The opinion
Filed 8/13/25
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
EMMA SANDOVAL, a Minor, etc.,
et al.,
G063037
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
(Super. Ct. No. 30-2022-
v. 01294532)
PALI INSTITUTE, INC., OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Nathan N. Vu, Judge. Affirmed, in part, reversed, in part, and remanded
with directions. Request for judicial notice. Granted.
Horvitz & Levy, Lisa Perrochet, and Mark A. Kressel; Olson Law
Group, Sonali Olson, and Sherri Matta for Defendant and Appellant.
1
Lex Rex Institute, Alexander H. Haberbush, and Deborah L.
Pauly for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
After returning home from a multiday overnight science camp
run by defendant Pali Institute, Inc. (Pali) and organized by their public
school district, plaintiffs sued Pali and the school district for intentional
infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress
based, in part, on their exposure to gender identity related discussions while
at the camp. Pali sought to strike the complaint, and each of the causes of
action therein, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16,1 the anti-
SLAPP statute. However, the trial court denied the motion, concluding
plaintiffs’ causes of action do not arise from anti-SLAPP protected activity.
Focusing on the complaint’s allegations, as well as documents
filed by the parties in conjunction with Pali’s motion, we conclude the trial
court erred in denying the motion in its entirety. Notwithstanding plaintiffs’
assertions to the contrary, some of their claims undoubtedly arise from
communications by, and actions of, Pali’s camp counselors concerning gender
identity related matters. With gender identity being a topic of widespread
public interest, one that even the United States Supreme Court has deemed
to be “of profound ‘“value and concern to the public”’” (Janus v. American
Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (2018) 585 U.S. 878,
913–914 (Janus)), we conclude the activity on which some of plaintiffs’ claims
are based falls within the scope of the anti-SLAPP statute’s protections. In
addition, plaintiffs failed to meet their anti-SLAPP burden of demonstrating
1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil
Procedure unless otherwise stated.
2
those claims are legally sufficient and factually substantiated. They did not
submit admissible evidence showing the minimal merit of the claims and, as
a matter of law, intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent
infliction of emotional distress liability cannot arise from the type of alleged
exposure to gender identity related matters.
Accordingly, Pali’s motion should have been granted, in part, and
the trial court erred in doing otherwise. In contrast, we find no error in the
court’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion for attorney fees related to the anti-SLAPP
motion, and we affirm that aspect of the order.
FACTS
While in fifth grade, at 10 and 11 years old, plaintiffs attended an
overnight science camp arranged by their public school district and run by
Pali. After returning from the four-day camp, plaintiffs sued the school
district and Pali for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) and
negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED).
The complaint alleges plaintiffs “were introduced to camp
counselors of unknown and ambiguous gender who identified themselves
with ‘they/them’ third person pronouns and asked the students in attendance
their ‘preferred pronouns.’ They further asked students to state their
‘preferred pronouns’ and taught students various matters pertaining to
transgendered identification and sexual identity.” It further alleges plaintiffs
had to sleep in a dormitory with only one camp counselor and that counselor
identified with they/them pronouns. When they allegedly asked to call their
parents to discuss these matters, camp counselors did not let them due to a
Pali policy prohibiting students from calling home while at camp.
3
As part of their IIED cause of action, plaintiffs allege Pali’s
actions “were intentional, extreme, and . . . done with the intent to cause
emotional distress or with reckless disregard of the probability of causing
plaintiffs emotional distress.” And as part of their NIED cause of action, they
allege Pali owed them a duty of care “to ensure [they] were not exposed to
foreseeable harms.” Both causes of action allege Pali’s conduct caused them
severe emotional distress.
In response to the complaint, Pali filed an anti-SLAPP motion to
strike both causes of action. It argued they arose from “Pali’s counselors’
alleged communications with [p]laintiffs about their nonbinary gender
identification, the use of preferred pronouns, and other matters concerning
gender and sexual identity,” as well as Pali’s decision not to allow plaintiffs to
call their parents to discuss those communications. And, so its argument
went, because issues concerning gender identity and expression, as well as
LGBTQ+ rights are matters of public interest, the activity on which plaintiffs’
claims were based qualified as protected activity under section 425.16,
subdivision (e)(4).
Plaintiffs opposed the motion, arguing the anti-SLAPP statute
did not apply and, even if it did, their causes of action had the requisite
minimal merit. They also sought attorney fees under section 425.16,
subdivision (d), contending Pali’s motion was frivolous.
Regarding the anti-SLAPP statute’s application, plaintiffs did not
argue the counselors’ statements failed to qualify as protected activity.
Instead, they contended those allegations were merely incidental to their
claims, and “the gravamen of [their] [c]omplaint [was] clearly based on Pali’s
4
lack of disclosure and Pali’s prevention of children from contacting their
parents when concerns arose.”
As for the merits, plaintiffs asserted their alleged facts
demonstrated the requisite minimal merit of their claims. With their
opposition, they submitted a single declaration—a one and a half page
declaration from the mother (the mother) of one of the plaintiffs (the
daughter). The declaration set forth a more detailed account of what the
daughter said occurred at camp. According to the declaration, the counselors
“aggressively introduced themselves with their preferred pronouns and
threatened the children with disciplinary action if they failed to use the[]
pronouns correctly.” The daughter felt scared and asked to call home, but
that request was denied repeatedly. In doing so, the counselor “belittled” the
daughter’s feelings as “‘stupid.’” When peers tried to comfort her, the
counselor “scolded” them and sent them back to bed, “further exacerbating
[her] feelings of isolation and fear.” The daughter was later denied some
“privileges granted to the other campers,” such as being able to drink soda.
