Stuart A. Gold, Trustee v. Benjamin O. Davis Veterns Village Limited Dividend

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

SOUTHERN DIVISION

In re:

Case No. 23-48356

CONNER CREEK CENTER LLC,

Chapter 7

Debtor.

/ Judge Thomas J. Tucker

STUART A. GOLD, TRUSTEE,

Plaintiff,

vs. Adv. No. 25-4076

BENJAMIN O. DAVIS VETERANS VILLAGE

LIMITED DIVIDEND HOUSING

ASSOCIATION LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, et al.,

Defendants.

/

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL

SUMMARY JUDGMENT AGAINST RAD CONVERSION SPECIALISTS, LLC (“RAD”)

(DOCKET # 18), AND GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR RAD ON COUNT II

OF THE TRUSTEE’S COMPLAINT

I. Introduction and background

This adversary proceeding is before the Court on the Plaintiff Trustee’s motion for partial

summary judgment against Defendant RAD Conversion Specialists, LLC (“RAD”) (Docket # 18,

the “Motion”). RAD filed a response objecting to the Motion, and the Plaintiff filed a reply brief

in support of the Motion. The Court held a hearing on September 10, 2025, and then took the

Motion under advisement.

In the Motion, the Plaintiff Trustee (the “Trustee”) seeks summary judgment against

RAD on Count II of the Trustee’s five-count Complaint (Docket # 1). In Count II, the Trustee

seeks avoidance and recovery of a transfer of $209,646.56, made by means of a wire transfer to

RAD on September 22, 2023 (the “Transfer”), a few minutes after the Debtor, Conner Creek

Center LLC (the “Debtor”), filed its voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition.1

The Transfer was payment of part of the proceeds of the sale of certain real estate owned

by the Debtor. The Debtor owned roughly 16 acres of real estate, located at 4777 East Outer

Drive, Detroit, Michigan. Pre-petition, the Debtor made an agreement to sell a certain part of

this real estate, consisting of 2.69 acres, to the Defendant Benjamin O. Davis Veterans Village

Limited Partnership (“BOD”). In this Opinion and Order, the Court will refer to this 2.69 acre

parcel as “Parcel B.” The Debtor had agreed to sell Parcel B to BOD, free and clear of all liens,

for $700,000.00, in an agreement entitled “Purchase Option Agreement” dated April 1, 2023 (the

“Purchase Agreement”).2

The closing of the Debtor’s sale of Parcel B began shortly before the Debtor filed its

bankruptcy petition. The Trustee alleges that the $209,646.56 Transfer to RAD, which was made

a few minutes after the Debtor filed its bankruptcy petition, was an unauthorized post-petition

transfer of property of the bankruptcy estate, avoidable under 11 U.S.C. § 549(a).3 And the

1 The Chapter 11 case was converted to Chapter 7 on October 25, 2023.

2 A copy of this agreement is filed as Exhibit C to the Trustee’s Motion (Docket # 18-4).

3 Section 549(a) states, in pertinent part, with exceptions not applicable here:

(a) . . . the trustee may avoid a transfer of property of the estate—

(1) that occurs after the commencement of the case; and

(2) (A) that is authorized only under section 303(f) or 542(c) of this

title; or

(B) that is not authorized under this title or by the court.

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Trustee seeks recovery of the Transfer amount from RAD, under 11 U.S.C. § 550(a)(1).4

The Court has considered all of the written and oral arguments of the parties, all of the

briefs and exhibits filed by the parties, and all of the authorities cited by the parties. For the

following reasons, the Court must deny the Motion, and instead will grant summary judgment for

RAD on Count II of the Trustee’s Complaint.

II. Summary judgment standards

In considering whether summary judgment should be granted for the Trustee, the Court

has applied the standards governing motions for summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56,5

which the Court now adopts and incorporates by reference from its prior opinion in the case of

Schubiner v. Zolman (In re Schubiner), 590 B.R. 362, 376-77 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018).

III. Discussion

Except as noted, all the facts stated in this Opinion and Order are established beyond any

genuine dispute. From these undisputed facts, the Court makes the conclusions stated below.

