SALAWU v. DAY

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MICHAEL SALAWU, )

) Case No. 2:24-cv-01424

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Magistrate Judge Kezia O. L. Taylor

)

JOVANN DAY, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This case is before the Court1 on the Petition for Review of Denial of Application for

Naturalization pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) and Request for de novo Hearing (“Petition”). ECF

No. 1. The Petition is filed by Michael Salawu (“Plaintiff’), a native and citizen of Ghana, and it

seeks de novo judicial review of the denial of his application for naturalization by the United States

Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”). The USCIS determined that Plaintiff was

ineligible for naturalization after finding that he had not demonstrated that he was legally the

spouse of a U.S. citizen at the time of his admission into the United States and was therefore not

lawfully admitted for permanent residence. Defendants have moved for summary judgment and

Plaintiff has filed a response in opposition thereto. For the following reasons, summary judgment

will be granted in favor of Defendants.

1 In accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1), the parties have voluntarily consented

to have a United States Magistrate Judge conduct proceedings in this case, including the entry of

a final judgment. ECF Nos. 11 & 18.

A. Relevant Factual Background

Plaintiff is a 47-year-old Ghanian native who obtained Lawful Permanent Residence

(“LPR”) status in 2012 and emigrated to the United States that same year. ECF No. 14 ¶ 1; ECF

No. 19 ¶ 1. He currently resides in the Pittsburgh area. Id. On October 30, 2008, Plaintiff married

Ruth Ann Woodson, a 70-year-old United States Citizen and a resident of Virginia, in a civil

wedding ceremony in Accra, Ghana. Id. ¶¶ 2-3; id. ¶ 2. At the time of that marriage, Ms. Woodson

was still married to Bobby Morton, who she had married in Virginia in 1981. Id. ¶ 4; id. ¶ 3. On

February 4, 2009, Ms. Woodson and Mr. Morton obtained a Final Decree of Divorce from the

Virginia state court. Id. ¶ 5; id. ¶ 4.

On March 2, 2009, Ms. Woodson submitted a Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, on

behalf of Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 6; id. ¶ 5. On July 16, 2009, USCIS approved the Form I-130. Id. ¶ 7;

id. ¶ 6. On March 8, 2010, Plaintiff applied for an IR-1, immediate relative immigrant visa,

through the American Embassy in Ghana. Id. ¶ 8; id. ¶ 7. Plaintiff’s IR-1 immigrant visa was

approved on June 15, 2012, and he was admitted into the United States as a LPR on June 24, 2012.

Id. ¶¶ 9-10; id. ¶¶ 7-8.

On December 1, 2021, Plaintiff submitted an N-400, Application for Naturalization, in

which he noted that he and Ms. Woodson were married on October 30, 2008, and he claimed that

he had maintained LPR status for more than the requisite five years. Id. ¶ 11; id. ¶ 9. On May 2,

2022, the USCIS issued a decision denying Plaintiff’s application. Id. ¶ 12; id. ¶ 10. In finding

that Plaintiff was not eligible for naturalization the USCIS found as follows: (1) Ms. Woodson

was still married to Mr. Morton at the time Plaintiff married her on October 30, 2008, making

Plaintiff’s marriage to Ms. Woodson “bigamous” and not legally valid; (2) Plaintiff did not remarry

2

Ms. Woodson after her divorce from Mr. Morton in 2009; (3) Plaintiff was not Ms. Woodson’s

legal husband when Ms. Woodson filed her I-130 Petition for Alien Relative on Plaintiff’s behalf;

(4) Plaintiff was not eligible for the IR1 immigrant classification as a spouse of a U.S. Citizen at

the time he was admitted into the United States; and therefore (5) Plaintiff failed to demonstrate

that he had been lawfully admitted for permanent residence as required to qualify for

naturalization. See ECF No. 15-3.

On May 31, 2022, Plaintiff filed with the USCIS a Form N-336, Request for a Hearing on

a Decision in Naturalization Proceedings. ECF No. 14 ¶ 14; ECF No. 19 ¶ 12. On July 23, 2024,

the USCIS reaffirmed its decision to deny Plaintiff’s application for naturalization. Id. ¶ 15; id. ¶

13.