When the daughter returned home, the mother observed “the negative effects
of the camp experience on [her],” such as developing a phobia of being alone
and not wanting to sleep alone. For these reasons, the daughter started
professional therapy with her grandfather.
Each side objected to evidence submitted by the other side.
Plaintiffs objected to a declaration by Pali’s counsel which attached an
internet based news article about what allegedly occurred at the camp and its
resulting community impact. Pali objected to the mother’s declaration on
various grounds, including lack of foundation, lack of personal knowledge,
5
and hearsay. Given those objections, Pali argued plaintiffs failed to provide
any evidence to establish the minimal merit of their claims.
The trial court held a hearing on the anti-SLAPP motion and
later issued an order denying it, concluding plaintiffs’ claims fell outside the
protections of the anti-SLAPP statute because they were not based on
protected activity. More specifically, the court found Pali’s right of petition or
right of free speech, as well as its counselors’ communications with plaintiffs
about gender identity, were not the basis of the claims. Instead, the court
believed the “claims ar[o]se from [Pali’s] failure to inform [p]laintiffs and
their parents . . . of the subjects to which [p]laintiffs would be exposed,
[Pali’s] . . . actions exposing [p]laintiffs to these subjects without the
knowledge or consent of [p]laintiffs and their parents,” and the decision to
prohibit “[p]laintiffs from calling their parents . . . to discuss the subjects to
which they were being exposed.”
Because the court determined the anti-SLAPP statute did not
apply, it did not reach the question of whether plaintiffs demonstrated the
minimal merit of their claims. Nevertheless, it ruled on the parties’
evidentiary objections, sustaining plaintiffs’ sole objection and some of Pali’s
objections. The court overruled Pali’s hearsay objection which asserted that
information in the mother’s declaration appeared to be based on statements
made to her by the daughter. The court also denied plaintiffs’ attorney fees
request, finding Pali’s “motion was neither objectively frivolous (i.e., totally
devoid of merit), nor solely intended to cause unnecessary delay or taken in
bad faith.”
Pali timely appealed and plaintiffs timely cross-appealed.
6
DISCUSSION
Pali contends the trial court erred in concluding plaintiffs’ claims
do not arise from protected activity, as defined by the anti-SLAPP statute.
From its perspective, all the claims arise from the camp counselors’
discussions and actions concerning gender identity, a topic which it asserts is
of broad public interest and debate, rendering them protected activity under
section 425.16, subdivision (e)(4). In contrast, plaintiffs distance themselves
from that topic, arguing their claims arise from certain action or inaction by
Pali that is unconnected to the gender identity related matters. On the record
before us, Pali has the better argument as to some of plaintiffs’ claims. And,
performing the requisite second step of the anti-SLAPP evaluation, we
conclude plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing those claims are
factually substantiated or legally sufficient, meaning the motion should have
been granted as to those claims. At the same time, we find no error in the
court’s denial of plaintiffs’ anti-SLAPP attorney fees request.
I.
ANTI-SLAPP LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The Legislature enacted section 425.16 in response to ‘a
disturbing increase in lawsuits brought primarily to chill the valid exercise of
the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of
grievances.’” (Rand Resources, LLC v. City of Carson (2019) 6 Cal.5th 610,
619 (Rand Resources).) The special motion to strike provided for in the
statute is “‘intended to resolve quickly and relatively inexpensively meritless
lawsuits that threaten free speech on matters of public interest.’” (Ibid.) By
legislative direction, the statute is to “be construed broadly.” (§ 425.16, subd.
(a).)
7
“Litigation of an anti-SLAPP motion involves a two-step process.
First, ‘the moving defendant bears the burden of establishing that the
challenged allegations or claims “aris[e] from” protected activity in which the
defendant has engaged.’” (Bonni v. St. Joseph Health System (2021) 11
Cal.5th 995, 1009 (Bonni).) The statute sets forth four categories of protected
activity. (§ 425.16, subd. (e).) The focus at this step is identifying the alleged
protected acts and determining whether they supply the basis for any claim.
(Bonni, at p. 1010.) “It does not matter that other unprotected acts may also
have been alleged within what has been labeled a single cause of action;
these are ‘disregarded at this stage.’” (Ibid.)
“Second, for each claim that does arise from protected activity,
the plaintiff must show the claim has ‘at least “minimal merit.”’” (Bonni,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1009.) This step of the anti-SLAPP analysis “has been
described as a summary-judgment-like procedure. [Citation.] The court
determines whether ‘“the plaintiff has stated a legally sufficient claim and
made a prima facie factual showing sufficient to sustain a favorable
judgment.”’ [Citation.] The plaintiff ‘“may not rely solely on its complaint,
even if verified; instead, its proof must be made upon competent admissible
evidence.”’ [Citation.] The defendant may submit evidence in support of its
motion. [Citation.] However, ‘“[t]he court does not weigh evidence or resolve
conflicting factual claims.”’ [Citation.] Rather, the court ‘“accepts the
plaintiff’s evidence as true, and evaluates the defendant’s showing only to
determine if it defeats the plaintiff’s claim as a matter of law. [Citation.]