When the $209,646.56 Transfer was made, the funds at issue, the right to receive such

11 U.S.C. § 549(a).

4 Section 550(a)(1) states, in pertinent part, with exceptions not applicable here:

(a) . . . to the extent that a transfer is avoided under section . . . 549 . . .

of this title, the trustee may recover, for the benefit of the estate, the

property transferred, or, if the court so orders, the value of such

property, from—

(1) the initial transferee of such transfer or the entity for whose benefit

such transfer was made[.]

11 U.S.C. § 550(a)(1).

5 Civil Rule 56 applies in this adversary proceeding, under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056.

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funds, and the right to receive all the proceeds from the sale of Parcel B, were not property of the

bankruptcy estate. That is because pre-petition, the Debtor had transferred ownership of all of

those rights to RAD and Premier Property Management, LLC (“Premier”). This pre-petition

transfer was made by means of a document dated September 15, 2023, entitled “Loan

Agreement,” that was signed by the Debtor (the “September 15, 2023 Loan Agreement”).6

Paragraph 4 of that document (the “September 15, 2023 Assignment”), states:

4. Borrower hereby irrevocably assigns to Lender all of its

right, title and interest in and to the proceeds due to Borrower

as Seller at the time of the transfer of title of the Property to

the Buyer, to the extent necessary to repay the Loans in full. If

such sum is not sufficient to repay all the Loans in full, they shall

be partially repaid proportionately. Borrower will so direct the

escrow agent and execute a closing statement to that effect, and if

Borrower fails to do so, Borrower hereby empowers and grants to

Lender power of attorney coupled with an interest to so direct the

escrow agent and execute the closing statement to that effect on

behalf of the Borrower as Seller.

(emphasis added).

In the first sentence of paragraph 4, just quoted, the name “Borrower” means the Debtor;

the name “Lender” means RAD and Premier, jointly; the name “Buyer” means BOD; and the

phrase “transfer of title of the Property to the Buyer” means the Debtor’s sale of Parcel B to

BOD. All of the capitalized terms just referred to are expressly defined on the first page of the

document, except the word “Property.” Although that capitalized word is not expressly defined,

the word “Property” in this paragraph 4 reasonably can have only one meaning — namely, Parcel

B, which was to be sold by the Debtor to BOD. In this paragraph 4, there is no other meaning

6 A copy of this document appears in each side’s summary judgment exhibits. It is in the

Trustee’s Exhibit F (Docket # 18-7 at pdf p. 5 of 25) and it is in RAD’s Exhibit A, as part of Exhibit 21

to the Deposition of Robert Beale (Docket # 23-4 at pdf p. 5).

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that “Property” possibly can have. There was no other sale of property by the Debtor, to BOD or

anyone else, that was contemplated by anyone or referred to in the September 15, 2023 Loan

Agreement.

Restating paragraph 4 with these defined terms in brackets, then, it states:

4. [The Debtor] hereby irrevocably assigns to [RAD and

Premier, jointly] all of its right, title and interest in and to the

proceeds due to [the Debtor] as Seller at the time of the

transfer of title of [Parcel B] to [BOD], to the extent necessary

to repay the Loans in full. If such sum is not sufficient to repay

all the Loans in full, they shall be partially repaid proportionately.

[The Debtor] will so direct the escrow agent and execute a closing

statement to that effect, and if [the Debtor] fails to do so, [the

Debtor] hereby empowers and grants to [RAD and Premier,

jointly] power of attorney coupled with an interest to so direct the

escrow agent and execute the closing statement to that effect on

behalf of the [Debtor] as Seller.

(emphasis added).

As stated in the first sentence of paragraph 4, the Debtor’s assignment to RAD and

Premier of the Debtor’s right to proceeds of its sale of Parcel B, was “to the extent necessary to

repay the Loans in full.” The term “Loans” is defined in the September 15, 2023 Loan

Agreement to mean, collectively, three specific loans that RAD and Premier had made to the

Debtor, in principal amounts totaling $680,928.57, plus interest.7 These loans were made to

enable the Debtor to obtain releases of liens encumbering Parcel B, so the Debtor could close its

sale of Parcel B to BOD. The liens included two mortgage liens, plus liens for delinquent water

and sewer bills owing to the Detroit Water and Sewer Department.8 By the time of the

7 See September 15, 2023 Loan Agreement at p. 1 (fifth “Whereas” clause, defining “Loans”); p.

2 ¶ 2 (stating the amount and the terms of the “Loans” including the interest rates).

