Midwest Electronics Gaming, LLC v. Illinois Gaming Board

2025 IL App (1st) 241076

FIRST DISTRICT

SECOND DIVISION

August 12, 2025

No. 1-24-1076

MIDWEST ELECTRONICS GAMING, LLC, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.

)

v. ) No. 22 CH 12175

)

THE ILLINOIS GAMING BOARD, an Agency of the )

State of Illinois, and CHARLES SCHMADEKE, )

DIONNE R. HAYDEN, SEAN BRANNON, JIM KOLAR, )

and MARCUS FRUCHTER, in Their Official Capacities )

as Members of The Illinois Gaming Board, ) Honorable

) Anna M. Loftus,

Defendants-Appellants. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices McBride and Ellis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff, Midwest Electronics Gaming, LLC (Midwest), is a video gaming terminal

operator under the Video Gaming Act (Act) (230 ILCS 40/1 et seq. (West 2014)). Midwest

entered into a use agreement with a licensed establishment authorized by the Act to have a video

gaming terminal (VGT) placed in its location. See id. § 5 (defining “Terminal operator” and

“Licensed establishment”). That establishment is not a party to the underlying complaint or this

appeal. The use agreement contained an automatic renewal provision that, at the time the use

agreement was entered, was not prohibited by the Act. Defendant, the Illinois Gaming Board

(Board), subsequently amended the rules to prohibit such automatic renewals. Plaintiff contacted

the Board for an opinion on whether the automatic renewal provision in the use agreement at

issue remained valid after the amendment to the rules. The Board opined that it did not.

¶2 Plaintiff filed a complaint for declaratory judgment seeking a declaration that (1) the new

rule does not apply to any use agreements entered into by plaintiff prior to the date the new rule

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was adopted, (2) the Board’s “new interpretation” of the rule in its communications with plaintiff

(that the rule applies to the use agreement at issue in this case) is an unauthorized “rule” under

the Illinois Administrative Procedure Act (5 ILCS 100/1-1 et seq. (West 2014)), and

(3) retroactive application of the new rule is unconstitutional. The parties filed cross-motions for

summary judgment. Following a hearing on the motions, the circuit court of Cook County

granted plaintiff’s motion in part and denied it in part and granted defendants’ motion in part and

denied it in part. At issue in this appeal is the circuit court’s judgment that the automatic renewal

provision in plaintiff’s use agreement remained valid after the effective date of the new rule

because plaintiff entered the use agreement before the effective date of the new rule.

¶3 For the following reasons, we find that the new provision prohibits the automatic renewal

provision contained in the use agreement and that the use agreement by its own terms adopted

subsequent changes in the rules. Therefore, we affirm in part, and reverse in part.

¶4 I. BACKGROUND

¶5 We begin with a brief overview of the regulatory structure around video gaming in

Illinois. The Act authorizes the placement of video gaming terminals (VGTs) in licensed

establishments “subject to the rules promulgated by the [Illinois Gaming] Board pursuant to the

Illinois Administrative Procedure Act.” 230 ILCS 40/58 (West 2014). The statutes states that the

Board has

“jurisdiction over and shall supervise all gaming operations governed by this Act.

The Board shall have all powers necessary and proper to fully and effectively

execute the provisions of this Act, including, but not limited to, the following:

***

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(3) To adopt rules for the purpose of administering the

provisions of this Act and to prescribe rules, regulations, and

conditions under which all video gaming in the State shall be

conducted.” Id. §78(a).

¶6 The Act provides that, “No video gaming terminal may be placed in any licensed

establishment *** unless the owner or agent of the owner of the licensed establishment *** has

entered into a written use agreement with the terminal operator for placement of the terminals.”

Id. § 25(e). The rules promulgated by the Board define “Use agreement” as follows:

“A contractual agreement between a licensed terminal operator and a licensed

video gaming location establishing terms and conditions for placement and

operation of video gaming terminals by the licensed terminal operator within the

premises of the licensed video gaming location, and complying with all of the

minimum standards for use agreements contained in Section 1800.320.” 11 Ill.

Adm. Code 1800.110 (2024).

¶7 Plaintiff’s complaint for declaratory judgment alleged that, prior to March 2017, plaintiff

entered use agreements under the Act with various licensed establishments and that many of

those use agreements contained a provision stating that the term of the use agreement would

automatically renew unless the establishment provided written notice of intent to terminate the

use agreement.

¶8 Beginning in March 2017, the Board began proposing an amendment to Rule 1800.320

(hereinafter, “Rule 320”) (41 Ill. Reg. 3070 (eff. Mar. 17, 2017)). On February 2, 2018, the

Board adopted rule 320(a)(7), which states that a use agreement must “Not provide for automatic

renewal in the absence of cancellation.” 11 Ill. Adm. Code 1800.320(a)(7), amended at 42 Ill.

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Reg. 2970 (eff. Feb. 2, 2018). (The rule is now codified as rule 320(a)(9)). The “first notice” and

“second notice” for the rulemaking surrounding rule 320(a)(7), as well as the final notice of the

new rule and its effective date, published in the Illinois Register, all stated that the proposed

rulemaking was to impose requirements “on all use agreements entered into between terminal

operators and licensed video gaming locations on or after the rulemaking’s effective date.” 42 Ill.