‘[C]laims with the requisite minimal merit may proceed.’””’ (Billauer v.
Escobar-Eck (2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 953, 962 (Billauer).) Conversely, “[i]f the
8
plaintiff cannot make this showing, the court will strike the claim.” (Bonni, at
p. 1009.)
“On appeal, we review [an anti-SLAPP] motion de novo and
independently determine whether the parties have met their respective
burdens.” (Cross v. Cooper (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 357, 371.) We employ the
same two-step process used by the trial court. (Billauer, supra, 88
Cal.App.5th at p. 962.) “‘Only a [claim] that satisfies both prongs of the anti-
SLAPP statute—i.e., that arises from protected speech or petitioning and
lacks even minimal merit—is a SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the
statute.’” (Ibid.)
II.
STEP ONE: ARISING FROM PROTECTED ACTIVITY
Contending the trial court erred in concluding plaintiffs’ claims
fall outside the scope of the anti-SLAPP statute, Pali relies on a single
category of protected activity which is often referred to as the “catchall.” It
encompasses “any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the
constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right of free speech in
connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.” (§ 425.16, subd.
(e)(4).)
In FilmOn.com Inc. v. DoubleVerify Inc. (2019) 7 Cal.5th 133,
149–152 (FilmOn), the Supreme Court outlined a two-part analysis for
determining whether activity falls within the scope of the “catchall”
provision. “First, we ask what ‘public issue or [ ] issue of public interest’ the
speech in question implicates—a question we answer by looking to the
content of the speech. [Citation.] Second, we ask what functional relationship
exists between the speech and the public conversation about some matter of
9
public interest.” (Id. at pp. 149–150.) A key consideration is the context in
which the speech occurred, including the audience, the speaker and the
communication’s purpose. (Id. at pp. 151–152.) Overall, “‘some degree of
closeness’ between the challenged statements and the asserted public interest
[is required]. [Citation.] . . . ‘[I]t is not enough that the statement refer to a
subject of widespread public interest; the statement must in some manner
itself contribute to the public debate.” (Id. at p. 150.)
With the amount of public discourse in the recent years at all
levels of society nationwide—from government to local communities and
everything in between—concerning gender identity, the topic and matters
related to it (e.g., use of personal pronouns) are undoubtedly issues of public
interest.2 (See Janus, supra, 585 U.S. at pp. 913–914 [listing gender identity
as a “controversial,” “sensitive political topic[]” that is “undoubtedly [a]
matter[] of profound ‘“value and concern to the public”’”]; In re M.T. (2024)
106 Cal.App.5th 322, 337–341 [addressing for first time whether transgender
person has privacy interest in concealing transgender identity]; People v.
Zarazua (2022) 85 Cal.App.5th 639, 642 [“Parties are to be treated with
respect, courtesy, and dignity—including the use of preferred pronouns.
2 We grant Pali’s unopposed request for judicial notice of three
government agency publications, two federal and one State of California,
concerning gender identity related matters. (Evid. Code, §§ 453, 459.) And,
consistent with its request, we only take judicial notice of the publications,
not of the truth of their contents. (See Julian Volunteer Fire Co. Assn. v.
Julian-Cuyamaca Fire Protection Dist. (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 583, 600.)
Separately, because we find ample support for deeming gender identity
related matters to be issues of public interest, we do not address whether the
trial court properly sustained plaintiffs’ objection to a news article Pali
submitted via declaration in the trial court which concerned the camp
experience and the resulting controversy.
10
Failure to do so offends the administration of justice”]; Meriwether v. Hartop
(6th Cir. 2021) 992 F.3d 492, 506, 508 [describing gender identity as “hotly
contested matter of public concern” and use of gender pronouns as
“implicating a sensitive topic of public concern”]; Clarke, They, Them, and
Theirs (2019) 132 Harv. L.Rev. 894, 896 [“With stunning speed, nonbinary
gender identities have gone from obscurity to prominence in American public
life”].)
We likewise have no trouble concluding the discussion of gender
identity by those responsible for students in a public school setting has a
sufficiently functional relationship to the broader public debate to qualify as
protected activity under the catchall provision.3 (See Film On, supra, 7
Cal.5th at pp. 149–152; Rand Resources, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 621
[statement that “involves ‘a topic of widespread, public interest’” falls within
ambit of anti-SLAPP protected activity catchall provision].) As case law
instructs, we do not concern ourselves “with the social utility of the speech at
issue, or the degree to which it propel[s] the conversation in any particular
direction.” (FilmOn, at p. 151.) Rather, our focus is whether the speech or
conduct “participated in, or furthered, the discourse that makes an issue one
of public interest.” (Ibid.) The alleged discussions in this case did just that.
Notably, as in the trial court, plaintiffs do not dispute that gender
identity and related matters are issues of public interest. Nor do they dispute
3 As required, we focus our attention on the particular allegations
in this case, which convey personal pronoun introductions were combined
with a gender identity lesson. We do not address, for example, whether
simply introducing oneself and one’s pronouns alone would sufficiently
contribute to a public debate so as to fall within the scope of the anti-SLAPP
statute.
11
the alleged discussions Pali’s counselor’s had with students, including
plaintiffs, were in furtherance of free speech rights in connection with those
issues. Instead, plaintiffs argue their claims against Pali do not arise from
that activity and accuse Pali of mischaracterizing their claims and the
allegations supporting them. They contend “the gravamen of [the] [c]omplaint
is based on (a) [Pali’s] lack of disclosure and (b) [Pali’s] affirmative acts of
preventing minors from contacting their parents.”