8 See id. at pp. 1-2 (third, fourth, and fifth “Whereas” clauses).

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September 15, 2023 Assignment, which was seven days before the sale closing occurred, it was

clear and obvious to everyone, including the Debtor, RAD, Premier, and BOD, that the amounts

owing on the “Loans,” including interest, exceeded the $700,000.00 purchase price the Debtor

was to be paid for selling Parcel B to BOD under the Purchase Agreement.9 So the September

15, 2023 Assignment actually was a complete assignment by the Debtor of its entire right to

receive any proceeds from its sale of Parcel B to BOD.

The September 15, 2023 Assignment was a valid, effective assignment under Michigan

law, by the Debtor to RAD and Premier, of all of the Debtor’s contractual right to receive from

BOD any of the $700,000.00 purchase price for the Debtor’s sale of Parcel B, under the Purchase

Agreement with BOD. As a result, beginning well before the Debtor filed its bankruptcy petition

on September 22, 2023, the Debtor no longer owned any right to receive sale proceeds from its

sale of Parcel B. It follows that while the $209,646.56 Transfer was a post-petition transfer, it

9 This was obvious to everyone more than a month before September 15, 2023. For example, in

a related agreement dated August 14, 2023, signed by the Debtor and RAD, among others, the parties

recited as follows:

[I]n order to enable [the Debtor] to secure clear title to [Parcel B] in

order for [Parcel B] to be conveyed to [BOD] that the Development may

happen, RAD and the anticipated property manager of the Development,

Premier Property Management, LLC, a Michigan limited liability

company, of 120 N. Leroy, Fenton Ml 48430 (“Premier”), have, between

them, paid for the following items encumbering the land or owed by [the

Debtor]: (a) a loan continuation fee; (b) defaulted, delinquent and due

real property taxes, and charges for water, sewer and storm water runoff;

and (c) payments to the two current mortgagees of [the Debtor], totaling

an amount far beyond the Purchase Price of Seven Hundred Thousand

Dollars ($700,000) to be paid to [the Debtor] as Seller[.]

(“Settlement Agreement Regarding Benjamin O. Davis Veterans Village” (Beale Dep. Ex. 11 (Docket

# 23-3) at pdf p. 35)). Robert Beale testified that this agreement was signed (see Beale Dep. (Docket

# 23-2) at pdf p. 48), and the Trustee has offered no evidence to the contrary.

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was not in any part a transfer of property of the bankruptcy estate. The Transfer therefore is not

avoidable under 11 U.S.C. § 549(a)(1), and Count II of the Trustee’s Complaint fails.

The parties agree, and the Court concludes, that Michigan law applies.10 And under

Michigan law, “an assignment is valid ‘if it clearly reflects the intent of the assignor to presently

transfer “the thing” to the assignee.’” Est. of Grimmett v. Encompass Indem. Co., No. 14-14646,

2017 WL 5592897, at *4 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 21, 2017) (quoting Burkhardt v. Bailey, 680 N.W.2d

453, 463 (Mich. Ct. App. 2004)). “‘No “particular form of words is required for an assignment,

but the assignor must manifest an intent to transfer and must not retain any control or any power

of revocation.”” Burkhardt, 680 N.W.2d at 463 (citations omitted). The assignor must intend

“‘to vest in the assignee a present right in the thing assigned.’” Id. (citation omitted). The

Michigan statute of frauds, Mich. Comp. Laws § 566.132, only requires, at most, that the

assignor sign the written assignment. See Est. of Grimmett, 2017 WL 5592897, at *5. A valid

assignment does not require a notarization, and does not require the assignee to sign or otherwise

“accept” the assignment. See id. And “it is axiomatic that assignments do not need

consideration to be valid.” Id. at *6 (citation omitted).

