of

other questions on . . . cross. It was a somewhat fleeting

moment that was corrected to the extent possible.

The . . . [c]ourt will consider any curative

instruction that the State might want it to give the jury

at the end of this case, but [the court does] not believe,

under the circumstances, a mistrial is warranted.

Doan testified with the aid of a Vietnamese interpreter. In September

through October 2018, Doan stated he owned a 1999 Toyota Camry, the same

vehicle that Tacora Gordon had identified as one of the two white cars on

Brinkerhoff Street at the time of the shooting. In September 2018, Doan's Camry

went missing and he reported it stolen. Doan explained that he left his Camry

in a restaurant parking lot, he went into the restaurant to pick up food, and then

when he returned ten to fifteen minutes later, the car was gone.

On October 30, 2018, Doan met with HCPO detectives, and his Camry

was returned to him. Doan testified that he did not recall if he left the keys in

the car, but it was later stipulated that he had. Doan also testified that most of

A-1796-22

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the items found in the car belonged to him, but said that although he was a

smoker, he never used the ashtray in the car.

Dr. Gregory Conti, assistant medical examiner at the Northern Regional

Medical Examiner's Office, was qualified as an expert in the field of forensic

pathology and testified for the State. Dr. Conti testified J.S.'s cause of death

was a gunshot wound to the head and determined that the manner of death was

homicide. He explained that a projectile entered the left side of J.S.'s head,

"slightly above the ear within the scalp hair," and exited the right side of the

head "between the ear and the cheek." The direction of the projectile was "left

to right and downwards."

Tamika Ginn, a forensic scientist employed by the New Jersey State

Police Office of Forensic Science, was qualified as an expert in the field of

forensic serology and testified for the State. Ginn explained that she received

items in connection with the investigation into the shooting death of J.S. for

analysis; specifically, a steering wheel cover and "a marijuana roach ." Ginn

"swabbed each item for potential skin cells," and submitted the swabbings to the

DNA laboratory for further analysis.

Christopher Szymkowiak, a forensic DNA analyst employed by the New

Jersey State Police Office of Forensic Science, was qualified as an expert in the

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field of DNA analysis and testified for the State. Szymkowiak compared the

DNA recovered from the steering wheel cover and the marijuana roach to the

reference sample from Doan, the Camry's owner, and reference samples from

defendants. The sample taken from the steering wheel cover was "not suitable

for comparisons." Szymkowiak's analysis excluded both defendants as possible

matches for the DNA recovered from the marijuana roach.

Detective John Mikhail of the HCPO testified that he showed Gordon a

video of CCTV footage, which depicted the area of Monticello Avenue and

Brinkerhoff Street at 11:33 p.m. Gordon was also shown still photos from the

footage.

Detective Matthew Svorinic, of the HCPO Technical Assistance Response

Unit, testified that he obtained eighteen surveillance videos from various private

and commercially owned cameras that were along the route travelled by a white

car. Out of the eighteen videos, seven had accurate time stamps. Svorinic

explained that he determined whether the DVR's time stamps were fast or slow

by using a phone application.

Detective Paul Grosso of the HCPO Technical Assistance Response Unit

testified that he also retrieved some surveillance videos. Grosso also testified

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there were time discrepancies in some of the videos. Detective John Skolnick

of the HCPO Technical Services Unit also retrieved some surveillance videos .

Detective Emiliano Fuda of the Port Authority Police retrieved PATH

train videos from Newark Penn Station and Journal Square.

Guershon Cherilien of the HCPO testified that on November 5, 2018, he

conducted a search of 16-20 Lexington Avenue, apartment 4C, in Jersey City,

where Ellis resided. Cherilien seized a dark hooded polo jacket with a zipper.

On cross-examination, Cherilien testified that no guns or drugs were seized from

Ellis's residence.

Gordon was called as a State's witness. Gordon testified that she resided

on the second floor of the three-story building at 76 Brinkerhoff. However, on

the night of the incident, Gordon was on the third floor, and her brother Asmar

Gordon was on the porch. When asked whether her brother was with anyone,

she responded, "I heard noise. It was females, it was males, yes. He was outside

with people."

Gordon testified that she heard gunfire shortly after 11:30 p.m. and

thought she heard more than five gunshots. After hearing the gunfire, she ran

to the third-floor window where she saw three vehicles: two white cars and one

black car. Gordon testified that she did not remember "exactly," but she saw

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"two white cars," and saw "someone hanging mid waist" from the window of

one of the white cars and shooting.

Gordon acknowledged giving a statement to the HCPO within a few days

of the incident. She was shown a picture of a white Camry and testified it was

"the white car that I [saw] on the block that day," but was not sure if it was the

car she saw the individual hanging out of while shooting, because she had seen

two white cars on the street that day. She explained, "I [am] not sure whether it

was the . . . white Pontiac or the white [Camry] that you guys actually showed

me."