Plaintiff filed his Petition in this case on October 10, 2024. ECF No. 1. Defendants were

served and filed an Answer on December 16, 2024. ECF No. 7. They then filed a Motion for

Summary Judgment on February 14, 2025, along with a Brief in Support thereof, a Concise

Statement of Material Facts and an Appendix of exhibits. ECF Nos. 12-15. Plaintiff filed a Brief

in Opposition on March 10, 2025, along with a Response to the Concise Statement of Material

Facts. ECF Nos. 17, 19. A Reply was filed by Defendants on March 27, 2025. ECF No. 20.

B. Legal Standard

Summary judgment shall be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). Under this standard “the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties

will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is

3

that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

247-48 (1986). A disputed fact is “material” if proof of its existence or nonexistence would affect

the outcome under applicable substantive law. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248; Gray v. York

Newspapers, Inc., 957 F.2d 1070, 1078 (3d Cir. 1992). An issue of material fact is “genuine” if

the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 257; Brenner v. Loc. 514, United Bhd. of Carpenters and Joiners of Am.,

927 F.2d 1283, 1287-88 (3d Cir. 1991). When determining whether a genuine issue of material

fact remains for trial, the court must view the record and all reasonable inferences to be drawn

therefrom in favor of the nonmoving party. Moore v. Tartler, 986 F.2d 682, 685 (3d Cir. 1993);

Clement v. Consol. Rail Corp., 963 F.2d 599, 600 (3d Cir. 1992); White v. Westinghouse Elec. Co.,

862 F.2d 56, 59 (3d Cir. 1988). To avoid summary judgment, however, the nonmoving party may

not rest on the unsubstantiated allegations of his or her pleadings. Instead, once the movant

satisfies its burden of identifying evidence that demonstrates the absence of a genuine issue of

material fact, the nonmoving party must go beyond his or her pleadings with affidavits,

depositions, answers to interrogatories or other record evidence to demonstrate specific material

facts that give rise to a genuine issue. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).

C. Discussion

Plaintiff’s Petition in this case seeks de novo review of the USCIS’ decision denying his

application for naturalization. See 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) (A district court’s review of naturalization

denials “shall be de novo, and the court shall make its own findings of fact and conclusions of

law.”) Plaintiff argues that there exists a genuine dispute as to whether he has met the qualification

4

of being “lawfully admitted for permanent residence” to bar summary judgment in this case.

Specifically, Plaintiff argues that prior decisions in this Circuit have incorrectly interpreted that

phrase and he asks that this Court find the Fourth and Eleventh Circuit Courts of Appeals’

understanding of that phrase more persuasive, as well as to consider the practical implications of

forever holding a government’s administrative error against an applicant for naturalization.

First, to be eligible for naturalization in the United States, an applicant must demonstrate

that he was “lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1429.

“The term ‘lawfully admitted for permanent residence’ means the status of having been lawfully

accorded the privilege of residing permanently in the United States as an immigrant in accordance

with the immigration laws, such status not having changed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a)(20). The Third

Circuit has explained that the term “lawful admission” requires compliance with both substantive

and procedural legal requirements. See Gallimore v. Attorney General of U.S., 619 F.3d 216, 223

(3d Cir. 2010) (citing In re Longstaff, 716 F.2d 1439, 1441 (5th Cir. 1983)).

In Gallimore, the Third Circuit held that “an alien whose status has been adjusted to lawful

permanent resident but who is subsequently determined in an immigration proceeding to have

originally been ineligible for that status has not been ‘lawfully admitted for permanent residence.’”

Id. at 224-25 (internal quotations and citations omitted). The Third Circuit was clear that this

determination applied regardless of whether the applicant’s LPR status was not lawful “because

the applicant procured it through fraud” or “because the applicant was not legally entitled to it for

any other reason.” Id. at 224; see also In re Koloamatangi, 23 I. & N. Dec. 548, 550 (BIA 2003)

(“[A]n alien was not ‘lawfully’ admitted for permanent resident status if, at the time such status

was accorded, he or she was not entitled to it.”). This includes, as relevant here, a situation where

5

LPR status was obtained through administrative oversight or other agency error. See Gallimore,

619 F.3d at 224; see also Savoury v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 449 F.3d 1307, 1317 (11th Cir. 2006) (noting

that “[w]hat is lawful depends on the law and not on administrative inadvertence or error.”);

Arellano-Garcia v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 1183, 1187 (8th Cir. 2005) (finding that the petitioner could

not be deemed a “‘lawfully admitted permanent resident’ when he obtained permanent residence

status through a mistake and was not otherwise eligible for the status adjustment.”)