The September 15, 2023 Assignment meets all the requirements of Michigan law to be a

valid, effective assignment. It was signed by the Debtor, and its language makes clear that the

Debtor intended to make a present assignment to RAD and Premier of all of the Debtor’s

contractual right to receive the proceeds of selling Parcel B to BOD under the Purchase

10 All aspects of the real estate transaction involved here, as well as the real estate itself, were

located in Michigan, and paragraph 10 of the September 15, 2023 Agreement specifically says that “the

laws of the State of Michigan” govern. (See September 15, 2023 Loan Agreement (Docket ## 18-7; 23-

4) at ¶ 10).

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Agreement. As the document stated, the assignment was irrevocable, and the Debtor retained no

control over the contractual right to sale proceeds.

The Trustee argues that the September 15, 2023 Assignment was merely a promise by the

Debtor to pay the sale proceeds to RAD and Premier in the future, if and when the Debtor

received the proceeds at a closing of the sale of Parcel B. As such, the Trustee argues, the

assignment was not an assignment of “a present right” to the sale proceeds. The Trustee relies

primarily on the case of Weston v. Dowty, 414 N.W.2d 165 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987). The court in

that case noted the distinction between a party’s mere promise to pay money in the future when

the party receives money (not an assignment), on the one hand; and the assignment of a present

interest in the right to payment (an assignment), on the other hand:

“[A] promise to pay money when the promisor receives it from a

specified source is not an assignment. There is no present transfer.

So also a promise to assign or to pay out of a specified existing

fund in the hands of the promisor does not result in an

assignment.” (Footnotes omitted.)

Weston, 414 N.W.2d at 167 (quoting Calamari & Perillo, Contracts (2d ed.), § 18-3, pp. 633-34).

But it is clear from its language that the September 15, 2023 Assignment was not a mere

“promise [by the Debtor] to pay money when [the Debtor] receives it.” Nor was it a mere

“promise to assign” in the future. Rather, as clearly stated in the first sentence of ¶ 4, it was an

irrevocable assignment by the Debtor to RAD and Premier of “all of [the Debtor’s] right, title

and interest in and to” the Debtor’s contractual right to receive sale proceeds under the Purchase

Agreement with BOD. And this was further shown by the fact that in the next sentence in ¶ 4,

the Debtor gave up any possible power or ability to receive the sale proceeds at the closing, by

granting to RAD and Premier a “power of attorney coupled with an interest,” to direct the closing

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escrow agent to execute a closing statement on behalf of the Debtor to direct that the sale

proceeds be paid to RAD and Premier.

In part, the Trustee’s arguments demand a precision in the assignment language that

Michigan law does not require. As noted above, under Michigan law, “‘[n]o “particular form of

words is required for an assignment,’” as long as the assignor ““manifest[s] an intent to transfer”

and [does] not retain any control or any power of revocation.”” See Burkhardt, 680 N.W.2d at

463 (citations omitted).

In a reply brief filed after the hearing, on September 15, 2025 (the “Second Reply

Brief”),11 the Trustee argues for the first time that the September 15, 2023 Assignment created, at

most, only a security interest in favor of RAD and Premier, giving them only a lien in the

Debtor’s contractual right to sale proceeds. As such, the Trustee argues, the assignment did not

transfer ownership of the Debtor’s contractual right to sale proceeds.12 The Court must reject this

argument, because it is contrary to the clear language of the September 15, 2023 Assignment,

under the undisputed circumstances existing at the time of the assignment, described in this

Opinion above.

The Trustee cites no authority under Michigan law in support of his argument that the

assignment was merely a security interest. Rather, the Trustee relies only on the case of United

11 (Docket # 40). That Second Reply Brief was filed in support of the Trustee’s second

summary judgment motion (Docket # 31), which is not yet before the Court. That second motion seeks

summary judgment on Counts I and III of the Trustee’s Complaint, against BOD. The present Motion, by

contrast, seeks only summary judgment on Count II of the Trustee’s Complaint, and only against RAD.

In deciding the Trustee’s present Motion, the Court has considered all of the briefs filed regarding the

Trustee’s second summary judgment motion, including the arguments of the parties relating to the

September 15, 2023 Assignment.

