The opinion
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
In re:
Case No. 23-11130
JEFFREY S. DAVIDSON,
Chapter 7
Debtor.
JOHN B. CARNETT, IV,
Plaintiff,
v. Adv. P. No. 24-90011
JEFFREY S. DAVIDSON,
Defendant.
APPEARANCES:
John B. Carnett, IV
Pro se Plaintiff
95 Salem Street
Greenwich, New York 12834
Elizabeth Fairbanks-Fletcher, Esq.
Fairbanks Fletcher Law PLLC
Bankruptcy Counsel for Defendant
178 Elm Street, Suite 4
Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
James W. Hyde, IV, Esq.
Law Offices of James W. Hyde, IV
Trial Counsel for Defendant
P.O. Box 262
Wells, New York 12190
Robert E. Littlefield, Jr., United States Bankruptcy Judge
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER
Currently before the Court is an adversary proceeding filed by John B. Carnett, IV (the
“Plaintiff”) objecting to the discharge of Jeffrey S. Davidson (the “Defendant”) in the underlying
bankruptcy case.1 There is also an oral motion to dismiss the adversary complaint. The Court has
jurisdiction via 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(a), (b)(1), (b)(2)(A) and 1334(b).2 Venue is proper pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1409(a).
FACTS
I. Personal Loan
The present dispute stems from an agreement by and between the Plaintiff and Defendant.
On April 26, 2022, the Plaintiff loaned the Defendant $20,160.00. AP No. 1 at 6. In return, the
Defendant executed a promissory note for $21,000.00 made due and payable on July 26, 2022. See
Plaintiff Exhibit 1.3 The Defendant failed to pay back the loan before July 26, 2022, though both
sides acknowledge that the Defendant did make payments towards the balance. See AP No. 1 at
6–9 (indicating that the Defendant remitted several payments of varying amounts to the Plaintiff
beginning in 2023).
On October 31, 2023, the Plaintiff filed a complaint against the Defendant in New York
State Supreme Court regarding the loan. See John B. Carnett, IV v. Jeffrey Scott Davidson, Index
1 Citations to the docket of the bankruptcy proceeding (Case No. 23-11130) will be referenced as “ECF No. #;”
citations to the docket of the adversary proceeding (Case No. 24-90011) will be referenced as “AP No. #.”
2 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section references are to the United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C.
§§ 101–1532 (2025) (the “Bankruptcy Code”).
3 Exhibits proffered by the Plaintiff and entered into the record will be referenced as “Plaintiff Exhibit #.” See AP No.
69 (providing a list of exhibits). The Defendant did not proffer any exhibits.
No. EC2023-36149 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Oct. 31, 2023). No subsequent action has been taken in that
matter. See id.
II. Bankruptcy Filing
The Defendant filed the underlying Chapter 7 bankruptcy case on November 3, 2023. ECF
No. 1. In his Schedule E/F, the Defendant listed the Plaintiff as having an unsecured claim valued
at $12,021.49. ECF No. 1 at 30.
Shortly after filing the bankruptcy, the Defendant filed an adversary proceeding against the
Plaintiff to determine the dischargeability of the debt. See Jeffrey S. Davidson v. John B. Carnett,
IV, Case No. 23-90018 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 2023). The adversary proceeding was dismissed
without prejudice on February 9, 2024, for lacking a sufficient basis.4 See id.
On January 19, 2024, the Plaintiff moved for an extension of time to object to the
Defendant’s discharge. ECF No. 23; see also ECF No. 27. The Defendant opposed the motion.
ECF No. 26. The Court held hearings on the matter on February 7 and 27, 2024, before issuing an
interim order extending the Plaintiff’s time to object to March 27, 2024. ECF Nos. 28, 34–35. On
March 22, 2024, the Court further extended the Plaintiff’s time to object to April 11, 2024. ECF
No. 43. On April 11, 2024, the Court granted a final extension of time to May 3, 2024. ECF No.
45.
III. Adversary Proceeding
A. Complaint
On May 2, 2024, the Plaintiff filed this adversary proceeding against the Defendant. AP
No. 1. On June 3, 2024, the Defendant moved to dismiss the adversary. AP No. 3. The Plaintiff
4 The adversary complaint indicated that it was “an action pursuant to 11 U.S.C.A. §523 . . . to determine the
dischargeability of [Carnett’s claim].” Jeffrey S. Davidson v. John B. Carnett, IV, ECF No. 1 at 1 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y.