Gordon also testified that she saw one of the white cars drive towards

Bergen Avenue. When Gordon was provided with a copy of her statement to

the HCPO to refresh her recollection, she testified she told the HCPO that th e

white car went toward Bergen: "Yes. I said towards Bergen. You go straight,

it turns into another block, which is Bentley."

Detective Michael Giannini of the HCPO Homicide Unit testified that he

was involved in the investigation into the shooting death of J.S. As part of the

investigation, he met with Defoe on November 1, 2018. Giannini identified

Defoe's arrest photograph, which had been taken that same day, and explained

that based on his observations of Defoe, it fairly and accurately depicted his

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appearance. Giannini testified that at the time of Defoe's arrest on November 1,

2018, Defoe was wearing gray sweatpants and black, gray, and yellow Air Max

sneakers.

Giannini also testified that as part of his investigation, he had an

opportunity to observe Ellis on November 5, 2018. Giannini identified a

photograph of Ellis taken that day, which fairly and accurately depicted his

appearance.

During his summation, the prosecutor played some of the surveillance

videos for the jury, while narrating what he believed the videos depicted. The

prosecutor explained that at 11:19 p.m., two men, whom he identified as Ellis

and Defoe, were seen in a video from the Bergen and Lexington apartments

"walking together." The prosecutor described defendants as "virtually in

lockstep with one another walking down the street, eventually to go get the car."

The prosecutor submitted that the video demonstrated that defendants were

"together" and "walking with purpose," which was "evidence of a plan, evidence

of a conspiracy."

At 11:22 p.m., defendants are seen on the video on the opposite side of

the street at 110 Oak. According to the prosecutor, defendants were "almost

parallel to each other on the street," walking "at the same pace." The prosecutor

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stated defendants "almost turn around at the same time" and get into the white

Camry, with Ellis in the front passenger seat. The prosecutor stated, "[t]hey [do

not] pull off right away," rather, "[t]hey stay there for a little while longer,

another few minutes, and essentially, again, nobody is around, time to go."

At 11:32 p.m., in a video from 75 Harrison, the Camry is seen making a

turn, and then in a CCTV video from Monticello and Brinkerhoff, the Camry is

seen making a left turn onto Brinkerhoff. A video from 38 Bentley showed that

at approximately 11:34 p.m., which the State contends is after the shooting, Ellis

exited the Camry. At 11:37 p.m., in a video from 2380 Kennedy Boulevard,

Ellis is seen at a 7-Eleven convenience store. At 11:39 p.m., "two minutes after

he's seen at the 7-[E]leven," Ellis is seen on video from the first-floor hallway

of his apartment building at 16-20 Lexington, wearing what appeared to be the

same hooded sweatshirt that police later seized from his apartment.

According to the prosecutor, Ellis is seen "[e]xtending his hand as if

mimicking gunshots." At 11:44 p.m., video from the same building showed Ellis

"walking towards [his] fourth-floor apartment." Ellis then entered his

apartment, "he stay[ed] there a few minutes," then he c[ame] out wearing "an

entirely different outfit."

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The prosecutor explained Defoe is seen on a video from 39 Fleming

Avenue in Newark, making a turn in the Camry at 11:46 p.m. and then walking

in that area at 11:52 p.m. Later, Defoe is seen in a video at Penn Station in

Newark, and according to the prosecutor "he g[ot] on a train" and is later seen

at the Journal Square station in Jersey City.

Defendants did not call any witnesses at trial to testify.

III.

The Jury Instructions

"Appropriate and proper jury instructions are essential for a fair trial."

State v. A.L.A., 251 N.J. 580, 591 (2022). A jury charge must "correctly state

the applicable law, outline the jury's function and be clear in how the jury should

apply the legal principles charged to the facts of the case at hand." Ibid. (quoting

Est. of Kotsovska v. Liebman, 221 N.J. 568, 591 (2015)). Moreover, jury

charges should be tailored to the specific facts of the case. See State v. Savage,

172 N.J. 374, 389 (2002) (noting that New Jersey courts "regularly have noted

the importance of tailoring the jury charge to the facts of the case").

Appellate courts "review for plain error the trial court's obligation to sua

sponte deliver a jury instruction when a defendant does not request it and fails

to object at trial to its omission." State v. Alexander, 233 N.J. 132, 141-42

A-1796-22

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(2018) (citing State v. Cole, 229 N.J. 430, 455 (2017)). "To warrant reversal,

the unchallenged error must have been 'clearly capable of producing an unjust

result.'" Id. at 142 (quoting R. 2:10-2). "The mere possibility of an unjust result

is not enough." State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016). Instead, "[t]he

possibility must be real, one sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether

the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached." Alexander,

233 N.J. at 142 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336

(1971)).

The Accomplice Liability Charge

For the first time on appeal, Ellis and Defoe in Points V and II of their

merits briefs contend the court erred in instructing the jury on accomplice

liability. Ellis argues the court's instructions "failed to convey the critical

principle [in] Bielkiewicz, that an accomplice and a principal can be guilty of

different homicide offenses depending on their individual states of mind." Ellis

points out the jury instructions "failed to tell the jury at all that the concept of

accomplice liability applied to any homicide offense other than murder."