12 See Second Reply Brief (Docket # 40) at 3-5.

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States v. Poling, 73 F. Supp. 2d 882 (S.D. Ohio 1999), which applied the laws of New York and

Ohio, which the Poling court found to be substantially identical to each other. See 73 F. Supp.

2d at 888-90. While Poling listed a number of factors to consider in determining the issue, id. at

893-94, the Trustee cites no Michigan case adopting these factors. The Court does not find these

factors to be particularly relevant or persuasive. And in any event, most of these Poling factors

are not present in this case.13 Instead, the Court finds the following passage from the Poling case

more persuasive:

The Bank relies upon the Ninth Circuit’s analysis of New York law

in Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Hirsch, 104 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir.1997)

to argue that New York law requires no particular form for an

assignment and that “an assignment occurs only when the

assignor retains no control over the funds, no authority to

collect and no power to revoke.” 104 F.3d at 1167. Relying upon

State ex rel. Leach v. Price, 168 Ohio St. 499, 156 N.E.2d 316, 320

(1959), the Bank contends that Ohio law, like New York law,

requires no particular form for an assignment and that Ohio law

also defines an assignment as a transfer of property from one

13 The factors listed by Poling as tending to show a security interest instead of an absolute

assignment include the following:

(1) the assignment is delivered simultaneously with the loan; (2) the

payments received are used to reduce the outstanding balance; (3) any

payments received pursuant to the assignment and exceeding the loan are

returned to the assignor; (4) the assignee retains a right to a deficiency

on the debt if the assignment does not provide sufficient funds to satisfy

the amount of debt; (5) the assignee acknowledges that his rights in the

assigned property would be extinguished if the debt owed were to be

paid through some other source; and (6) the bank treats the assignment

as a method of payment of the loan.

Id. at 894 (citations omitted). The Court concludes that in this case, these factors do not point to a

security interest instead of a transfer of ownership. In the present case, factor no. 1 is missing, since at

least two of the three loans at issue were made by RAD and Premier well before the Debtor gave the

September 15, 2023 Assignment. (See Trustee’s Second Reply (Docket # 40) at 4)). And the assignment

in this case contains no language of the type described in any of factor nos. 3, 4, or 5. Only factor nos. 2

and 6, which are basically the same, are present.

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person to another which, unless qualified in some way,

transfers a person’s entire interest in the assigned property

with no retained control, authority or power over the assigned

property. See 156 N.E.2d at 316.

Id. at 889 (emphasis added). Using the words from the Hirsch case quoted in Poling, in the

present case, there was a transfer of ownership, rather than a security interest, because “the

assignor retain[ed] no control over the funds, no authority to collect and no power to revoke.”

Similarly, using the words from the Leach case quoted in Poling, in this case there was a transfer

of ownership because there was “a transfer of property from one person to another which, [was

not] qualified in some way, [and which] transfer[red the Debtor’s] entire interest in the assigned

property with no retained control, authority or power over the assigned property.” See id.

Cases decided under Michigan law focus on the language of the assignment document

itself. See Prime Fin. Servs. v. Vinton, 761 N.W.2d 694, 706 (Mich. Ct. App. 2008):

The intent of the parties to an agreement concerning an interest in

property determines whether the agreement transfers ownership of

the property or whether the parties merely intended the property to

secure performance of an obligation. MCL 440.9102(1)(a);

Yamaha Motor Corp., USA v. Tri–City Motors and Sports, Inc.,

171 Mich.App. 260, 276, 429 N.W.2d 871 (1988); Shurlow [v.

Bonthuis, 456 Mich. 730], at 735, 576 N.W.2d 159 [1998] (“[T]he

determinative factor is not the form of the transaction as much as it

is the intent of the parties in entering into the transaction.”). The

parties’ intent can best be discerned by examining the language

actually used in the governing agreement. Rory v. Continental Ins.

Co., 473 Mich. 457, 469 n. 21, 703 N.W.2d 23 (2005). If an

agreement is unambiguous, its provisions are a matter of law for

the court. See Quality Products & Concepts Co. v. Nagel

Precision, Inc., 469 Mich. 362, 375, 666 N.W.2d 251 (2003)

(“[A]n unambiguous contractual provision is reflective of the

parties’ intent as a matter of law.”).