Dec. 4, 2023). However, the complaint did not provide what subsection of § 523 was being invoked or any analysis
of the relevant law. See id.
filed opposition to the motion, to which the Defendant replied. AP Nos. 7, 9. After a hearing on
the motion, the Court dismissed Counts I–IV of the complaint but retained Count V regarding 11
U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A). AP Nos. 10–11. The Defendant subsequently filed his answer to the
complaint. AP No. 12.
On April 8, 2025, the Court issued an amended order scheduling an in-person trial for June
6, 2025.5 AP No. 62. On May 28, 2025, the parties submitted pre-trial statements. AP Nos. 65–66.
On June 6, 2025, the Court held the trial and placed this matter on reserve.6 See AP No. 70.
B. Oral Motion to Dismiss
At the trial, the Defendant moved to dismiss the adversary proceeding for lack of sufficient
evidence pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52. AP No. 70 at 2:55:40; see Fed. R. Civ.
P. 52. The oral motion was also placed on reserve. Id. at 3:07:55.
ARGUMENTS
The Plaintiff argues that the Defendant “failed in the Statement of Financial Affairs
attached to his Petition to properly report his true income.” AP No. 1 at 15. This, according to the
Plaintiff, is because the Defendant failed to account for his use and transfer of funds from his
business for personal gain. Id.
Meanwhile, the Defendant maintains that his Statement of Financial Affairs and other
schedules accurately reflect his actual income. Nevertheless, the Defendant raises affirmative
defenses that any alleged false oath or account would be insufficient to warrant denial of his
5 Between the filing of the Defendant’s answer and the Court’s scheduling of the trial, there were various disputes
between the parties concerning discovery. See, e.g., AP Nos. 21, 26, 36, 42–43. Those issues were resolved and a
further recitation of same is not necessary for this decision.
6 The Plaintiff filed a post-trial brief on June 13, 2025. AP No. 72. Because the Plaintiff was not granted leave to file
the brief, it was not accepted or considered. See AP No. 73 (holding same).
discharge. AP No. 12 at 3–4. In support of dismissal, the Defendant argues the Plaintiff has failed
to carry his burden.
DISCUSSION
I. Denial of Discharge
Pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code, the Court may deny the debtor a discharge if “the debtor
knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case—made a false oath or account.” 11
U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A).
To prove a § 727(a)(4)(A) violation, a creditor must show that: “1) the debtor made
a statement under oath; 2) the statement was false; 3) the debtor knew the statement
was false; 4) the debtor made the statement with fraudulent intent; and 5) the
statement related materially to the bankruptcy case.”
Republic Credit Corp. I v. Boyer (In re Boyer), 328 F. App’x 711, 715 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting
Keeney v. Smith (In re Keeney), 227 F.3d 679, 685 (6th Cir. 2000)); see also Abraham v. Stuart
(In re Abraham), 693 F. App’x 59, 61 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting same). “The Plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing each element of § 727(a)(4)(A) by a preponderance of the evidence.” Fido’s
Fences, Inc. v. Bordonaro (In re Bordonaro), 543 B.R. 692, 702 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2016) (citing
Colish v. United States (In re Colish), 289 B.R. 523, 536 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2002)). Denial of a
debtor’s discharge under § 727 is “an extreme penalty” and therefore “must be construed strictly
against those who object to the debtor’s discharge and ‘liberally in favor of the bankrupt.’” State
Bank of India v. Chalasani (In re Chalasani), 92 F.3d 1300, 1310 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting In re
Adlman, 541 F.2d 999, 1003 (2d Cir. 1976)); see also Levine v. Raymonda, Adv. P. No. 99-91199,
2001 Bankr. LEXIS 2374, at *5 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2001) (likening the denial of discharge
to “the death penalty of bankruptcy”).
A. Statement Under Oath
The first factor in the Court’s analysis can be readily determined.
Statements under oath include statements in documents filed with the Bankruptcy
Court which are made under penalty of perjury, such as the bankruptcy schedules
and [Statement of Financial Affairs] filed with the petition, as well as statements
by the debtor during examinations under oath, such as testimony during the meeting
of creditors held pursuant to § 341(a).
