The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON
KRYSTA BESSER, et al., Case No. 3:23-cv-1438-SI
Plaintiffs, ORDER
v.
LEGACY HEALTH,
Defendant.
Michael H. Simon, District Judge.
Plaintiffs Terese Lampa and Thomas Wray1 have sued their former employer Legacy
Health (“Legacy”). In their Complaint (ECF 1), Plaintiffs Lampa and Wray assert two claims for
unlawful employment discrimination. They first allege a violation of Oregon Revised Statutes
(“ORS”) § 659A.030. They next assert a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e, et seq. They also contend that Legacy terminated their employment after they refused to
comply with Legacy’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate on the grounds that receiving the COVID-19
vaccine conflicts with their sincerely held religious beliefs. Now pending before the Court is
1 The parties submitted a status report on July 30, 2025, noting that they have resolved all
claims asserted by Plaintiffs Krysta Besser, John Chanouzas, Ramona Dragomir, Ida Huber,
Heidi Kline, Jonna’K Polley, Kathleen Terlecki, and Jimmie Jaramillo, Sr. See ECF 19.
Accordingly, the only remaining Plaintiffs are Terese Lampa and Thomas Wray.
Legacy’s motion to dismiss only the claims asserted by Wray. See ECF 5. Legacy argues that
Wray has failed to plead facts sufficient to show that he had a “religious” belief that conflicted
with Legacy’s vaccination policy.
STANDARDS
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim may be granted only when there is no
cognizable legal theory to support the claim or when the complaint lacks sufficient factual
allegations to state a facially plausible claim for relief. Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs.,
Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010). In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint’s factual
allegations, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded material facts alleged in the complaint
and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Wilson v. Hewlett-
Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012); Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629
F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010). To be entitled to a presumption of truth, allegations in a complaint
“may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action but must contain sufficient allegations
of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself
effectively.” Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). The court must draw all
reasonable inferences from the factual allegations in favor of the plaintiff. Newcal Indus. v. Ikon
Off. Sol., 513 F.3d 1038, 1043 n.2 (9th Cir. 2008). The court need not, however, credit a
plaintiff’s legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009).
A complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations to “plausibly suggest an
entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be subjected to the
expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216. “A claim has facial
plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a
probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted
unlawfully.” Mashiri v. Epsten Grinnell & Howell, 845 F.3d 984, 988 (9th Cir. 2017) (quotation
marks omitted).
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
On August 13, 2021, amid the surge in COVID-19 cases, the Governor of Oregon issued
Executive Order 21-29 (the “EO”). In the EO, the Governor explained that the 2021 summer
surge in COVID-19 infections “is imperiling the state health system’s ability to manage not just
COVID-19 patients, but also those who require specialized medical care after car accidents, heart
attacks, and other medical emergencies” and that “employer vaccination requirements have
become an important tool” for managing the surge. The EO required that state executive-branch
employees be “fully vaccinated” against COVID-19 by the later of October 18, 2021, or six
weeks after the date that the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves a COVID-19
vaccine. The EO allowed for exceptions for individuals unable to be vaccinated due to disability,
a qualifying medical condition, or a sincerely held religious belief.
After the FDA approved the COVID-19 vaccine on August 23, 2021, the Oregon Health
Authority (“OHA”) adopted similar vaccination rules. One of those rules, then-codified at
Oregon Administrative Rule (“OAR”) 333-019-1010, is known as the “Healthcare Order.”2
Originally adopted on August 25, 2021, and then modified on September 1, 2021, the Healthcare
Order explained, in relevant part:
Healthcare providers and healthcare staff have contact with
multiple patients over the course of a typical day and week,
including providers that provide care for people in their homes.
2 The OHA suspended OAR 333-019-1010 in mid-2023 and repealed it effective June 30,
2023.
Individuals cared for in these settings are more likely than the
general public to have conditions that put them at risk for
complications due to COVID-19. COVID-19 variants are running
through the state’s unvaccinated population and causing an
increase in breakthrough cases for those who are fully vaccinated.
This rule is necessary to help control COVID-19, protect patients,
and to protect the state’s healthcare workforce.