Defendants argue that the Third Circuit’s holding in Gallimore bars this Court from

granting Plaintiff any kind of relief, and, despite Plaintiff’s argument that the Third Circuit

incorrectly interpreted the phrase “lawfully admitted for permanent residence” in Gallimore, the

Court finds that Gallimore is directly relevant and the proverbial “nail in the [Plaintiff’s] coffin.”

This Court’s precedence is clear that, even if Plaintiff was erroneously or mistakenly

granted LPR status, this error nevertheless undermines the lawfulness of his LPR status. The

inescapable fact is that Plaintiff was not legally married to Ms. Woodson, which he used as the

basis to gain an IR-1 visa, entry to the United States and LPR status. Although lawful procedure

may have been followed by Plaintiff, the lawfulness of the procedure does not mean that he

attained status as a LPR, and because Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that he was “lawfully admitted

for permanent residence,” as that phrase has been interpreted by the Third Circuit, there is no

genuine issue of material fact as to his eligibility for naturalization.

The Court notes Plaintiff’s attempts to persuade this Court that the Third Circuit, and

others, have incorrectly interpreted the phrase “lawfully admitted for permanent residence.” He

relies on language in Lanier v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 631 F.3d 1363 (11th Cir. 2011), wherein the

Eleventh Circuit stated that the definition of “lawfully admitted for permanent residence . . .

6

describes a particular immigration status, without any regard for how or when that status is

obtained.” Id. at 1366. Therefore, he states that this Court should not look to how his LPR status

was obtained, only that it was obtained, and that he still maintains it because an immigration judge

has not yet taken it away. Lanier, however, stands for the unremarkable proposition that an alien

who enters the country illegally, and then later obtains an adjustment, has not been admitted to this

country as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.2 It does not undermine the premise

that an alien is lawfully admitted for permanent residence only if he or she is in strict compliance

with the procedural and substantive legal requirements at the time LPR status was granted, a

premise that is actually reiterated by the Fourth Circuit in Azumah v. United States Citizenship and

Immigration Services, 107 F.4th 272 (4th Cir. 2024), yet another case Plaintiff cites to persuade

the Court of his position. See id. at 274 (“A noncitizen is regarded as having been ‘lawfully’

admitted for permanent resident status only if he was legally entitled to that status when it was

granted.”) As previously explained, Plaintiff was not legally entitled to LPR status when it was

granted, and therefore he was never lawfully admitted for permanent residence to be eligible for

2 Lanier involved an interpretation of the Immigration and Nationality Act’s (“INA”) waiver of

removal statute, INA § 212(h), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h). In that case, the alien was subject to removal

based on her conviction for an aggravated felony and a conviction involving moral turpitude.

Lanier, 631 F.3d at 1365. The alien sought to file an emergency waiver of removability under §

212(h) of the INA on the grounds that her daughter, a U.S. citizen, would suffer hardship if the

United States removed her. Id. The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) and Board of Immigration Appeals

(“BIA”) ruled that her conviction for an aggravated felony rendered her statutorily ineligible to

apply for § 212(h) waiver. Id. The statute they relied upon provides in relevant part that “[n]o

waiver shall be granted under this subsection in the case of an alien who has previously been

admitted to the United States as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if . . . since the

date of such admission the alien has been convicted of an aggravated felony.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h).

The Eleventh Circuit, however, disagreed with both the IJ and BIA and held that the plain language

of § 212(h) does “not apply to those persons who . . . adjusted to lawful permanent resident status

while already living in the United States.” Id. at 1367.

7

naturalization. For this reason, the Court finds that Defendants are entitled to summary judgment.

A separate order will be entered.

Dated: August 14, 2025.

/s/ Kezia O. L. Taylor

Kezia O. L. Taylor

United States Magistrate Judge

Cc: All counsel of record

(via CM/ECF electronic mail)

8