Reg. 2970 (eff. Feb. 2, 2018).

¶9 Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that, on or about October 1, 2015, it entered a use agreement

with a certain establishment with a provision that the agreement would automatically renew

effective May 16, 2022. The complaint further alleged that, in April 2022, an agent of the Board

informed plaintiff that it must execute a new use agreement with that establishment without an

automatic renewal provision or, alternatively execute an addendum to the use agreement with

that establishment that eliminates the automatic renewal clause. Plaintiff attached copies of e-

mail correspondence between plaintiff’s counsel and the Board to its complaint.

¶ 10 On May 2, 2022, plaintiff’s counsel e-mailed the Board, noting the Board’s agent’s

communication and noting that plaintiff entered a use agreement with the establishment named

in the complaint “prior to the new rule.” The e-mail sought “guidance on this and whether [the

Board] has made a determination regarding the retroactivity of the rule.” In a May 10, 2022, e-

mail attached as an exhibit to the complaint, the Board’s counsel wrote, in pertinent part, as

follows:

“After review, the use agreement is effective now and should not hinder the

relocation or addition of machines at [the establishment.] *** However,

Paragraph 28 [of the use agreement] provides that rule revisions affecting use

agreements ‘shall be considered as being fully incorporated into and made part of’

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the use agreement. Accordingly, Rule 320(a)(7) is incorporated and the agreement

does not automatically renew.”

In subsequent email correspondence, plaintiff and the Board disagreed on whether rule 320(a)(7)

applies to use agreements entered prior to its effective date, based on, inter alia, the statements

during the rulemaking process mentioned above.

¶ 11 The use agreement at issue contains the following provision:

“28. Should the [Board] make any revisions, addendums, and/or modifications to

the rules and regulations as they relate to VGTs that in any way affect this

Agreement, then such revisions, addendums, and/or modifications shall be

considered as being fully incorporated into and made part of this Agreement and

may be added as additional Exhibits and considered part of this Agreement

without any additional consent or signatures required by Terminal Operator

[(plaintiff)] or Establishment and all parties shall be fully bound by the provisions

of the Agreement including the additional Exhibits.”

¶ 12 The use agreement at issue also provides as follows:

“1. Establishment agrees that Terminal Operator shall have the exclusive right to

install, service and maintain at a minimum one (1) Video Gaming Terminal

hereinafter ‘VGT’, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement and in

compliance with the definitions as described in Illinois Video Gaming Act,

hereinafter ‘Act’, and subsequent acts, legislation, rules and regulations as

promulgated by the State of Illinois, and in compliance with and as regulated by

the [Board,] or any other regulatory body as set forth by the State of Illinois. ***

THIS AGREEMENT IS INTENDED TO COMPLY WITH THE ACT AND,

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WHEREVER POSSIBLE INCORPORATE THE LANGUAGE OF THE ACT.

ANY DIRECT CONFLICT BETWEEN LANGUAGE IN THIS AGREEMENT

AND THE ACT IS STRICTLY UNINTENTIONAL.” (All capitals in original.)

¶ 13 Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that the Board’s interpretation of rule 320(a)(7) is

unauthorized by law as it constitutes a new, unauthorized rule in violation of the Illinois

Administrative Procedure Act (5 ILCS 100/1-1 et seq. (West 2014)); “enaction of a new rule that

invalidates auto renewal clauses in previously-use [sic] agreements executed prior to the

effective date of the rule would constitute unconstitutional ‘retrospective legislation’ ” and that

rule 320(a)(7) is “illegal and void” because it “contains use agreement restrictions beyond those

set forth in the Act.” The complaint sought a declaratory judgment, including, specifically, a

judgment, “Declaring that Rule 320(a)(7) does not apply to any use agreements entered into by

and between Midwest *** and a licensed establishment prior to February 2, 2018.”

¶ 14 Plaintiff and the Board each filed motions for summary judgment. Plaintiff argued that

rule 320(a)(7) must be applied prospectively only. Plaintiff also argued that the Board’s position

that rule 320(a)(7) applies to the use agreement at issue under the “change in law” provision in

the agreement is “unconstitutional” or “an unlawful rule under the Administrative Procedure

Act.” In any event, the “change in law” provision does not apply to rule 320(a)(7) because rule

320(a)(7) “does not ‘in any way affect’ the Use Agreement.” Finally, plaintiff argued that the

Act only requires that use agreements be in writing but rule 320(a) imposes many more

requirements on use agreements and, therefore, it is void as exceeding the scope and authority of

the Act.

¶ 15 In pertinent part, the Board’s motion for summary judgment argued that paragraph 1 of

the use agreement obligates plaintiff to comply with subsequent rules and act “in compliance

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with and as regulated by” the Board. The Board argued that, in entering this use agreement,

plaintiff “undertook a risk in that it could not predict what subsequent rules and regulations [the

Board] would provide.” The Board argued that, nevertheless, as plaintiff’s operation must

comply with subsequently enacted rules and regulations, plaintiff cannot escape from the

application of Rule 320(a)(7).