Capital One Equip. Fin. Corp. v. Singh (In re Singh), 585 B.R. 330, 336 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2018)
(citing In re Moreo, 437 B.R. 40, 61 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2010)). Here, the statement in question is
the Defendant’s reporting of his income in his Statement of Financial Affairs.
Over the course of his bankruptcy proceeding, the Defendant has amended his Statement
of Financial Affairs several times. See ECF Nos. 16, 21, 50. Nevertheless, each iteration of the
statement was signed under the penalty of perjury and therefore satisfies the first factor.
B. Falsity of Statement
The Court must next determine whether the statement in question is false. “Under [S]ection
727(a)(4)(A)’s second element, ‘[o]missions as well as affirmative misstatements qualify as false
statements for Section 727(a)(4)(A) purposes.’” City of Atlantic City v. Drummon (In re
Drummon), Case No. 24-cv-1668, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. May 7, 2025) (quoting Adler v. Ng (In re
Adler), 395 B.R. 827, 841 (E.D.N.Y. 2008)). “A statement is false if . . . it omits even one asset or
source of income . . . .” Lisa Ng v. Adler (In re Adler), 494 B.R. 43, 75 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2013).
In the most recent version of the Defendant’s Statement of Financial Affairs, he indicated
that, from January 1 to November 3, 2023, he earned $15,972.00 in wages commissions, bonuses
and tips and $0.00 from operating a business. ECF No. 50 at 2. The previous versions of the
statement include the same values. See ECF Nos. 1, 16, 21.
However, the bank records from the Defendant’s business, Jeff Davidson Stone LLC7,
clearly contradict this. According to the bank statements, the business issued approximately thirty-
nine checks to the Defendant from January to April 2023 totaling approximately $25,065.43. See
Plaintiff Exhibit 8. Certain checks indicate that they were written for the purpose of “OWNER
PROFIT WITHDRAW.” See Plaintiff Exhibit 2. On other checks, the endorsement line includes
the Defendant’s signature as well as his personal checking account number.8 Id. In addition, the
bank statements show that the Defendant initiated approximately four electronic transfers between
the business account and his personal account during this time period for a net of approximately
$600.00. See id.
Thus, it is clear the Defendant’s recitation of his 2023 income is facially false. The
Defendant stated that he had received $0.00 from operating a business in 2023. ECF No. 50 at 2.
Even if the Defendant believed these disbursements fell under his reported wages, commissions,
etc., his income would still have been understated by $9,693.43 ($25,065.43 in checks plus
$600.00 in electronic transfers less $15,972.00 in reported income).9
To further complicate matters, the Defendant indicates in his Schedule I that he had been
employed as a highway foreman for the Town of Castleton for four months prior to filing the
bankruptcy case. ECF No. 1 at 42. In this role, the Defendant indicated that his monthly take-home
pay was approximately $3,480.10. Id. at 43. Thus, it would appear the Defendant had two sources
of income in 2023 but only reported one.
7 According to the Defendant, Jeff Davidson Stone LLC is in the process of “winding up.” ECF No. 50 at 12.
8 The account number ends in x7520, which matches the checking account listed by the Defendant in his Schedule
A/B. ECF No. 1 at 14.
9 It is also noteworthy that the bank statements only cover the period from January to April 2023, meaning that the
Defendant may have received additional disbursements from May 2023 to the time of the bankruptcy filing.
Also of note are certain transactions that raise additional questions as to the veracity of the
Statement of Financial Affairs. For instance, there are several ATM transactions from the business
account for which the Court cannot discern a purpose or beneficiary. See Plaintiff Exhibit 8.
Similarly, there are numerous transactions on the business account that would appear to be for
personal—rather than business—purposes. These include, for example, purchases at The Alpine
Sports Shop and Sugarbush Resort. See Plaintiff Exhibit 8.
There are also a variety of charges related to the Defendant’s Venmo account, which is
connected to the business’s bank account. See Plaintiff Exhibits 7–8. The Defendant acknowledged
that he would sometimes use Venmo to pay his workers. See Plaintiff Exhibit 14 at 62–67; Plaintiff
Exhibit 15 at 68; see also AP No. 70 at 1:18:25 (indicating that certain Venmo payments to
workers, despite unclear descriptors such as “musical taste rehabilitation” and “butt cheek
implants,” were legitimate business transfers). However, there are numerous transactions to non-
employees for things such as “Liz’s soccer session,” “Kids Cell Phones” and “Ass Kickings.” See
Plaintiff Exhibit 7. If these transactions were for personal reasons, there is an argument to be made
that the funds constitute additional income.