See also I-75 Partners, LLC v. Stefanutti, No. 310324, 2014 WL 702332, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App.

11

Feb. 20, 2014) (citation omitted) (“Thus, whether the [assignment] documents transfer ownership

or are instead intended to serve merely as security for an obligation can be determined by looking

to the language of the [assignments].”).

Applying Michigan law, the Court concludes from the language of the September 15,

2023 Assignment that it unambiguously transferred the Debtor’s ownership of its contractual

right to payment of any proceeds under its Purchase Agreement with BOD. It was a transfer of

ownership, not the granting of a security interest.

In his Second Reply Brief, the Trustee also argues, for the first time, that Article 9 of the

Uniform Commercial Code applied to the September 15, 2023 Assignment, and that RAD and

Premier did not perfect their security interest by filing a UCC-1 financing statement.14 It is not

clear whether the Trustee is arguing that a UCC financing statement was required even if the

assignment was a transfer of ownership, or just that a financing statement was required because

the assignment was a mere security interest. In any event, there are at least three problems with

the Trustee’s argument.

First, the Trustee’s argument that UCC Article 9 applies to the assignment in this case is

not well-developed, and may be wrong. See, e.g., Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.9109(4)(g).15

Second, the Trustee cites no Michigan authority holding that an assignment that is a

transfer of ownership, rather than a security interest, must be perfected by filing a financing

statement.

14 See Second Reply Brief at 7.

15 That section states that Article 9 does not apply to “[a]n assignment of a single account,

payment intangible, or promissory note to an assignee in full or partial satisfaction of a preexisting

indebtedness.”

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Third, and most importantly, even if a UCC financing statement was required to perfect

such a transfer of ownership, that would only mean that the transfer of ownership made by the

September 15, 2023 Assignment was not perfected under the UCC. Even if that is so, the

transfer of ownership was still effective, as between the parties to the assignment. A lack of

perfection, if perfection was required, might give the Trustee a chance to seek avoidance of the

transfer, for example, under 11 U.S.C. § 547(b), as a pre-petition preference. But it would not

change the fact that as of the bankruptcy petition date, the Debtor no longer owned any

contractual right to payment of the Parcel B sale proceeds. See, e.g., Mich. Comp. Laws

§ 440.9318(1) (“A debtor that has sold an account, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or

promissory note does not retain a legal or equitable interest in the [item(s)] sold.”). This defeats

the Trustee’s effort to avoid the transfer as a post-petition transfer of property of the bankruptcy

estate under 11 U.S.C. § 549(a).

IV. Civil Rule 56(g) findings and conclusion

For the reasons stated above, and under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(g), the Court concludes that

there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding the following, and the following facts and

conclusions are deemed established in this adversary proceeding:

A. The September 15, 2023 Assignment was a valid, effective assignment under

Michigan law, by the Debtor to RAD and Premier, of the ownership of all of the Debtor’s

contractual right to receive from BOD any of the $700,000.00 purchase price for the

Debtor’s sale of Parcel B, under the Purchase Agreement with BOD.

B. As a result, beginning well before the Debtor filed its bankruptcy petition on

September 22, 2023, the Debtor no longer owned any right to receive sale proceeds from

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its sale of Parcel B.

C. It follows that while the $209,646.56 Transfer was a post-petition transfer, it was not

in any part a transfer of property of the bankruptcy estate. The Transfer therefore is not

avoidable under 11 U.S.C. § 549(a)(1), and Count II of the Trustee’s Complaint fails.

For the reasons stated above, the Trustee’s Motion must be denied. And the Defendant

RAD, rather than the Trustee, is entitled to summary judgment on Count II of the Trustee’s

Complaint.

V. Order

For the reasons stated above,

IT IS ORDERED that:

1. The Trustee’s Motion (Docket # 18) is denied.

2. Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f)(1), summary judgment is granted in favor of Defendant RAD and

against the Trustee on Count II of the Trustee’s Complaint, and Count II is dismissed with

prejudice.

Signed on September 25, 2025 LER /s/ Thomas J. Tucker

@ I Thomas J. Tucker

— KY United States Bankruptcy Judge

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