Because the accomplice liability instruction was deficient in failing to convey

the Bielkiewicz concepts regarding how accomplice liability is affected by

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23

multiple defendants and lesser-included offenses, Ellis claims he was deprived

of due process and a fair trial.

Defoe argues the accomplice liability instruction "was woefully

inadequate" because it failed to properly advise the jury that he could be found

guilty of a lesser offense than the principal. Defoe further asserts that the court

used an incorrect Model Jury Charge, and additionally, incorrectly read the

charge it provided. In particular, Defoe contends the accomplice liability charge

was improper because it erroneously instructed the jury that the State was

required to prove "Alterik Ellis and/or Travis Defoe possessed a criminal state

of mind that is required to be proved against each other." Instead, Defoe argues

a correct accomplice liability charge would instruct the jury to find Defoe guilty,

if he "possessed the criminal state of mind that is required to be proved against

the person who actually committed the criminal act."

According to Defoe, "because the State's entire case turned on accomplice

liability, and there was a complete paucity of evidence" on Defoe's specific

involvement, there can be no doubt that he was denied due process and a fair

trial by the inadequate charge, warranting reversal of his convictions.

New Jersey courts "have always placed an extraordinarily high value on

the importance of appropriate and proper jury charges to the right to trial by

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24

jury." State v. Grunow, 102 N.J. 133, 148 (1986). "Erroneous instructions on

matters or issues material to the jurors' deliberations are presumed to be

reversible error." Ibid. (citing State v. Collier, 90 N.J. 117, 122-23 (1982)).

"An essential ingredient of a fair trial is that a jury receive adequate and

understandable instructions." State v. Afanador, 151 N.J. 41, 54 (1997).

"Correct jury instructions are 'at the heart of the proper execution of the jury

function in a criminal trial.'" Ibid. (quoting State v. Alexander, 136 N.J. 563,

571 (1994)). The court must explain the law as it relates to the facts and issues

of the case. See State v. Baum, 224 N.J. 147, 159 (2016).

Erroneous jury instructions on "material" aspects are assumed to "possess

the capacity to unfairly prejudice the defendant." Ibid. (quoting State v. Bunch,

180 N.J. 534, 541-42 (2004)). Incorrect instructions are "poor candidates for

rehabilitation under a harmless-error analysis," State v. Rhett, 127 N.J. 3, 7

(1992), and are "excusable only if they are harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."

State v. Vick, 117 N.J. 288, 292 (1989) (quoting State v. Crisantos, 102 N.J.

265, 273 (1986)). "As an indication of the paramount importance of accurate

jury instructions, we have held that erroneous instructions on material issues are

presumed to be reversible error." State v. Marshall, 173 N.J. 343, 359 (2002).

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25

"It is the independent duty of the court to ensure that the jurors receive

accurate instructions on the law as it pertains to the facts and issues of each case,

irrespective of the particular language suggested by either party." State v.

Reddish, 181 N.J. 553, 613 (2004). "The charge as a whole must be accurate."

State v. Singleton, 211 N.J. 157, 182 (2012). However, "[n]o party is entitled

to have the jury charged in his or her own words; all that is necessary is that the

charge as a whole be accurate." State v. Jordan, 147 N.J. 409, 422 (1997).

A reviewing court must evaluate the jury charge in its entirety to

determine its overall effect. See Savage, 172 N.J. at 387. A person is guilty of

the offense as an accomplice if he, or she, "[w]ith the purpose of promoting or

facilitating" the commission of the offense: "(a) [s]olicits such other person to

commit it; (b) [a]ids or agrees or attempts to aid such other person in planning

or committing it; or (c) [h]aving a legal duty to prevent the commission of the

offense, fails to make proper effort so to do." N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6(c)(1)(a-c).

"When a prosecution is based on the theory that a defendant acted as an

accomplice, the trial court is required to provide the jury with understandable

instructions regarding accomplice liability." Savage, 172 N.J. at 388.

Accordingly, "a jury must be instructed that to find a defendant guilty of

a crime under a theory of accomplice liability, it must find that he [or she]

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26

'shared in the intent, which is the crime's basic element, and at least indirectly

participated in the commission of the criminal act.'" Bielkiewicz, 267 N.J.

Super. at 528 (quoting State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 95 (1965)); see also State v.

Whitaker, 200 N.J. 444, 458 (2009) ("Whether a defendant is a principal or an

accomplice, the State must prove that he [or she] possessed the mental state

necessary to commit the offense.") (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(a)), State v. Weeks,

107 N.J. 396, 403 (1987) (finding that in order to convict a defendant as an

accomplice, "[the jury] had to find that the defendant had the purpose to

participate in the crime defined in the Code").

It is an "indisputable notion" that "a principal and an accomplice, although

perhaps liable for the same guilty act, may have acted with different or lesser

mental states, thus giving rise to different levels of criminal liability." State v.