¶ 16 The Board also argued that, pursuant to paragraph 28 of the use agreement, plaintiff

“undertook an obligation to be bound by future-enacted revisions, addendums, and/or

modifications to the rules and regulations relating to Video Gaming Terminals.” The Board

argued that under paragraph 28 of the use agreement the modification to rule 320 “is fully

incorporated into the Use Agreement, and Plaintiff is fully bound by it.” The Board refuted

plaintiff’s argument that its “interpretation” of rule 320(a)(7) to apply to the use agreement was

itself a new rule, arguing that the plain language of the rule does not support that argument and,

regardless, the Board “is not reaching backwards to apply [rule 320(a)(7)] to the earlier-created

Use Agreement. *** [I]n the 2015 Use Agreement, Plaintiff agreed to be bound by subsequently

enacted regulations and rules ***.” Finally, the Board argued that rule 320(a)(7) is not void as

exceeding the scope of the Act because the Act provides “vast rulemaking authority” to the

Board, and the Board has “exclusive, original jurisdiction over use agreements’ validity and

enforceability.”

¶ 17 Furthermore, the Board argued that plaintiff’s complaint is moot because plaintiff entered

into a new use agreement on May 17, 2022, and “the video gaming terminals at the establishment

are active.” Therefore, “there is no actual controversy between the parties,” as required for a

declaratory judgment complaint. In response to the Board’s mootness argument, plaintiff argued

that, although it did enter into an addendum to the existing use agreement with the establishment

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extending the term of the use agreement for an additional five years, that addendum “does not

delete or otherwise amend the autorenew provision in the use Agreement that is at issue in this

action”; therefore, plaintiff argued, “a live controversy continues to exist.” Alternatively,

plaintiff argued that according to an affidavit attached to the response, “there are identical use

agreements currently in force that contain the exact same autorenew provisions.” Plaintiff argued

that this case is subject to review under the mootness exception for issues capable of repetition

yet evading review. The Board’s reply did not address the exception to mootness argument but

did argue that the addendum acknowledges that the use agreement at issue expired because the

addendum extends the use agreement for an additional five years after the expiration of the

current agreement. The Board argued that plaintiff cannot maintain that Rule 320 does not apply

to the Use Agreement and the Use Agreement auto-renews and simultaneously enter into an

agreement acknowledging that the Use Agreement expired.

¶ 18 On April 19, 2024, the trial court incorporated and memorialized its oral ruling in a

written judgment on the parties’ motions for summary judgment. During its oral ruling, the trial

court first addressed the Board’s mootness argument. The trial court found that it did not have to

construe the addendum to determine whether it effectively eliminates the auto-renewal clause

because,

“even if the addendum made any declaratory judgment action moot, I agree with

plaintiff that this case is subject to an exception to the mootness doctrine. Notably

[the Board] does not address the exception argument in its reply.

This case is subject to review by this Court because it contains issues

capable of repetition yet evading review. Specifically that one of the factors is the

challenged action must be too short in duration to be fully litigated before its end.

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And the second factor is there must be a reasonable expectation that the

complaining party will be subject to the same action again. It does not appear to

be any dispute that those two factors have been met so this case meets both of

those requirements.”

¶ 19 The trial court found that the “compliance with subsequent Acts, legislation, rules, and

regulations” referenced in paragraph 1 relates only to the agreement to install a VGT and the

right to service and maintain one VGT at the establishment.

¶ 20 The trial court construed paragraph 28 of the use agreement and found that the limitation

to amendments “that relate to VGTs” “means something.” The court found that the reference in

the use agreement to rules and regulations that “relate to VGTs” references the statute that

specifies the number of VGTs certain establishments can have on site. Moreover, the court found

that the rule does not “affect this agreement because it did not become effective until 2018 and

the use agreement here *** was entered into prior to that date” and the Board established that the

rule was to be applied only to use agreements entered into on or after the effective date.

¶ 21 The trial court found that the Board’s representation to plaintiff that plaintiff’s use

agreement incorporates the new rule is not a statement of general applicability—and therefore is

not a new rule—because incorporation of the rule by a change in law provision would depend on

the language of the change in law provision in each use agreement. The court also found that the

Board’s rules “requiring certain provisions to be included in the use agreements does not expand

or limit the scope of the Act’s provision regarding use agreements.”

¶ 22 The trial court’s written judgment declared that rule 320(a)(7) “is to be applied

prospectively, not retrospectively.” The court rejected the argument that “the change in law

clause” in the use agreement incorporates rule 320(a)(7) and therefore applies to the use

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agreement at issue in this case (without specifically referencing paragraph 1 or paragraph 28, or

both). The court declared that, “Rule 320(a)(7) does not apply to any use agreements entered into

by and between Plaintiff and a licensed establishment containing the same change in law clause

as at issue in this case prior to February 2, 2018.” The trial court denied plaintiff’s request “for a

judicial declaration that the [Board’s] new interpretation of Rule 320(a)(7) is an unauthorized

rule under the Administrative Procedure Act.” The court found that the Board’s interpretation

“was limited to the facts surrounding Plaintiff’s use agreement and not a Rule of general

applicability.” The court also denied plaintiff’s request for a declaration that rule 320(a) exceeds

the scope and authority of section 25 of the Act.