Plaintiffs’ argument is flawed in at least two respects: (1) it
utilizes an incorrect gravamen approach to the protected activity analysis;
and (2) it wrongly asserts their claims do not arise from the protected activity
we have identified. We address each in turn.
Although at one time courts were applying a gravamen test in the
first step of an anti-SLAPP analysis, the Supreme Court has made clear it is
not the proper inquiry. (Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 1009–1011.) Instead,
we must first identify each claim for relief pled in the complaint, without
being constrained by the way the complaint structures each cause of action.
(Id. at p. 1010.) Once we identify “each act or set of acts supplying a basis for
relief, of which there may be several in a single pleaded cause of action,” we
must determine whether each act or set of acts is protected. (Ibid.) If through
this analysis it becomes clear a cause of action is a mixed cause of action,
meaning “one that rests on allegations of multiple acts, some of which
constitute protected activity and some of which do not,” we disregard the
unprotected acts and reach the second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis with
respect to the claims arising from protected activity. (Ibid; see also Baral v.
Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 396 (Baral).)
12
Identifying the act or set of acts which supply a basis for relief,
meaning the acts from which a claim arises, involves looking to the legally
required elements of a cause of action. (Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1015;
Park v. Board of Trustees of California State University (2017) 2 Cal.5th
1057, 1063.) “‘[T]he mere fact that an action was filed after protected activity
took place does not mean the action arose from that activity for the purposes
of the anti-SLAPP statute.’” (Park, at p. 1063.) Allegations which are merely
incidental, collateral, or provide context, as opposed to supplying an element
of a claim, may not be used as a basis for triggering anti-SLAPP protection.
(Bonni, at p. 1012; Rand Resources, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 621; Baral, supra, 1
Cal.5th at p. 394.)
Plaintiffs’ complaint pleads two tort based causes of action: IIED
and NIED. The latter is not an independent tort, but rather a standard
negligence claim. (Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 965,
985 (Potter); Huggins v. Longs Drug Stores California, Inc. (1993) 6 Cal.4th
124, 129.)
A. The Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Cause of Action
IIED has three elements: “‘(1) extreme and outrageous conduct by
the defendant with the intention of causing, or reckless disregard of the
probability of causing, emotional distress; (2) the plaintiff’s suffering severe
or extreme emotional distress; [and] (3) . . . actual and proximate causation of
the emotional distress by the defendant’s outrageous conduct.’” (Hailey v.
California Physicians’ Service (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 452, 474 (Hailey).)
Here, the IIED cause of action is generically pled, incorporating
by reference factual allegations stated elsewhere in the complaint to supply,
for example, the acts which plaintiffs claim were extreme and outrageous and
13
caused severe emotional distress. Those allegations include the following:
“[p]arents were in no way informed that sexual matters or LGBTQ issues
would be taught at Pali and their consent was not obtained”; “[w]hile present
at Pali, . . . [plaintiffs] were introduced to camp counselors of unknown and
ambiguous gender who identified themselves with ‘they/them’ third person
pronouns and asked the students in attendance their ‘preferred pronouns’”;
the counselors “asked students to state their ‘preferred pronouns’ and taught
students various matters pertaining to transgendered identification and
sexual identity, all of which were of an age-inappropriate character, were not
consented to by plaintiffs’ parents and/or guardians and would not have been
consented to, had parents been informed”; plaintiffs “requested to call their
parents to discuss what had happened but were prohibited [by] camp
personnel from doing so”; “Pali’s policy prohibited students from calling home
while at Pali.” The focus of these allegations is the counselors’ actions
involving the gender identity subject matter, meaning those actions are at
least part of the allegedly outrageous behavior on which the IIED cause of
action is based.
Without citing or discussing any specific allegations of the
complaint, plaintiffs argue their cause of action is solely grounded in two
matters unrelated to any particular topic of camp discussions—a general lack
of informed consent about subject matters to be taught at camp and Pali’s
policy of not allowing students to call home while at camp. We are not
persuaded. First, a punitive damage related allegation within the IIED cause
of action expressly asserts Pali’s “subjection [of plaintiffs] to age-
inappropriate content” was “intentional . . . and conducted in callous
disregard of the rights of plaintiffs.” The reference to the age-appropriateness
14
of the content, which is echoed elsewhere in the complaint, shows the content
is not simply contextual. Second, the complaint is replete with allegations
concerning the gender identity topic, none of which would have been
necessary if they did not form the basis of plaintiffs’ claims. Third, the
complaint’s introduction underscores that the gender identity discussions at
camp are at least part of the basis of the wrongs being claimed. Specifically, it
states plaintiffs’ parents sent them to camp “based on the representation and
belief that they would receive education consistent with the Western values
with which they were raised at home,” and says Pali “pulled a bait-and-
switch[] [by] instead subjecting [plaintiffs] to instruction of a sexual
character, focused on LGBTU [sic] issues with which [they] were unfamiliar
and psychologically unprepared to process.”
Other documents submitted by plaintiffs further support the
notion the IIED cause of action is at least partially based on the gender
identity related discussions. (See § 425.16, subd. (b)(2) [“court shall consider
the pleadings, and supporting and opposing affidavits”]; City of Cotati v.