The ATM transfers, miscellaneous purchases, and Venmo transactions all suggest that the
Defendant was using the business bank account for personal purposes. Determining which
transfers were wholly personal and whether they constitute a form of income for the Defendant
would require further hearings.10 However, the Court need not delve into this issue at this time.
Based upon the checks and account transfers, the Defendant’s statement of his 2023 income is
false; the real question is how much greater the Defendant’s income was than what he reported.
10 Tracing these transactions and determining whether they were executed for a valid business purpose requires
additional factfinding, even if they are suspicious on their face.
As such, the Court finds the Defendant’s Statement of Financial Affairs includes a false
statement.11
C. Knowingly False
“The knowledge requirement is satisfied by showing that ‘the bankrupt knows what is true
and, so knowing, willfully and intentionally swears to what is false.’” Moreo v. Rossi (In re
Moreo), 437 B.R. 40, 62 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (quoting In re Kaufhold, 256 F.2d 181, 185 (3d Cir.
1958)). Here, the Court finds that it would be impossible for the Defendant to not have known his
2023 income was incorrect. It would be one thing if the Statement of Financial Affairs listed some
income from operating a business and the Defendant was simply unaware of the exact amount.
But when a debtor claims to have received zero income from their business while prolifically
writing checks and executing transactions from the business account, it cannot be chalked up to
mere oversight. Thus, the Debtor had the requisite knowledge to know his income from operating
a business was not zero and willfully swore to the opposite.
D. Fraudulent Intent
“Fraudulent intent may be shown through circumstantial evidence or inferences from a
course of conduct, all surrounding circumstances, and any evidence of a course of conduct.”
Darwin (Huck) Spaulding Living Trust v. Carl (In re Carl), 517 B.R. 53, 69 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y.
2014) (citing Salomon v. Kaiser (In re Kaiser), 722 F.2d 1574, 1582–83 (2d Cir. 1983)).
Fraudulent intent can be established by a showing of . . . the debtor’s reckless
disregard for the truth of his statements. Reckless disregard for the truth is analyzed
by considering the following factors: (a) the serious nature of the information
sought and the necessary attention to detail and accuracy in answering; (b) a
debtor’s lack of financial sophistication as evidenced by his or her professional
background; and (c) whether a debtor repeatedly blamed recurrent errors of
11 The bank account history for the period of March to December 2022 suggests that the Defendant may have also
misrepresented his 2022 income. See Plaintiff Exhibit 8.
carelessness or failed to take advantage of an opportunity to clarify or correct
inconsistencies.
Jiao v. Fan (In re Fan), 656 B.R. 666, 687–88 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2024) (citing In re Singh, 585
B.R. at 338–39) (internal citations omitted).
“It has long been law that the privilege of discharge depends upon the debtor’s disclosure
of a true and accurate picture of its financial affairs.” In re Chalasani, 92 F.3d at 1309 (citing In
re Underhill, 82 F.2d 258, 260 (2d Cir. 1936)). “Trustees and creditors are entitled to truthful and
complete disclosures in a debtor’s schedules and statement of financial affairs so that they may
conduct their own investigation of a debtor’s affairs.” O’Connell v. DeMartino (In re DeMartino),
448 B.R. 122, 129–30 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2011). In this case, the failure to provide accurate answers
in the Statement of Financial Affairs has obscured the Defendant’s true financial position which
in turn is detrimental “to the effective functioning of the bankruptcy system.” In re Lowery, 398
B.R. 512, 515 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2008).
In his Statement of Financial Affairs, the Defendant indicates that Mohan & Mohan Tax
Services, Inc. performed the accounting and bookkeeping for Jeff Davidson Stone LLC. ECF No.
50 at 12. However, the Defendant himself is still financially sophisticated. Jeff Davidson Stone
LLC began operations in March 2020. Id. Prior to that, the Defendant operated Upstate Rock, LLC
from August 2013 to June 2020. Id. According to the Defendant, he also handled certain business
expenditures on his own by using the business bank account, signing checks and initiating Venmo
transactions. See Plaintiff Exhibits 2, 7–8. At the very least, the Defendant is financially
sophisticated enough to know his income from business operations was not $0.00 in 2023.