¶ 23 This appeal followed.

¶ 24 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 25 This is an appeal of a judgment on cross-motions for summary judgment on a complaint

for declaratory judgment. “We review the circuit court’s ruling on cross-motions for summary

judgment de novo.” Shakman v. Department of Revenue, 2019 IL App (1st) 182197, ¶ 17. This

case also involves issues of statutory construction and construction of a contract. “The proper

construction of a statute and the regulations thereunder are questions of law reviewed de novo.

[Citation.] ‘In construing regulations promulgated by an administrative agency, the same rules

used to interpret statutes apply.’ [Citation.]” Alliance for the Great Lakes v. Department of

Natural Resources, 2020 IL App (1st) 182587, ¶ 37. “The construction of a contract is a question

of law that we review de novo.” Paper Source LLC v. Sugar Beets, Inc., 2025 IL App (1st)

231878, ¶ 15.

¶ 26 “When parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, they agree that only a question

of law is involved and invite the court to decide the issues based on the record. [Citation.]

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However, the mere filing of cross-motions for summary judgment does not establish that there is

no issue of material fact, nor does it obligate a court to render summary judgment.” Pielet v.

Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28. “Under a de novo standard of review, we use the same analysis that

a trial court would with no deference to the trial court’s decision.” Hampton v. Metropolitan

Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, 2025 IL App (1st) 231381, ¶ 46. “This court

may affirm a grant of summary judgment on any basis appearing in the record, regardless of

whether the lower courts relied upon that ground.” Village of Bartonville v. Lopez, 2017 IL

120643, ¶ 34.

¶ 27 Plaintiff filed the complaint pursuant to section 2-701 of the Code of Civil Procedure

(735 ILCS 5/2-701 (West 2022)).

“Section 2-701(a) of the Code provides that a circuit court may, ‘in cases of actual

controversy, make binding declarations of rights, having the force of final

judgments,’ including ‘the construction of any *** contract or other written

instrument, and a declaration of the rights of the parties interested.’ 735 ILCS 5/2-

701(a) (West 2022). The declaratory judgment statute is ‘liberally construed and

should not be restricted by unduly technical interpretations’ [citation], though its

application must still comport with the general rule that ‘[c]ourts cannot pass

judgment on mere abstract propositions of law, render advisory opinions, or give

legal advice as to future events’ [citation]. Declaratory relief is only proper if

there is an actual legal controversy between the parties, i.e., if there is ‘a concrete

dispute admitting of an immediate and definitive determination of the parties’

rights, the resolution of which will aid in the termination of the controversy or

some part thereof.’ [Citation.]

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If the controversy is theoretical, rather than actual, then the claim is

premature. [Citation.]” RSA Properties Mission Hills, P.C. v. Mission Hills

Homeowners Ass’n, 2024 IL App (1st) 231526, ¶¶ 22-23.

¶ 28 We initially address the question of whether this appeal is moot. The Board does not

pursue the mootness issue on appeal. Nonetheless, “we must review whether this case is moot,

even if neither party raises the issue, because mootness is a question of jurisdiction.” Tirio v.

Dalton, 2019 IL App (2d) 181019, ¶ 21.

“It is a basic tenet of justiciability that reviewing courts will not decide moot or

abstract questions or render advisory opinions. [Citation.] An appeal is considered moot

where it presents no actual controversy or where the issues involved in the trial court no

longer exist because intervening events have rendered it impossible for the reviewing

court to grant effectual relief to the complaining party.” In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 349-50

(2006) (citing In re Tekela, 202 Ill. 2d 282, 292-93 (2002)).

“[T]here are three established exceptions to the mootness doctrine: (1) the ‘public

interest’ exception, applicable where the case presents a question of public

importance that will likely recur and whose answer will guide public officers in

the performance of their duties; (2) the ‘capable of repetition’ exception,

applicable to cases involving events of short duration that are capable of

repetition, yet evading review; and (3) the ‘collateral consequences exception,’

applicable where the involuntary treatment order could return to plague the

respondent in some future proceedings or affect other aspects of the respondent’s

life.” In re Marcus S., 2022 IL App (3d) 170014, ¶ 43.

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¶ 29 The Board argued that the case is moot because plaintiff entered an addendum to its use

agreement with the establishment, which the Board contends eliminated the auto-renew

provision from the use agreement.

¶ 30 Plaintiff disputes the contention that the addendum with the establishment eliminated the

auto-renew provision and asserts that the auto-renew provision remains in place—and therefore

the case is not moot.

¶ 31 We find that this controversy is moot because intervening events have rendered it

impossible for this court to grant effectual relief to plaintiff. In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 349-50. Our

judgment will not affect the parties because plaintiff has entered a separate agreement to renew

the use agreement with the named establishment rendering the auto-renew provision irrelevant to

the present controversy. See In re Tekela, 202 Ill. 2d at 292-93 (“the case is rendered moot

because a ruling on the issue cannot have any practical effect on the controversy. [Citations.]