Cashman (2002) 29 Cal.4th 69, 79–80 [relying on complaint, affidavits, and
party’s opposition to determine whether claims arose from protected activity];
Mary’s Kitchen v. City of Orange (2023) 96 Cal.App.5th 1009, 1015 [at first
step of anti-SLAPP analysis, court reviews pleadings, declarations, and other
supporting documents to determine conduct being challenged].) The mother’s
declaration conveys details of what she refers to as a “forceful imposition of a
gender identity lesson,” says that lesson “intimidated and caused [plaintiffs]
discomfort” because they “were completely unacquainted with the concept of
preferred pronouns,” and states “[t]he inappropriate lessons on gender
identity were just the tip of the iceberg.” Plaintiffs repeat those
15
characterizations in their appellate briefing. And, consistent with those
statements, plaintiffs’ opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion conceded some of
the counselors’ gender identity related communications “contributed to
[p]laintiff’s [sic] distress complained of,” and their briefing on appeal asserts
the “forceful imposition of a gender identity lesson intimidated and caused
discomfort among the children, including [plaintiffs].”
Plaintiffs’ recognition that some of the complained of emotional
distress stems from the subject matter of the camp discussions undermines
their argument that the failure to inform IIED claim is based on a general
lack of disclosure. Severe and extreme emotional distress is an element of an
IIED claim. (Hailey, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 474.) Because plaintiffs’
alleged emotional distress is, at least in part, a result of the particular
subject matter of which parents were allegedly not informed, the failure to
inform claim arises from protected activity.
Ratcliff v. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles (2022)
79 Cal.App.5th 982, cited by the trial court and relied on by plaintiffs, is
readily distinguishable. There, the plaintiffs sought to hold the defendants
liable for alleged sexual molestation by a priest. (Id. at p. 988.) The complaint
alleged the defendants condoned and ratified the priest’s behavior, specifying
the alleged ratifying acts and the alleged ways in which the defendants
condoned the behavior. (Id. at pp. 1004–1005.) In concluding the plaintiffs’
claims did not arise from litigation related protected activity identified by the
defendants, the appellate court noted such activity was not among the list of
alleged ratifying acts or the condoning allegations. (Ibid.) Thus, it explained,
the allegations of litigation conduct were “simply incidental allegations that
provide[d] context.” (Id. at p. 1005.)
16
Here, the complaint does not limit the purported extreme and
outrageous behavior to a specific list of acts. Rather, the complaint
incorporates into the IIED cause of action all allegations in the paragraphs
preceding it and then generically states “the actions of defendants, and each
of them, as aforesaid, were intentional, extreme, and were done with the
intent to cause emotional distress or with reckless disregard of the
probability of causing plaintiffs emotional distress.” Under these
circumstances, unlike in Ratcliff, we must look to all other allegations in the
complaint to determine the acts from which plaintiffs’ IIED claims arise.
Although a fair interpretation of the complaint leads us to
conclude there are IIED claims which arise from the gender identity related
protected activity, it simultaneously confirms plaintiffs also appear to seek to
impose IIED liability based on Pali’s alleged policy of not letting students call
their parents. Plaintiffs expressly represent that claim has no connection to
gender identity related matters. And although not in the complaint itself, the
mother’s declaration raises the specter of harassment of the daughter. To the
extent these claims—including any alleged emotional distress—are
unconnected to the subject matter of anything that took place at camp, they
do not arise from protected activity. Thus, they may not be stricken pursuant
to the anti-SLAPP statue. (Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1009.) Whether
such claims are legally viable and, if so, whether plaintiffs will be able to
demonstrate liability, are matters not before us and properly left for another
day.
B. The Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress Cause of Action
Turning to the NIED cause of action, the traditional negligence
elements of duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages apply. (Ess v.
17
Eskaton Properties, Inc. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 120, 126.) The complaint
alleges the duty of care Pali owed plaintiffs was “to ensure that plaintiffs
were not exposed to foreseeable harms.” It then identifies the following as
reasonably foreseeable to result “in serious injurious consequences”:
“defendants’ failure to disclose information about [c]amp counselors, sleeping
arrangements, and age-inappropriate content of education.” After alleging
“[t]he acts and omissions of defendants constituted a negligent breach of [the
aforementioned] duty,” the complaint also sets forth the same punitive
damage related allegation as in the IIED cause of action—“[d]efendants’
failure to inform parents and subjection to age-inappropriate content have
been intentional . . . and conducted in callous disregard of the rights of
plaintiffs.”
Once again, the references to age-inappropriateness demonstrate
the alleged liability is based, at least in part, on the gender identity
discussions which occurred at camp. Plaintiffs do not allege that exposure to
any type of material without advanced notice to parents would foreseeably
cause harm. Rather, they allege it was reasonably foreseeable that exposure
to the gender identity material, which they characterize as age-inappropriate,
would cause them harm, and, thus, Pali’s act of exposing them to such
material violated its duty to protect them from harm.
As for the allegations concerning sleeping arrangements and the
failure to disclose information about camp counselors, Pali does not address
whether an NIED claim based on either of those acts arises from protected
activity. Thus, those allegations necessarily survive the anti-SLAPP motion.
(Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1009 [defendant bears initial burden of
establishing allegations or claims arise from protected activity].) Whether
18
they amount to a legally viable claim, and, if so, whether plaintiffs will be
able to demonstrate liability, are matters not before us and we express no
opinion on them.