Ingram, 196 N.J. 23, 41 (2008). Thus, "when an alleged accomplice is charged

with a different degree offense than the principal or lesser included offenses are

submitted to the jury, the court has an obligation to 'carefully impart[] to the

jury the distinctions between the specific intent required for the grades of the

offense.'" Bielkiewicz, 267 N.J. Super. at 528 (alteration in original) (quoting

Weeks, 107 N.J. at 410).

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27

However, "the obligation to provide the jury with instructions regarding

accomplice liability arises only in situations where the evidence will support a

conviction based on the theory that a defendant acted as an accomplice." State

v. Crumb, 307 N.J. Super. 204, 221 (App. Div. 1997) (citing Bielkiewicz, 267

N.J. Super. at 527). "When the State's theory of the case only accuses the

defendant of being a principal, and a defendant argues that he [or she] was not

involved in the crime at all, then the judge is not obligated to instruct on

accomplice liability." State v. Maloney, 216 N.J. 91, 106 (2013); see also State

v. Rue, 296 N.J. Super. 108, 115 (App. Div. 1996) (finding accomplice liability

charge not warranted where prosecution was based on "defendant's culpability

. . . as a principal" for one defendant and the other defendant "was not guilty of

a crime at all").

In this case, during the charge conference, both defendants argued that the

"mere presence" portion of the accomplice liability charge should be provided

to the jury, not the entire charge, because the State did not proceed on an

accomplice liability theory. Nonetheless, the court instructed the jury in

accordance with the Model Jury Charge on accomplice liability, which applies

when a defendant is charged as an accomplice, and the jury does not receive

instruction on lesser-included charges. See Model Jury Charges (Criminal),

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28

"Liability for Another's Conduct" (N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6), "Accomplice, Charge #

One" (rev. June 7, 2021) [hereinafter, Model Charge # One]. Neither defendant

objected to this version of the accomplice liability charge at the charge

conference or at trial.

Before us, defendants argue that the court should have provided the jury

with Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Liability for Another's Conduct"

(N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6), Accomplice, Charge # Two (rev. June 7, 2021) [hereinafter,

Model Charge # Two].7 Specifically, Ellis argues that the court improperly

omitted the following language: "[r]emember that this defendant can be held to

be an accomplice with equal responsibility only if you find as a fact that he/she

possessed the criminal state of mind that is required to be proved against the

person who actually committed the criminal act(s)." Model Charge # Two, at

3.8 Ellis also argues that the court improperly omitted the following language:

[o]ur law recognizes that two or more persons may

participate in the commission of an offense but each

may participate therein with a different state of mind.

7

This Model Jury Charge is used where a "defendant is charged as accomplice

and the jury is instructed as to lesser included charges," and "is intended to

address circumstances similar to those in [Bielkiewicz, 267 N.J. Super. at 533]."

Model Charge #2, at 1, n.1.

8

This language is not part of Model Charge # One.

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29

The liability or responsibility of each participant for

any ensuing offense is dependent on his/her own state

of mind and not on anyone else's.

[Model Charge # Two, at 5.9]

Ellis argues that the foregoing language and concepts "are so important in

the context of lesser-included offenses, for it is those concepts that allow a jury

to convict an accomplice of a less-serious homicide offense than the principal,"

and that the court's instruction to the jury "omitted those concepts entirely."

Ellis maintains "the instant instruction said nothing at all about accomplice

liability even applying to lesser-included offenses, let alone spelling out that

principals and accomplices are to be judged on their own state of mind, not

someone else's and that accomplices can be guilty of less-serious crimes than

principals depending on their individual states of mind."

In a similar vein, Defoe maintains the following language was improperly

omitted from the charge to the jury:

[t]his provision of the law means that not only is the

person who actually commits the criminal act

responsible for it but one who is legally accountable as

an accomplice is also responsible. Now this

responsibility as an accomplice may be equal and the

same as he/she who actually committed the crime(s) or

there may be responsibility in a different degree

depending on the circumstances as you may find them

9

This language is not part of Model Charge # One.

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30

to be. The court will further explain this distinction in

a moment.

Further, Defoe argues that the court also improperly omitted the same

language as Ellis points out: "[r]emember that this defendant can be held to be

an accomplice with equal responsibility only if you find as a fact that he/she

possessed the criminal state of mind that is required to be proved against the

person who actually committed the criminal act(s)."

Additionally, Defoe argues that the court incorrectly charged the jury that

"[i]n order to find Alterik Ellis and/or Travis DeFoe guilty [under accomplice

liability] the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt," "[t]hat Alterik Ellis

and/or Travis Defoe possessed a criminal state of mind that is required to be

proved against each other." (emphasis added). Both Model Jury Charges for

accomplice liability, Model Charge # One and Model Charge # Two, require the

court to provide the jury the following language: "[t]hat this defendant

possessed the criminal state of mind that is required to be proved against the

person who actually committed the criminal act." Model Charge # One, at 2,

Model Charge # Two, at 2.