‘The fact that a case is pending on appeal when the events which render an issue moot does not

alter this conclusion.’ [Citation.]”).

¶ 32 Nonetheless, we find that the public interest exception applies. The regulation of

gambling is a matter of public interest and importance. As the Board argued, it is authorized to

“adopt rules for the purpose of administering the provisions of [the] Act and to prescribe rules,

regulations, and conditions under which all video gaming in the State shall be conducted. Such

rules and regulations are to provide for the prevention of practices detrimental to the public

interest.” 230 ILCS 40/78 (West 2014). Plaintiff has represented that it has a number of similar

use agreements already in place, so the issue is bound to recur. A decision by this court on this

issue will help to guide the Board in the performance of its duty to determine the validity and

enforceability of use agreements. J&J Ventures Gaming, LLC v. Wild, Inc., 2016 IL 119870, ¶ 32

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(“The Act *** confers authority on the Gaming Board to determine the validity and

enforceability of contracts that purport to control the location and operation of video gaming

terminals within licensed establishments.”).

¶ 33 Turning to the merits, the Board argues that rule 320(a)(7) applies to the use agreement at

issue because plaintiff “chose to draft and enter into a use agreement that incorporated that future

rule change.” The Board argues that pursuant to paragraph 1 of the use agreement, plaintiff

conditioned the use agreement on compliance with “subsequent acts, legislation, rules and

regulations as promulgated by the State of Illinois, and in compliance with and as regulated by

the [Board].” The Board argues that “paragraph 1 alone would warrant concluding that the

Agreement incorporated Rule 320(a)(7).”

¶ 34 Furthermore, the Board argues, pursuant to paragraph 28, plaintiff specifically

incorporated “subsequent regulations like Rule 320(a)(7)” and thereby “bound itself to comply

with that amendment’s disallowance of auto-renewals.”

¶ 35 Regarding paragraph 28, plaintiff refutes that rule 320(a)(7) either relates to VGTs or

affected the use agreement at issue. Specifically, plaintiff argues that rule 320(a)(7) does not

relate to physical VGTs and, therefore, does not fall within the scope of paragraph 28. Plaintiff

also argues that rule 320(a)(7) did not affect the use agreement here because rule 320(a)(7)

applies only prospectively and, therefore, had no affect on the use agreement entered prior to its

effective date.

¶ 36 We have no need to resolve the parties’ disagreement on the question of whether rule

320(a)(7) “relates to VGTs” or “affects the use agreement” because we agree with the Board

that, pursuant to paragraph 1 of the use agreement, plaintiff bound itself to comply with rule

320(a)(7)’s disallowance of auto-renewals. We state expressly that we reach this conclusion

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without any deference to the Board’s interpretation of the use agreement. “As a general rule, the

construction, interpretation, or legal effect of a contract is a matter to be determined by the court

as a question of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Village of Riverdale v. Nosmo Kings,

LLC, 2023 IL App (1st) 221380, ¶ 16; see Rural Electric Convenience Cooperative Co. v.

Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 75 Ill. 2d 142, 149 (1979) (“A greater degree of certainty can be

obtained by adherence to established principles of contractual interpretation than by undue

deference to a given agency’s particular expertise.”). Therefore, the parties’ respective arguments

concerning whether deference is owed to either party’s interpretation of the use agreement, and

plaintiff’s argument that the Board “has no basis for arguing what [plaintiff’s] own contractual

language is interpreted to mean,” are inapposite. We find that the use agreement is clear and

unambiguous and we have construed the use agreement as a matter of law. See Steenes v. MAC

Property Management, LLC, 2014 IL App (1st) 120719, ¶ 18 (“Where the terms of a contract are

clear and unambiguous, they must be given effect as written, and under those circumstances, the

meaning of the contract is a question of law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)).

¶ 37 In support of the argument that the parties to the use agreement could contractually adopt

a new rule that did not apply “retroactively” the Board cites one case from a foreign jurisdiction:

Angora Enterprises, Inc. v. Cole, 439 So. 2d 832, 834-35 (Fla. 1983). In Cole, the issue was

whether the parties to a condominium contract “expressly consented to the incorporation of [a

certain statute] into the terms of the contract by virtue of the language in the [contract].” Id. at

834. The contract in that case stated that certain property was “submitted to Condominium

ownership, pursuant to the Condominium Act of the State of Florida *** and the provisions of

said Act are hereby incorporated by reference and included herein thereby.” (Emphasis and

internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The contract later defined the Condominium Act (Fla. Stat.

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§ 718.101 et seq. (2020)) as the “Condominium Act *** as the same may be amended from time

to time.” (Emphasis omitted.) Cole, 439 So. 2d at 834. In an earlier case, the court held that the

statute “could not be applied to pre-1974 leases because the legislature did not intend retroactive

effect.” Id. at 835. The lease at issue was a pre-1974 lease. Id. at 833. The Supreme Court of

Florida found that the controlling difference between the earlier case finding that the statute did

not have retroactive effect and the Cole case, in which the court found the statute did apply to the

contract, was that in the earlier case, “there was no language in the *** documents evidencing

consent on the part of the lessor to incorporate the Condominium Act and its future amendments

into the contract.” Id. at 835. The Supreme Court of Florida found that “the parties intended to be

bound by future amendments to the condominium act and as such [the statute] is applicable and

enforceable under the facts of the instant case.” Id. at 834.