Having identified claims which arise from protected activity,
namely IIED and NIED based on the exposure of plaintiffs to gender identity
discussions, as well as IIED based on providing such exposure without first
informing parents, we turn to the second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis.4
III.
STEP TWO: MINIMAL MERIT
The second step of the anti-SLAPP analysis requires evaluating
whether a plaintiff has met its burden of demonstrating the claims which
arise from protected activity are legally sufficient and factually
substantiated. (Baral, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 396.) Plaintiffs contend they met
their burden. On the record before us, we find otherwise.
At the summary-judgment-like second step of the anti-SLAPP
analysis, the plaintiff may not merely rely on the complaint’s allegations or
argument from counsel. (Billauer, supra, 88 Cal.App.5th at p. 962; Finton
Construction, Inc. v. Bidna & Keys, APLC (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 200, 213.)
Instead, a plaintiff must submit competent admissible evidence to
demonstrate the requisite minimal merit of its claims. (Billauer, at p. 962.)
4 The trial court did not reach the second step of the anti-SLAPP
analysis. However, because our review is de novo, and the parties briefed and
argued matters related to the second step below and on appeal, we engage in
the step two analysis for the first time on appeal. (See Hecimovich v. Encinal
School Parent Teacher Organization (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 450, 468
[appellate court may decide step two of anti-SLAPP analysis even if trial
court did not reach that step].)
19
We do not weigh evidence or resolve conflicting factual claims, but instead
accept the plaintiff’s evidence as true. (Ibid.)
Because evidence is the focus of the second step analysis, we first
turn to an evidentiary dispute between the parties. Below, plaintiffs
submitted a single declaration in conjunction with their opposition to the
anti-SLAPP motion, that of the mother. Pali made various objections to it,
with an emphasis on the mother’s lack of personal knowledge which it
believed rendered the matters conveyed inadmissible hearsay. The trial court
sustained Pali’s hearsay objection to the extent it was directed at “statements
regarding the actions, statements, or thoughts of persons other than [the
daughter].” At the same time, it overruled the objection with respect to
“statements regarding the actions, statements, or thoughts of . . . [the
daughter].” Citing In re Emilye A. (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 1695 (Emilye A.), the
court reasoned that information recounted by a minor to a parent is reliable
and a “‘firmly rooted’ hearsay exception.”
Pali argues the trial court abused its discretion in admitting any
part of the mother’s declaration, contending even the statements based on the
daughter’s communications to her mother are hearsay and not subject to any
hearsay exception. Focusing on the parts of the declaration for which Pali’s
objections were overruled, we agree that most is inadmissible hearsay.
Among other matters, the mother’s declaration described certain
incidents that supposedly happened at camp, including interactions the
daughter and others had with camp staff. It also relayed various purported
impacts of the experience on the daughter, including the development of “a
phobia of being alone” and the undermining of her faith in adults.
20
There is no dispute that the statements based on information
conveyed by the daughter are hearsay. (See Evid. Code, § 1200 [defining
hearsay].) However, plaintiffs contend the trial court properly admitted them
because “the trial court correctly applied the standard from Emilye A.”
In Emilye A., a child welfare case, the juvenile court admitted
into evidence a written social study which included statements made by a
minor to her mother. (Emilye A., supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at p. 1712.) In the
context of an ineffective assistance of counsel argument, the father argued
the hearsay should not have been admitted because the minor was
incompetent to testify. (Ibid.) In considering potential prejudice from the
claimed error, the appellate court assumed, arguendo, the minor was
incompetent, and then concluded that, had minor testified, the evidence
would have been admissible. (Id. at pp. 1712–1714.) It explained that
“[s]tatements of a witness who is not competent to testify as a witness at trial
may nonetheless be admissible if they are otherwise reliable under ‘firmly
rooted’ exceptions to the hearsay rule.” (Id. at p. 1712.) The court identified
two hearsay exceptions that would have applied to the relevant statements
by the minor—the spontaneous statement exception and the physical
sensation exception. (Id. at p. 1713.)
Simply put, Emilye A. relied on two other firmly rooted hearsay
exceptions. It did not, as the trial court in this case suggested, articulate a
separate exception for statements made from a minor to a parent.
Seemingly recognizing that the trial court was mistaken about
the law articulated in Emily A., plaintiffs argue the challenged portions of the
declaration are nevertheless admissible under the law actually pronounced in
Emily A. In doing so, they state “[i]t is undisputed that [the daughter] is not
21
competent to testify at trial,” and they argue “the statements [the daughter]
spontaneously made to her mother explaining [the] humiliation and distress
she was caused at science camp, days earlier, would qualify as an exception
to the rule against hearsay.” First, nothing in the record evidences the
daughter’s competency has ever been raised or discussed by the parties or the
trial court. As Pali responds in its appellate briefing, plaintiffs’ assertion of a
lack of dispute “is wrong.” Second, there is no foundation to establish the
statements would qualify under the spontaneous statement exception. The
context of statements is critical when considering that exception because its
application is limited to statements “made under the stress of excitement and
while the reflective powers were still in abeyance.” (People v. Washington
(1969) 71 Cal.2d 1170, 1176; see also Evid. Code, § 1240, subd. (b); People v.
Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 541 [crucial element in determining
admissibility under spontaneous statement exception is mental state of
speaker, not nature of statement].)