Here, Defoe argues the foregoing language, requiring the State to prove

that he possessed the same mens rea as "the person who actually committed the

criminal act," was "critical to [Defoe] who was, at most, the driver of the Camry

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31

(based solely on allegedly depicted dropping the car on a street in Newark) and

was never discussed as being the shooter." According to Defoe, "[n]o evidence

was shown at trial that [he] was ever aware that . . . co-defendant [Ellis]

possessed a weapon of any kind, no less intended to shoot wildly into the

crowd."

Defoe concedes that "the jury obviously rejected [his] defense that he was

not involved" in the shooting death of J.S. However, Defoe contends that his

defense "is not a reason to excuse an inadequate charge," citing State v. Cook,

300 N.J. Super. 476, 488 (App. Div. 1996). According to Defoe, "[w]hat

remained [after the jury rejected his defense] was the need for a precise

assessment of Defoe's level of culpability, dependent on his own mens rea.

Without a full jury charge instilling the principles of Bielkiewicz, the jury lacked

the tools to make this assessment."

The State, on the other hand, argues that "an accomplice-liability charge

was not required because the evidence fails to support a finding that defendant

did not share the homicidal state of mind with his co-conspirator[,]" citing Rue,

296 N.J. Super. at 115 (App. Div. 1996).

The State's version of the case was: that defendants conspired together to

engage in the murder of the victim, where one party was responsible for driving

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the getaway car, and later discarding of it in another municipality to avoid

detection, and where the other was to shoot wildly into the crowd gathered

outside of 76 Brinkerhoff. The second version offered by Ellis was: that he was

simply not involved in the crime at all. "Neither of those versions warranted a

Bielkiewicz charge, the former because defendant's culpability was as a

principal; the latter because [Ellis] was not guilty of a crime at all," citing ibid.

Ellis now suggests that the jury could have deduced a third scenario which

would have compelled a Bielkiewicz instruction: that "while the shooter may

have intended death, the accomplice could well have intended merely to menace

those outside the apartment building—especially when so many shots missed

hitting anyone." The State maintains "[t]he problem with this suggestion is . . .

that there is absolutely no evidence whatsoever from which a jury, once having

identified [Ellis] as an actual participant" in the murder of J.S., "could

differentiate between his culpability and that of the other perpetrator[] of this

crime," citing id. at 116. The State argues:

Rather, the evidence only shows [Ellis's] active

participation in the offense: first entering and sitting

inside the stolen vehicle for several minutes with Defoe

before driving him towards the crime scene, then

leaning out of the car's window to fire at least nine shots

toward the crowd outside 76 Brinkerhoff, then speeding

away from the shooting and going [] home to change

his clothes [to] avoid detection.

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33

According to the State, Ellis's "culpability as a principal is further bolstered by

the jury's decision to convict him of possessing a gun for an unlawful purpose."

The State argues "'[i]n short, on the evidence presented, once having rejected

[Ellis's] claim of non-complicity,'" no reasonable jury could have concluded that

"[Ellis had] the mens rea of a lesser crime than that of the principal," quoting

ibid.

The State avers Defoe:

now suggests that the jury could have deduced a third

scenario [] which would have compelled a Bielkiewicz

instruction: that defendant . . . "was, at most, the driver

of the Camry" and was not "aware that [Ellis] possessed

a weapon of any kind, no less intended to shoot wildly

into the crowd."

The State maintains "that there is absolutely no evidence whatsoever from which

a jury, once having identified [Defoe] as an actual participant" in the murder of

J.S. "could differentiate between his culpability and that of the other

perpetrator[] of this crime," citing ibid. The State argues:

[r]ather, the evidence only shows [Defoe's] active

participation in the offense: first entering and sitting

inside the stolen vehicle for several minutes with Ellis

before driving him towards the crime scene, driving the

car while Ellis leaned out of the car's window to fire at

least nine shots toward the crowd outside 76

Brinkerhoff, then speeding away from the shooting

before dropping Ellis to go . . . home to change his

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34

clothes [to] avoid detection while Defoe himself went

to dump the car in Newark.

The State adds Defoe's "culpability is further bolstered by the jury's [decision]

to convict him of possessing a gun for an unlawful purpose." As with Ellis, the

State argues that "'on the evidence presented, once having rejected Defoe's claim

of non-complicity,' no reasonable jury could have concluded that Defoe has the

mens rea of a lesser crime than the principal," (quoting ibid.).

The State also argues that defendants' claims of innocence were evidence

that a Bielkiewicz instruction was not required. While the State recognized

claims of innocence do not "eliminate[] the possibility that a faulty accomplice

liability charge could have prejudiced them," quoting Cook, 300 N.J. Super. at

488, the State argued that it does reduce the likelihood. According to the State,

"[w]here 'a defendant argues that he was not involved in the crime at all,' that

claim of innocence helps to show the 'defendant suffered no prejudice' from a

failure to instruct the jury on accomplice liability under Bielkiewicz," quoting

Maloney, 216 N.J. at 105-06, 109-10. Thus, the State asserts that the

"accomplice-liability instruction was not erroneous for omitting the language of

Bielkiewicz."