¶ 38 We agree with the reasoning of the Supreme Court of Florida. In this case, as in the

Florida Cole case, the language in paragraph 1 of the use agreement evidences plaintiff’s consent

to incorporate and be bound by future amendments to the Act. Thus, as pertains to the language

in paragraph 1, People ex rel. Burris v. Memorial Consultants, Inc., 224 Ill. App. 3d 653 (1992),

is distinguishable. In Memorial Consultants, Inc., a cemetery operator entered a settlement

agreement and stipulation with the State Comptroller to deposit a percentage of the selling price

of contracts for burial vaults into trust as required by the Illinois Funeral or Burial Funds Act (Ill.

Rev. Stat. 1971, ch. 111½, § 73.101 et seq.). Memorial Consultants, Inc., 224 Ill. App. 3d at 654-

55. The stipulation contained a provision stating that the Comptroller agreed to amend the

funding requirement “if the Funeral and Burial Funds Act is amended at a future date to require a

lesser funding requirement *** if applicable.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 655. The

parties’ agreement also provided that if the funding requirement was amended the Comptroller

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would return any excess funding. Id. When the law was amended to reduce the funding

requirement, the cemetery operator sued to enforce the settlement agreement. Id.

¶ 39 The Comptroller argued that “if a future amendment was not retroactive, then it was not

applicable to the existing contracts [that were the subject of the settlement] and no amendment to

the trust agreement would be required.” Id. at 656. The Comptroller also argued that only a

retroactive amendment would result in “excess funding” but, “if any amendment had only a

prospective effect, then there would be no excess funding to return.” Id. On appeal, the court

found that the settlement agreement required the Comptroller to amend the funding requirement

on the existing contracts “only if an amendment to the [law] applies retroactively.” Id. at 657.

The court relied on the “if applicable” language in the agreement and found that

“if an amendment to the [law] is applicable to these (i.e., existing) contracts, then the

funding requirement would be lowered. There is no dispute in this case that the

amendment *** is not applicable to existing contracts and therefore the Comptroller is

not required to lower the funding requirements and refund the ‘excess funding.’ ” Id.

¶ 40 In this case, paragraph 1 of the use agreement does not contain language, similar to the

“if applicable” language in Memorial Consultants, Inc., in any way limiting the parties’

agreement to be bound by subsequent changes in the law. On the contrary, paragraph 1 evinces

the parties’ intent to be, and to remain, in compliance with the Act and rules “wherever

possible.” We concede paragraph 28 may contain such limiting language, but we do not construe

what that language means in this context because doing so in this case would amount to an

advisory opinion. The particular facts of Memorial Consultants, Inc. may further distinguish this

case from Memorial Consultants, Inc., as it applies to paragraph 28, if at all; but those questions

are not before this court.

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¶ 41 We also find that there is no “impairment” of a contract right because the parties to the

contract agreed to the change in their rights. Therefore, plaintiff’s reliance on Griffin v. City of

North Chicago, 112 Ill. App. 3d 901 (1983), is misplaced. In Griffin, the court recognized that,

“The legislature cannot pass a retrospective law impairing the obligation of a

contract nor deprive a party of a vested right. [Citation.] A vested right is more

than a mere expectation based upon an anticipated continuance of existing law; it

must have become a title, legal or equitable, to the present or future enjoyment of

property. [Citations.] If an existing law changes by amendment or repeal prior to

the vesting of a right, no cause to object arises.” Id. at 905.

¶ 42 Griffin is inapplicable here, not necessarily because the rule has no retroactive effect on

plaintiff’s use agreement (and nothing herein should be construed to answer that question), but

because the Board did not take away or impair any vested right or “create” a new obligation. If

plaintiff had any rights in the continuance of the existing law (a matter on which we pass no

judgment), plaintiff voluntarily waived that right when plaintiff agreed to be bound by

subsequent changes in the law. If the obligation to enter into a new use agreement is a “new

obligation,” it is self-imposed. It is evident plaintiff expected to benefit from changes in the

rules, such as if the Board permitted plaintiff to place additional VGTs at the establishment.

Plaintiff chose not to limit the subsequent rules to which it agreed to be bound. Plaintiff cannot

complain that its choice was not as beneficial as plaintiff may have hoped.

¶ 43 Plaintiff cites no authority for the proposition that the parties to a contract cannot

voluntarily modify their obligations conditioned on subsequent legislative events. Nor is that the

law. See Jones v. Loaleen Mutual Benefit Ass’n, 337 Ill. 431, 438 (1929) (“Neither the old

association nor the legislature could take any action which would impair the contract of the

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certificate holder unless such certificate holder consented to such change.” (Emphasis added.)).