Plaintiffs do not identify any other hearsay exception that might
apply, and we cannot conceive of one. (See People v. Mataele (2022) 13 Cal.5th
372, 413 [proponent of hearsay testimony has burden of establishing
foundational requirements for its admissibility under hearsay exception].)
Accordingly, the trial court erred in overruling Pali’s objection to the
statements in the mother’s declaration which were based on information she
obtained from the daughter.5
5 A few parts of the mother’s declaration communicated what
appear to be the mother’s own observations. They include the following
portions of the declaration identified in Pali’s objection numbers 18, 19 and
20: “[u]pon her return home, the negative effects of the camp experience on
[the daughter] were glaringly evident”; “[s]he opted to sleep in bed with my
22
Without admissible evidence of Pali’s alleged conduct and
plaintiffs’ alleged emotional distress, plaintiffs necessarily fail to demonstrate
the minimal merit of their claims. Therefore, the trial court erred by failing to
grant the anti-SLAPP motion with respect to the claims which we identify as
arising from protected activity.
Even if we assumed, arguendo, plaintiffs produced admissible
evidence to factually substantiate their claims, the claims would not be
legally sufficient given California’s public policy concerning gender identity.
The tort of IIED applies only to outrageous conduct. “Outrageous
conduct has been defined as conduct that is ‘so extreme as to exceed all
bounds of that usually tolerated in a civilized community’ [citation] and ‘so
extreme and outrageous “as to go beyond all possible bonds [sic] of decency,
and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized
community.”’” (Bogard v. Employers Casualty Co. (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 602,
616; see also Potter, supra, at p. 1001.)
Whether conduct qualifies as outrageous is usually a question of
fact, but a court may determine in the first instance whether, as a matter of
law, alleged conduct may reasonably be regarded as so extreme and
outrageous as to allow the matter to proceed to a trier of fact. (Berkley v.
Dowds (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 518, 534; Trerice v. Blue Cross of California
(1989) 209 Cal.App.3d 878, 883.) And, in the negligence context, the question
of duty is a threshold issue of law for the court. (Avila v. Citrus Community
College Dist. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 148, 161 (Avila).)
husband and myself for over a month”; [t]herapy sessions with her
grandfather, a professional therapist, were initiated to help her deal with her
trauma.” Pali has not shown the trial court abused its discretion in
overruling the objections to those parts of the declaration.
23
Based on our protected activity analysis, the alleged conduct
which we must evaluate here is the exposure of 10 and 11 year olds to gender
identity related discussions in a public school setting and the provision of
such exposure without parents first being informed. Plaintiffs provide no
argument or legal authority explaining how such conduct could be sufficiently
outrageous to support an IIED cause of action, or how, under the
circumstances, a duty exists that could support an NIED claim. In contrast,
we find existing California public policy precludes such potential liability.
“A tort is ‘a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, for which
the law will provide a remedy in the form of an action for damages.’” (Nagy v.
Nagy (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1262, 1269.) The law, however, does not provide
a remedy for all perceived human wrongs. In some instances, courts have
concluded that allowing a remedy in tort would be contrary to public policy.
(Dale v. Dale (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 1172, 1184; see also Rowland v. Christian
(1968) 69 Cal.2d 108, 112–113 [public policy is factor in determining
existence of duty]; Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 160 [“The existence of
‘“‘[d]uty’ is not an immutable fact of nature ‘“but only an expression of the
sum total of those considerations of policy which lead the law to say that the
particular plaintiff is entitled to protection”’”’”].)
As Pali points out, the California legislature has made clear its
position that gender identity is a characteristic to be protected and
safeguarded, and discrimination based on it should not be tolerated in schools
or otherwise. (See, e.g., Civ. Code, § 51 [prohibiting discrimination based on,
inter alia, gender identity or expression in all business establishments]; Gov.
Code, § 12920 [declaring public policy of state to protect right of all people to
seek, obtain, and hold employment without being subject to discrimination
24
based on, inter alia, gender identity]; id. at § 12940, subd. (a) [prohibiting
employers from discriminating based on, inter alia, gender, gender identity,
or gender expression]; Ed. Code, § 219 (a) [requiring state superintendent of
schools to convene advisory task force to recommend “supportive policies and
initiatives to address LGBTQ+ pupil education and well-being” through, inter
alia, inclusive and safe access to school facilities, inclusive curriculum, and
prevention of bullying and harassment]; id. at § 220 [“[n]o person shall be
subjected to discrimination on the basis of . . . gender, gender identity, [or]
gender expression” in state funded educational institution]; id. at § 221.5,
subd. (f) [mandating schools permit students to participate in activities
consistent with their gender identity]; Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (f) [prohibiting
murder provocation defense based on discovery of victim’s actual or perceived
gender, gender identity, or gender expression.]) Construing conduct which
consists of engaging in gender identity discussions aimed at establishing a
more inclusive school environment as outrageous or a breach of a duty of care
would run directly counter to that established state policy.
Because the claims arising from the gender identity related
protected activity are neither factually substantiated nor legally sufficient,
they must be stricken from the complaint. (Baral, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 396.)
As plaintiffs represent, and as we previously concluded, the remaining
claims—IIED based on Pali’s alleged policy of not allowing students to call
home while at camp, as well as NIED based on sleeping arrangements and
the failure to disclose information about camp counselors—do not rely on the
gender identity related protected activity and, therefore, shall not be stricken
from the complaint.
25
IV.