In this case, the court instructed the jury that "[i]n order to find Alterik

Ellis and/or Travis DeFoe guilty [under accomplice liability] the State must

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35

prove beyond a reasonable doubt," "[t]hat Alterik Ellis and/or Travis Defoe

possessed a criminal state of mind that is required to be proved against each

other." However, both Model Jury Charges for accomplice liability—Model

Charge # One and Model Charge # Two—require the court to instruct the jury:

"[t]hat this defendant possessed the criminal state of mind that is required to be

proved against the person who actually committed the criminal act," Model

Charge # One, at 2, and Model Charge # Two, at 2.

Here, the court's "repeated use of 'and/or' wrung from the [accomplice

liability] charge any clarity it might have otherwise possessed." State v.

Gonzalez, 444 N.J. Super. 62, 77 (App. Div. 2016). The use of the "and/or" in

the accomplice liability charge allowed the jury to convict Ellis as an accomplice

even if only Defoe had the necessary mens rea for any of the charged crimes and

vice versa. The instruction did not necessarily require the jury to consider Ellis's

mens rea. Moreover, the charge permitted the jury to convict Ellis as an

accomplice to murder without requiring the State to prove that he had the

required mens rea, or even that he shared Defoe's criminal state of mind. Rather,

the jury was permitted to convict Ellis as an accomplice to murder if it simply

determined that Defoe possessed the necessary criminal intent.

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36

Furthermore, the charge was confusing for giving yet another inscrutable

instruction about the necessary criminal state of mind. The court instructed the

jury that the State was required to prove that one or both accused possessed "a

criminal state of mind that is required to be proved against each other."

(emphasis added). The foregoing language diverges significantly from the

language a proper accomplice liability charge requires, specifically: " [t]hat this

defendant possessed the criminal state of mind that is required to be proved

against the person who actually committed the criminal act." (quoting Model

Charge # Two, at 2).

"Clear and correct jury charges are essential for a fair trial, and the failure

to provide them may constitute plain error." Gonzalez, 444 N.J. Super. at 76

(citing Maloney, 216 N.J. at 104-05). While neither Ellis nor Defoe objected to

the court's accomplice liability instruction, when we view the charge as a whole

and considering the State's proofs, which relied largely on circumstantial

evidence, we conclude the jury charge was "clearly capable of producing an

unjust result." State v Burns, 192 N.J. 312, 341 (2007) (quoting R. 2:10-2).

"Contradictory and inconsistent charges are inherently inadequate as they 'create

a reasonable likelihood that a juror understood the instructions in an

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37

unconstitutional manner.'" State v. Moore, 122 N.J. 420, 433 (1991) (quoting

Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 323 n.8 (1985)).

Here, the accomplice liability instructions were inherently ambiguous

because the court expressly failed to explain in clear language what the jurors

were required to decide and not specifically tailored to the facts of the case.

Consequently, the jury could have convicted either defendant without finding

that all the elements were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Gonzalez,

444 N.J. Super. at 76. The court also failed to charge lesser included offenses.

Given the evidence in this case, we conclude the inherent ambiguity in the jury

instructions was plain error warranting reversal of both defendants' convictions.

The Conspiracy Charge

In point III of his brief, Defoe claims, for the first time on appeal, that the

court committed plain error in its conspiracy instruction. Ellis argues that "a

conspiracy to murder is an agreement only to purposely kill." "Just as with

attempted murder, conspiracy to commit murder requires an intent to kill, not

just an attempt (or an agreement, with conspiracy) to seriously injure, resulting

in death." Thus, Defoe contends that although the court followed the Model

Jury Charge for general conspiracy under N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2, "the judge did not

give strict instructions explaining conspiracy to commit murder, which was what

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38

the jury convicted [him] of at trial." Under the instruction provided, "[t]he jury

was allowed to convict of conspiracy to murder if they (wrongly) believed that

the two agreed to seriously injury someone and then that person died ."

Defoe maintains "the jury was not properly instructed on the law in a

fundamental and critical way that robbed the court of any ability to trust that the

verdict resulted from the jury's unanimous agreement on the correct elements of

the crime," warranting reversal of his convictions and a remand for a new trial.

In point VI of his brief, Ellis similarly argues, for the first time on appeal,

that the court committed plain error in its conspiracy instruction as well. Ellis

asserts the court erred by instructing the jury on conspiracy to commit murder

by "fail[ing] to restrict those conspiracies to agreements to purposely kill," and

"instead expanding the definition of the crime too far to include agreements to

knowingly kill or to purposely or knowingly seriously injure someone."

According to Ellis, "[c]onspiracy to murder is limited to agreements to

purposefully kill, not to do so knowingly or to cause serious bodily injury that

happens to result in death." Ellis claims that "the jury instruction on conspiracy

to murder allowed the jury to convict for levels of criminal intent that fall well

short of what is necessary to convict for conspiracy to murder," consequently

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39

depriving him of his rights to due process and a fair trial and requiring reversal

of his convictions for murder and conspiracy and a remand for a retrial.