OAR 333-019-1010(1) (effective Sept. 1, 2021). Based on these concerns, the Healthcare Order
provided that after October 18, 2021, “A health care provider or healthcare staff person may not
work, learn, study, assist, observe, or volunteer in a healthcare setting unless they are fully
vaccinated or have provided documentation of a medical or religious exception.” OAR 333-
019-1010(3)(a) (Sept. 1, 2021).3
3 The Healthcare Order defined “healthcare providers and healthcare staff” as:
[I]ndividuals, paid and unpaid, working, learning, studying,
assisting, observing or volunteering in a healthcare setting
providing direct patient or resident care or who have the potential
for direct or indirect exposure to patients, residents, or infectious
materials, and includes but is not limited to any individual licensed
by a health regulatory board as that is defined in ORS 676.160,
unlicensed caregivers, and any clerical, dietary, environmental
services, laundry, security, engineering and facilities management,
administrative, billing, student and volunteer personnel.
OAR 333-019-1010(2)(d)(A) (Sept. 1, 2021). The Healthcare Order defined “healthcare setting”
as:
[A]ny place where health care, including physical or behavioral
health care[,] is delivered and includes, but is not limited to any
health care facility or agency licensed under ORS chapter 441
or 443, such as hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, birthing
centers, special inpatient care facilities, long-term acute care
facilities, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, inpatient hospice
facilities, nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, residential
facilities, residential behavioral health facilities, adult foster
homes, group homes, pharmacies, hospice, vehicles or temporary
sites where health care is delivered (for example, mobile clinics,
ambulances), and outpatient facilities, such as dialysis centers,
health care provider offices, behavioral health care offices, urgent
In late 2021, the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (the “Secretary”),
who administers the Medicare and Medicaid programs, issued an interim final rule amending the
existing conditions of participation in Medicare and Medicaid to add a new requirement—that
facilities ensure that their covered staff are vaccinated against COVID-19. Medicare and
Medicaid Programs; Omnibus COVID-19 Health Care Staff Vaccination, 86 Fed. Reg. 61555,
61616-27 (Nov. 5, 2021). The rule required providers to offer medical and religious exemptions
and did not cover staff who teleworked full-time. Id. at 61572. The rule further provided that a
facility’s failure to comply with the vaccination requirement may lead to monetary penalties,
denial of payment for new admissions, and ultimately termination of participation in the
programs. Id. at 61574. As explained by the Supreme Court, “[t]he Secretary issued the rule after
finding that vaccination of healthcare workers against COVID-19 was ‘necessary for the health
and safety of individuals to whom care and services are furnished.’” Biden v. Missouri, 595
U.S. 87, 91 (2022) (quoting 86 Fed. Reg. at 61561). The Supreme Court upheld the Secretary’s
rule as within the Secretary’s authority provided by Congress. Id. at 93. The Supreme Court
added:
COVID-19 is a highly contagious, dangerous, and—especially for
Medicare and Medicaid patients—deadly disease. The Secretary of
Health and Human Services determined that a COVID-19 vaccine
mandate will substantially reduce the likelihood that healthcare
workers will contract the virus and transmit it to their patients.
86 Fed. Reg. 61557-61558. He accordingly concluded that a
vaccine mandate is “necessary to promote and protect patient
care centers, counseling offices, offices that provide
complementary and alternative medicine such as acupuncture,
homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropractic and osteopathic medicine,
and other specialty centers.
OAR 333-019-1010(2)(e)(A) (Sept. 1, 2021) (emphasis added).
health and safety” in the face of the ongoing pandemic. Id.,
at 61613.
Id. In mid-2023, the Secretary issued a new rule withdrawing the vaccination requirement. Policy
and Regulatory Changes to the Omnibus COVID-19 Health Care Staff Vaccination
Requirements, 88 Fed. Reg. 36485, 36488 (June 5, 2023) (effective Aug. 4, 2023).
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Wray alleges that he worked for Legacy for about nine years, until Legacy terminated his
employment on October 19, 2021. Compl. ¶¶ 42-43. Wray worked for Legacy as a dispatcher
and courier lead, “became a superuser for Legacy’s new tracking system,” checked-in patients,
answered patient questions, and assisted phlebotomists with difficult blood draws. Id. ¶ 42. Wray
alleges that he received positive reviews and accolades from management and coworkers. Id.