The Defendant was asked about many of these questionable transactions both during his
deposition and at trial. See ECF No. 70; Plaintiff Exhibits 5, 14–15. For most of these questions,
the Defendant simply answered that he did not recall the transaction in question. See id. The Court
finds this response—or lack thereof—not credible. It would be one thing if the Defendant had
difficulty recalling a small number of transactions. But it is another thing altogether for the
Defendant to claim no recollection of a significant number of transactions made by or attributable
to him, especially when evidence of said transactions is provided. Also relevant is the fact that the
Debtor amended his Statement of Financial Affairs three times yet never adjusted his income from
business. “A failure to amend schedules can give rise to an inference of fraud, as well as a series
of incorrect statements and omissions of fact.” In re Fan, 656 B.R. at 688 (citing In re Singh, 585
B.R. at 339). Here, the Defendant was given ample opportunity to shed light on these transactions
and his reported income yet failed to do so.
For these reasons, it is apparent that the Defendant acted with a reckless disregard for the
truth of his statements, from which this Court infers fraudulent intent.
E. Material Relation to the Bankruptcy
“An item is material if it is related to the debtor’s ‘business transactions or estate which
would lead to the discovery of assets, business dealings, or existence or disposition of property.’”
In re Moreo, 437 B.R. at 65 (quoting Carlucci & Legum v. Murray (In re Murray), 249 B.R. 223,
230 (E.D.N.Y. 2000)). “Materiality is a low threshold.” In re Carl, 517 B.R. at 70. It “merely
requires a showing that the relevant information was something that creditors and the trustee
reasonably would have regarded as significant in identifying the assets of the estate that could be
liquidated and used to satisfy claims . . . .” Mazer-Marino v. Levi (In re Levi), 581 B.R. 733, 754
(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017). “[M]ateriality does not require a showing that the creditors were
prejudiced by the false statement.” In re Robinson, 506 F.2d 1184, 1188 (2d Cir. 1974) (citing
Morris Plan Industrial Bank v. Finn, 149 F.2d 591, 592 (2d Cir. 1945)).
The Defendant’s failure to properly account for his 2023 earnings falls within the realm of
material. By failing to accurately list his income, the Defendant portrayed an image of his finances
that may have dissuaded further investigation by interested parties. His use of the business’s bank
account for personal expenditures may have also created intrigue among the creditors and trustee,
who may have wished to explore the possibility of bringing said assets into the fold of the
bankruptcy estate. And as stated previously, this was no small discrepancy; the Defendant omitted
thousands of dollars from his Statement of Financial Affairs. Therefore, the false statement
satisfies the materiality requirement.
F. Shifting the Burden
Typically, “[o]nce the moving party meets its initial burden to produce evidence of a false
statement, the burden of production shifts to the debtor to produce a ‘credible explanation.’” In re
Moreo, 437 B.R. at 59 (quoting Casa Invs. Co. v. Brenes (In re Brenes), 261 B.R. 322, 334 (Bankr.
D. Conn. 2001)). Here, the Defendant has provided no argument for why his 2023 income was
misstated. The Defendant did not proffer any evidence for the Court to consider or call any
witnesses at trial. See AP No. 70. Defense counsel did not even cross-examine the Defendant, who
was the only witness called. Nor did the Defendant deem it appropriate to make a closing statement
or take the opportunity to submit a post-trial brief. AP No. 70 at 3:04:55–3:07:20. As such, the
Court finds that the Defendant has failed to satisfy his burden in providing a credible explanation
for his false statement.
II. Oral Motion to Dismiss
Because the Court has found the Plaintiff satisfied the pleading requirements for §
727(a)(4)(A), the oral motion to dismiss is denied.
CONCLUSION
The veracity of a debtor’s schedules and financial statements is imperative to ensure all
parties involved in a bankruptcy proceeding are informed and can collaborate in good faith. Here,
the Defendant has made a false oath or account in connection with his bankruptcy case and has
failed to provide adequate reasoning for same. Thus, the Court finds the Defendant violated §
727(a)(4)(A). Now, after due deliberation and for the reasons stated herein, it is hereby
ORDERED, that the Defendant is denied a discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4);
and it is further
ORDERED, that the Defendant’s oral motion to dismiss is denied.
Dated: September 24, 2025
Albany, New York
/s/ Robert E. Littlefield, Jr.______
Robert E. Littlefield, Jr.
United States Bankruptcy Judge