These issues were not raised below, and therefore, we review for plain

error under Rule 2:10-2.

Under the Criminal Code:

A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or

persons to commit a crime if with the purpose of

promoting or facilitating its commission he:

(1) Agrees with such other person or persons that

they or one or more of them will engage in conduct

which constitutes such crime or an attempt or

solicitation to commit such crime; or

(2) Agrees to aid such other person or persons in

the planning or commission of such crime or of an

attempt or solicitation to commit such crime.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a).]

The "major basis of conspiratorial liability [is] the unequivocal evidence

of a firm purpose to commit a crime that is provided by the agreement. . . .

Actual commission of the crime is not a prerequisite to conspirator liability . . . .

It is the agreement that is pivotal." State v. Samuels, 189 N.J. 236, 245-46

(2007) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

"A conspirator can be held responsible for the acts of his or her co -conspirators

even if the acts are not within the scope of the conspiracy, if they are 'reasonably

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40

foreseeable as the necessary or natural consequence of the conspiracy.'" State

in the Int. of A.D., 212 N.J. 200, 222 (2012) (quoting State v. Bridges, 133 N.J.

447, 466-67 (1993)); see also N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2.

"Because the conduct and words of co-conspirators [are] generally

shrouded in 'silence, furtiveness and secrecy,' the conspiracy may be proven

circumstantially." Samuels, 189 N.J. at 246 (quoting State v. Phelps, 96 N.J.

500, 509 (1984)). Circumstantial evidence is to be tested

by the rules of ordinary reasoning such as govern

mankind in the ordinary affairs of life. While certain

actions of each of the defendants, when separated from

the main circumstances and the rest of the case, may

appear innocent, that is not significant and undoubtedly

appears in every case of criminal conspiracy.

[Ibid. (quoting State v. Graziani, 60 N.J. Super. 1, 13-

14 (App. Div. 1959)).]

"[T]here are no legal rules as to what inferences may be drawn." State v. Powell,

84 N.J. 305, 314 (1980). "The question is one of logic and common sense."

Ibid. "When 'each of the interconnected inferences [necessary to support a

finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt] is reasonable on the evidence as a

whole,' judgment of acquittal is not warranted." Samuels, 189 N.J. at 246

(alterations in original) (quoting U.S. v. Brodie, 403 F.3d 123, 158 (3d Cir.

2005)).

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41

Generally, the veracity of each inference does not need to be established

beyond a reasonable doubt; rather, "a jury may draw an inference from a fact

whenever it is more probable than not that the inference is true." State v. Brown,

80 N.J. 587, 592 (1979). "Nevertheless, the State's right to the benefit of

reasonable inferences should not be used to shift or lighten the burden of proof

or become a bootstrap to reduce the State's burden of establishing the essential

elements of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt." Ibid.

"Although there is 'a great deal of similarity between accomplice and

conspirator liability and frequently liability may be found under both theories '

the concepts are not identical." Samuels, 189 N.J. at 254 (quoting Cannel, New

Jersey Criminal Code Annotated, cmt. to N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6(c) (2006)). "The

critical difference is that, as statutorily defined, conspiracy requires proof of an

agreement to commit a crime whereas accomplice liability does not." Ibid.

In the matter under review, the court instructed the jury on the elements

of conspiracy to commit murder, consistent with the Model Jury Charge. See

Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Conspiracy" (N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2) (rev. Apr. 12,

2021).

"Model [J]ury [C]harges are often helpful to trial judges in performing the

important function of charging a jury." State v. Cotto, 471 N.J. Super. 489, 543

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42

(App. Div. 2022). "Indeed, a jury charge is presumed to be proper when it tracks

the [M]odel [J]ury [C]harge because the process to adopt [M]odel [J]ury

[C]harges is 'comprehensive and thorough.'" Ibid. (quoting State v. R.B., 183

N.J. 308, 325 (2005)); see also Mogull v. CB Com. Real Est. Grp., Inc., 162 N.J.

449, 466 (2000) ("It is difficult to find that a charge that follows the Model

Charge so closely constitutes plain error."); State v. Whitaker, 402 N.J. Super.

495, 513-14 (App. Div. 2008) (quoting State v. Angoy, 329 N.J. Super. 79, 84

(App. Div. 2000)) (explaining that "[w]hen a jury instruction follows the

[M]odel [J]ury [C]harge, although not determinative, 'it is a persuasive argument

in favor of the charge as delivered'"), aff'd, 200 N.J. 444 (2009).

Defendants' arguments on appeal improperly conflate the crimes of

attempted murder with conspiracy to commit murder. Defendants point out that

"improperly failing to confine the crime of attempted murder to purposeful

attempts to kill was the cause of reversal and remands" in several cases,

including Rhett, and argues that "[t]he result should be no different for a jury

instruction on conspiracy to murder that fails to confine the crime to agreements

to purposely kill the victim."