Wray states that he has “deeply held Christian beliefs,” including that “God loves and protects
him.” Id. ¶ 43.
Wray alleges that the COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020. Id. ¶ 3. He asserts that
he “maintained the strictest adherence to the safety standards employed by [Legacy] during the
pandemic to alleviate or eliminate the risk of infection, including the wearing of personal
protective equipment (PPE), regular handwashing, social distancing, regular testing, and
quarantining when necessary.” Id. In the summer of 2021, Legacy announced that it would be
implementing and enforcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate in the workplace. Id. ¶ 4. Legacy
informed its employees that individuals who held religious beliefs that conflicted with taking the
vaccine could apply for a religious exception. Id. Wray states that he objects to taking the
vaccine because “God told him not to get the COVID-19 vaccine.” Id. ¶ 43. On September 10,
2021, Wray presented to Legacy his written request for a religious exception. Id. Legacy denied
the exemption request, placed Wray on unpaid leave on October 1, 2021, and terminated his
employment on October 19, 2021. Id. Wray alleges that Legacy failed to make a good-faith
effort to accommodate his religious beliefs and instead engaged in a series of adverse
employment actions against him. Id. ¶¶ 57-58, 63-64.
DISCUSSION
Under Title VII, it is unlawful for a covered employer “to discharge any individual . . .
because of such individual’s . . . religion.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). To establish a prima facie
case for religious discrimination, the employee must demonstrate:
(1) she had a bona fide religious belief, the practice of which
conflicted with an employment duty; (2) she informed her
employer of the belief and conflict; and (3) the employer
threatened her or subjected her to discriminatory treatment,
including discharge, because of her inability to fulfill the job
requirements.
Tiano v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 139 F.3d 679, 681 (9th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). If the
employee establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to prove that it either
“initiated good faith efforts to accommodate reasonably the employee’s religious practices or
that it could not reasonably accommodate the employee without undue hardship.” Id.4
“[T]he burden to allege a conflict with religious beliefs is fairly minimal.” Bolden-
Hardge v. Off. of Cal. State Controller, 63 F.4th 1215, 1223 (9th Cir. 2023). But that “does not
mean that courts must take plaintiffs’ conclusory assertions of violations of their religious beliefs
at face value.” Id. (citing Oklevueha Native Am. Church of Haw., Inc. v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 1012,
1016-17 (9th Cir. 2016)).
4 State law is similar. ORS § 659A.030 provides that it is an unlawful employment
practice for an employer to discriminate against an individual in the terms and conditions of
employment because of a person’s religion, among other things. ORS § 659A.030(1)(a). Claims
brought under this statute are analyzed the same way as claims brought under Title VII. See
Dawson v. Entek Int’l, 630 F.3d 928, 934 (9th Cir. 2011); Henderson v. Jantzen, Inc., 79 Or.
App. 654, 657 (1986).
As noted, Wray alleges that he holds Christian beliefs and has serious objections to
taking the vaccine because “God told him not to get [it].” Legacy’s motion to dismiss is based
solely on its argument that Wray pleads only conclusory statements about his religious beliefs
and does not articulate a conflict between these beliefs and the vaccine mandate. Wray responds
that he has pleaded specific facts alleging that the COVID-19 vaccine mandate was antithetical
to his sincerely held religious beliefs.
Contrary to Legacy’s assertion, Wray does not merely assert that he is a Christian or that
his body is a temple but specifically alleges that he believes that God has told him not to get the
COVID-19 vaccine. This allegation, while brief, explains the connection between Wray’s
religious beliefs and his refusal to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Accordingly, it satisfies the
“minimal” standard needed to allege a conflict with a religious belief. At the motion to dismiss
stage, Wray sufficiently has alleged a religious belief that conflicts with the vaccine mandate.
CONCLUSION
The Court DENIES Legacy’s Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. ECF 5.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED this 28th day of August, 2025.
/s/ Michael H. Simon
Michael H. Simon
United States District Judge