ATTORNEY FEES
Plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s denial of their request for
attorney fees under section 425.16. They acknowledge a plaintiff who defeats
an anti-SLAPP motion may only recover attorney fees and costs if the court
finds the motion was frivolous or solely intended to cause unnecessary delay
(§ 425.16, subd. (c)(1)), but they argue the court abused its discretion in
concluding Pali’s motion met neither of those criteria. In light of our partial
reversal which confirms Pali’s motion had partial merit, the motion was not
frivolous, and we affirm the attorney fees portion of the court’s order.
DISPOSITION
The order denying Pali’s anti-SLAPP motion is affirmed in part,
and reversed in part. On remand, the trial court is directed to vacate its prior
order denying the anti-SLAPP motion, and enter a new order that does all of
the following: (1) grants the motion as to the IIED and the NIED claims
which arise from allegations concerning gender identity related activity; (2)
denies the motion as to all other claims; (3) strikes paragraphs 1 through 5,
inclusive, paragraph 16, lines 13-14 (only from “LGBTQ” through “Trails”),
paragraph 20 (the second and third sentences only), paragraph 22, the last
clause of paragraph 23, line 11 (only “who identified with they/them
pronouns”), paragraph 34, paragraph 37, line 19 (only “age-inappropriate
content of education”), and paragraph 40 of the complaint; and (4) denies
plaintiffs’ request for attorney fees pursuant to section 425.16. Pali is entitled
to costs on appeal.
26
DELANEY, J.
WE CONCUR:
MOTOIKE, ACTING P. J.
SANCHEZ, J.
27
DELANEY, J., Concurring.
Having authored the majority opinion, I also write separately to
express additional thoughts concerning the legal sufficiency of plaintiffs’
intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress claims that arise
from gender identity related protected activity. I believe the liability they
seek to impose is legally unavailable for reasons beyond a mere conflict with
state legislative policy.
As aptly stated by another court in declining to allow a
winemaker’s defamation claim grounded in a comedian’s alleged insinuation
that the winemaker’s wines were popular with African Americans, “[c]ourts
will not condone theories of recovery which promote or effectuate
discriminatory conduct.” (Polygram Records, Inc. v. Superior Court (1985) 170
Cal.App.3d 543, 557 (Polygram), citing Palmore v. Sidoti (1984) 466 U.S. 429,
433 (Palmore).) Stated differently, “the law cannot, directly or indirectly, give
[private biases] effect.” (Palmore, at p. 433.)
Opening the door to emotional distress tort liability based on
school setting discussions of gender identity aimed at establishing a more
inclusive school environment would cast a dark shadow over a matter
through which people seek to express their subjective, deep-core sense of self.
(See Grimm v. Gloucester County School Bd. (4th Cir. 2020) 972 F.3d 586,
594 [describing gender identity as person’s “‘deeply felt, inherent sense’ of
their gender”].) It would convey a message of intolerance of those perceived as
different, and it would work to foster discriminatory attitudes towards them.
As history teaches us, even though such biases may nevertheless
persist in society, the law simply cannot give effect to them. (See, e.g.,
Palmore, supra, 466 U.S. at pp. 433–434 [potential pressures and stress on
1
minor child from living with stepparent of different race due to private racial
and ethnic biases may not factor into custody determination]; Shelley v.
Kraemer (1948) 334 U.S. 1, 20–23 [declaring judicial enforcement of real
property racially restrictive covenants unconstitutional]; Castaneda v. Olsher
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 1205, 1216–1217 [refusing to recognize tort based duty of
landlord because doing so would likely result in arbitrary discrimination on
basis of various protected characteristics]; Polygram, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d
at p. 557 [refusing to recognize defamation theory that would effectively
promote racially discriminatory ideas]; Simmons v. American Media, Inc.
(Super. Ct. L.A. County, 2017, No. BC660633) [concluding mislabeling person
as transgender cannot constitute libel per se and refusing to validate private
prejudices against transgender individuals by legally recognizing them];
Greenly v. Sara Lee Corp. (E.D.Cal. April 30, 2008, No. CIV. S–06–1775 WBS
EFB) 2008 U.S.Dist. Lexis 35472 [statements wrongly labeling coworker as
homosexual cannot be defamatory per se and concluding otherwise would
demean lives of homosexual persons]; Albright v. Morton (D.Mass. 2004) 321
F.Supp.2d 130, 138–139 [analogizing evolution of societal views of
homosexuality with that of race and concluding wrongfully identifying
someone as homosexual cannot be defamatory per se].)
The importance of adhering to this fundamental principle, which
courts across the country have applied for the greater part of a century,
cannot be underscored enough under the circumstances. “[F]oster[ing] an
environment of inclusivity, acceptance, and tolerance . . . serve[s] an
important educational function for [all] students. When a school promotes
diversity and inclusion, ‘classroom discussion is livelier, more spirited, and
simply more enlightening and interesting [because] the students have the
2
greatest possible variety of backgrounds.’ Students in diverse learning
environments have higher academic achievement leading to better outcomes
for all students. . . . [A]nd[,] inclusive classrooms reduce prejudices and
promote diverse relationships which later benefit students in the workplace
and in their communities.” (Doe v. Boyertown Area School Dist. (3d Cir. 2018)
897 F.3d 518, 529, fns. omitted; accord Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) 539 U.S.
306, 330.)
I would find plaintiffs’ claims arising from protected activity to be
legally nonviable for this additional, critically important reason.
DELANEY, J.
3