However, attempted murder and conspiracy to commit murder are

separate and distinct crimes. While both crimes charge a purposeful state of

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43

mind, each crime involves different acts. The criminal attempt statute, N.J.S.A.

2C:5-1(a), provides:

A person is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime if,

acting with the kind of culpability otherwise required

for commission of the crime, he:

(1) [p]urposely engages in conduct which would

constitute the crime if the attendant

circumstances were as a reasonable person would

believe them to be;

(2) [w]hen causing a particular result is an

element of the crime, does or omits to do

anything with the purpose of causing such result

without further conduct on his part; or

(3) [p]urposely does or omits to do anything

which, under the circumstances as a reasonable

person would believe them to be, is an act or

omission constituting a substantial step in a

course of conduct planned to culminate in his

commission of the crime.

Conversely, the conspiracy statute, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a), provides:

A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or

persons to commit a crime if with the purpose of

promoting or facilitating its commission he:

(1) [a]grees with such other person or persons

that they or one or more of them will engage in

conduct which constitutes such crime or an

attempt or solicitation to commit such crime; or

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44

(2) [a]grees to aid such other person or persons in

the planning or commission of such crime or of

an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime.

While defendants may be correct that "an attempted murder can only be a

purposeful attempt to kill," citing Rhett, 127 N.J. at 7, the same is not true about

conspiracy to commit murder and, contrary to their contentions, the cases cited

by them do not support that proposition. See State v. Abrams, 256 N.J. Super

390, 401 (App. Div. 1992) ("The mere knowledge, acquiescence, or approval of

the substantive offense, without an agreement to cooperate, is not enough to

establish one as a participant in a conspiracy. . . . There must be intentional

participation in the activity with a goal of furthering the common purpose [.]");

State v. Madden, 61 N.J. 377, 394 (1972) ("The crime of conspiracy requires an

actual agreement for the commission of the substantive crime, and unless that

agreement in fact existed, each defendant is liable with respect to the substantive

offense on the basis of his own conduct[.]"); State v. Fornino, 223 N.J. Super.

531, 536 (App. Div. 1988) (concluding that there was ample evidence of a "plan"

sufficient to support a finding of guilt for conspiracy to commit murder ).

Unlike the crime of attempted murder, "the essence of conspiracy is the

illegal agreement and not the specific crime which is the object of the

conspiracy." State v. Soltys, 270 N.J. Super. 182, 186 (App. Div. 1994). See

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also State v. Carbone, 10 N.J. 329, 337 (1952) (holding that "[t]he offense

depends on the unlawful agreement and not on the act which follows it");

Braverman v. U.S., 317 U.S. 49, 54 (1942) ("[a] conspiracy is not the

commission of the crime which it contemplates, and neither violates nor 'arises

under' the statute whose violation is its object"). Indeed, the purposeful nature

of the offense of conspiracy applies to the agreement itself and not to the

underlying offense. State v. Scherzer, 301 N.J. Super. 363, 401 (App. Div.

1997).

When the State prosecutes a defendant for

conspiracy to commit a first or second degree crime, it

need not prove that a defendant committed an overt act

in pursuance of the conspiracy. Therefore, because

defendants were convicted of conspiracy to commit

first and second degree crimes, the sufficiency of the

evidence as to the commission of an overt act is not at

issue. The only question is whether a reasonable jury,

viewing the State's evidence in its most favorable light,

could find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendants,

acting with a purposeful state of mind, agreed to

commit, attempted to commit, or aided in the

commission of [a crime].

[Ibid. (citations omitted).]

Thus, contrary to defendants' contention, there is no "clear limitation that

a conspiracy to murder is only an agreement to purposely kill." The underlying

crime, in this case, murder, does not have to be purposeful for the agreement to

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be purposeful. See State v. Lavary, 152 N.J. Super. 413, 418 (Law Div. 1977)

("A conspiracy is not the commission of the crime which it contemplates, and

the conspiracy neither violates nor 'arises under' the statute whose violation is

its object."), rev'd on other grounds, 163 N.J. Super. 576 (App. Div. 1978); see

also Scherzer, 301 N.J. Super. at 401 ("The only question is whether a

reasonable jury, viewing the State's evidence in its most favorable light, could

find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendants, acting with a purposeful state

of mind, agreed to commit, attempted to commit, or aided in the commission of

[the crime].").

In sum, we are satisfied the conspiracy jury charge provided to the jury

mirrored the Model Jury Charge and was otherwise appropriate. Angoy, 329

N.J. Super. at 84. Furthermore, the charge set forth the law accurately. Jordan,

147 N.J. at 422. Accordingly, we find no error, let alone plain error, in the

conspiracy jury instruction.

IV.

We, therefore, reverse defendants' convictions and vacate the judgment

and amended judgments of conviction. Given that holding, we need not address

the fingerprint, prosecutorial misconduct, cross-examination of Bellini,

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cumulative error, and sentencing issues. This matter is remanded for a new trial

or further proceedings.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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