Plaintiff and the establishment consented to modify their obligations upon the occurrence of a

subsequent event, that event being the adoption of a new rule by the Board. We find that

paragraph 1 of the use agreement binds the parties to abide by rule 320(a)(7), which, in this

instance, means that the parties are bound not to utilize the automatic renewal provision, because

that provision is not “in compliance with *** subsequent *** rules *** as promulgated by the

State of Illinois.” We do not find plaintiff’s arguments to the contrary persuasive.

¶ 44 First, plaintiff argues that rule 320(a)(7) does not relate to its right to “install, service, and

maintain VGTs”; therefore, paragraph 1 does not apply to rule 320(a)(7). “The placement of

video gaming terminals in licensed establishments *** shall be subject to the rules promulgated

by the Board pursuant to the Illinois Administrative Procedure Act.” 230 ILCS 40/58 (West

2014). Plaintiff agrees, quoting the trial court, that pursuant to paragraph 1, it may only “service,

install, and maintain one video gaming terminal at the establishment *** in compliance with

subsequent Acts, legislation, rules, and regulations.” The rules provide that plaintiff only has a

“right” to install and maintain a VGT if it has a valid use agreement with the establishment. Id.

§ 25. Rule 320 sets the minimum standards for use agreements. 11 Ill. Adm. Code 1800.320

(2022). Prior to the adoption of rule 320(a)(7), plaintiff had to comply with rule 320 to “install,

service, and maintain VGTs” at the establishment. In paragraph 1 of the use agreement, plaintiff

agreed that its right to install, service, and maintain VGTs at the establishment was based on

“compliance with *** subsequent acts, legislation, rules and regulations.” (Emphasis added.)

Thus, we find that rule 320(a)(7) does “relate” to plaintiff’s right to install, service, and maintain,

VGTs and that rule 320(a)(7) does, therefore, fall within the scope of paragraph 1 of the use

agreement.

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¶ 45 Second, plaintiff argues that its “obligation to continually comply with Board Rules does

not require it to amend contractual terms, absent the promulgation of a constitutional,

retrospective rule.”

“Because we presume that parties agree to contractual language purposefully, we read the

provisions of a contract in light of the whole, not in isolation, and we give effect to each

and every word, if possible. [Citation.] Thus, we will not interpret a contract in a way that

would nullify its provisions or render them meaningless.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) Vision Energy, LLC v. Smith, 2025 IL App (3d) 240114, ¶ 54.

Accepting plaintiff’s implicit concession that, pursuant to paragraph 1 of the use agreement, it

must continually comply with Board rules (i.e., subsequent rules), a limitation on that obligation

to “retrospective rule[s]” would render that portion of paragraph 1 meaningless. Plaintiff would

have had an obligation to comply with “a constitutional, retrospective rule,” absent paragraph 1.

Limiting paragraph 1 to apply only to retrospective rules would nullify that provision in the use

agreement. Third, plaintiff argues that it has no obligation to comply with an amended rule that

the Board “proclaimed to not apply to the October 1, 2015 Use Agreement.” (Emphasis omitted.)

However, as demonstrated above, plaintiff obligated itself to do exactly that.

¶ 46 The Board’s preadoption statements and this court’s jurisprudence concerning the

prospective application of the amended rule are irrelevant. Plaintiff complains that the Board

stated the rule would apply prospectively “without exception” but claims that now the Board is

implementing an “exception” for use agreements with a change in law provision. We do not find

that the Board is implementing an exception to the prospective application of the rule. We also

do not find that the Board is departing from its preadoption statements that the rule would apply

to use agreements entered on or after its effective date. “The Board” is not applying the rule to

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plaintiff’s use agreement—plaintiff did that. The Board is doing nothing more than recognizing

the parties’ right to contract for their mutual obligations under the use agreement and that, under

this use agreement, the parties agreed to be bound by subsequent rule amendments. See

generally, Triple 7 Illinois, LLC v. Gaming & Entertainment Management-Illinois, LLC, 2013 IL

App (3d) 120860, ¶ 22 (citing Braye v. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 175 Ill. 2d 201 (1997), for

the proposition that “laws and public policy of the state permit and require freedom of

contracting between competent parties”).

¶ 47 Plaintiff obligated itself to place VGTs at the establishment in compliance with

subsequent rules. That obligation was not prohibited by the rules when plaintiff entered it. (Nor

was it required at the time plaintiff entered the use agreement at issue in this case, although now

such a provision is required to be in a use agreement. 11 Ill. Adm. Code 1800.320(a)(12) (2022).

We note that, contrary to plaintiff’s claim, we have not found the Board to argue that this

provision means that all amended laws will apply retrospectively to all use agreements because

all use agreements must contain a change in law provision. The effect of rule 320(a)(12) is not

before this court, and we decline to address it.) The Board has no right to interfere with

plaintiff’s lawful, voluntary, self-imposed obligation, and it is not doing so in this case.

¶ 48 Because the obligation to comply with future rules was a voluntary undertaking by

plaintiff, we have no need to address plaintiff’s alternative argument that the Board’s alleged

“new interpretation” of rule 320(a)(7) is a “new rule” in violation of the Illinois Administrative

Procedure Act (5 ILCS 100/1-1 et seq. (West 2014)). Plaintiff’s obligation to comply with rule

320(a)(7) does not arise by operation of any “rule” or pronouncement of the Board. We reject

plaintiff’s argument that rule 320 is itself void because it is more restrictive than the Act.

Plaintiff argues that the only restriction on use agreements in the Act is that they be in writing,

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whereas rule 320 imposes many more restrictions on use agreements without clear guidance

from the legislature.

¶ 49 “[A]dministrative rules can neither limit nor extend the scope of a statute.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Outcom, Inc. v. Illinois Department of Transportation, 233 Ill. 2d 324,

340 (2009). Video gaming is controlled by the strictures of the Act. J&J Ventures Gaming, LLC,

2016 IL 119870, ¶ 26 (“gambling on video gaming terminals is permitted in Illinois only as

authorized by the Act”). We find that implementing rules setting minimum requirements for the

use agreements that are required by the Act is an exercise of the authority granted to the Board

by the Act, not an expansion of the scope of the Act. Nonetheless, “intelligible standards or

guidelines must accompany legislative delegations of power.” Thygesen v. Callahan, 74 Ill. 2d

404, 408 (1979) (citing Stofer v. Motor Vehicle Casualty Co., 68 Ill. 2d 361 (1977)). Our

supreme court has found an unlawful delegation of legislative power where the legislature fails

to provide any standards to guide an agency’s discretion or to communicate the harm the agency

is intended to prevent. Id. at 411. However, the court has found that

“a legislative delegation is valid if it sufficiently identifies:

‘(1) The persons and activities potentially subject to regulations;

(2) the harm sought to be prevented; and

(3) the general means intended to be available to the administrator to prevent the

identified harm.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 409 (quoting Stofer v. Motor Vehicle

Casualty Co., 68 Ill. 2d 361, 372 (1977)).

¶ 50 We find each requirement is met in this case. The Act sets out the Board’s authority. 230

ILCS 40/78 (West 2014). Section 78 of the Act identifies the persons and activities subject to

regulation. “The Board shall have jurisdiction over and shall supervise all gaming operations

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governed by this Act.” Id. § 78(a). The Act identifies the harm sought to be prevented. The Act

directs that the Board’s rules “are to provide for the prevention of practices detrimental to the

public interest and for the best interests of video gaming.” Id. § 78(a)(3). Finally, the Act

identifies the means available to the Board to prevent practices detrimental to the public interest

and for the best interests of video gaming. The Act provides that the Board may

“adopt rules for the purpose of administering the provisions of this Act and ***

prescribe rules, regulations, and conditions ***. *** (i) regarding the inspection

of such establishments and the review of any permits or licenses necessary to

operate an establishment under any laws or regulations applicable to

establishments, (ii) to impose penalties for violations of this Act and its rules, and

(iii) establishing standards for advertising video gaming.” Id.

The Act mandates use agreements like the one at issue in this case (id. § 25(e)), and rule

320(a)(7) is a rule for the purpose of administering that provision.

¶ 51 We do not agree with plaintiff that only limiting the Board’s authority to administering

the provisions of the Act to the prevention of practices detrimental to the public or video gaming

constitutes an “ ‘uncabined discretion’ ” granted to the Board. See Thygesen, 74 Ill. 2d at 411. In

Thygesen, our supreme court did not find that that limitations such as “promot[ing] economic

benefit and stability to *** the public” were not a sufficient limitation on the administrative

agency’s discretion; rather, the court found that those limitations did not apply to the authority at

issue in that case. See id. Further, the Thygesen court based its holding that the legislature

unlawfully delegated its power in that case on the combination of the legislature’s failure “to

provide any additional standards to guide [the agency’s] discretion [or to] communicate to [the

agency] the harm it intended to prevent.” Id. In this case, the legislature has done both.

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Furthermore, as the Board points out, our supreme court has acknowledged, without question,

that, “[p]ursuant to its authority under the Act, the Board has adopted regulations” that “define

the term ‘[u]se agreement’ [citation] and establish the minimum standards that use agreements

must satisfy.” J&J Ventures Gaming, LLC, 2016 IL 119870, ¶¶ 28-29. We find that rule 320 is

not void.

¶ 52 We affirm the trial court’s judgments that rule 320(a)(7) is not an unauthorized rule under

the Illinois Administrative Procedure Act and that rule 320 is not void. We reverse the trial

court’s judgment that the change in law clause in paragraph 1 of the use agreement does not

incorporate rule 320(a)(7).

¶ 53 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 54 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed in

part and reversed in part.

¶ 55 Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

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Midwest Electronics Gaming, LLC v. Illinois Gaming Board, 2025 IL App (1st) 241076

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 22-CH-

12175; the Hon. Anna M. Loftus, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, of Chicago (Jane Elinor Notz,

for Solicitor General, and Laura Wunder, Assistant Attorney

Appellant: General, of counsel), for appellants.

Attorneys Joseph Collins and William Bogot, of Fox Rothschild LLP, of

for Chicago, for appellee.

Appellee:

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