Com. v. Vouvounas, P.

J-A14004-25

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

: PENNSYLVANIA

:

v. :

:

:

PETER VOUVOUNAS :

:

Appellant : No. 518 EDA 2024

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 8, 2024

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP-51-CR-0007313-2022

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J.E., NICHOLS, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E. *

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.E.: FILED JULY 22, 2025

Peter Vouvounas appeals from the judgment of sentence, an aggregate

period of 2 to 4 years’ confinement followed by 3 years’ probation and $10,000

restitution, entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County after

a jury convicted him of aggravated assault, ethnic intimidation, simple assault,

recklessly endangering another person, and strangulation. 1 After careful

review, we affirm in part and vacate and remand in part.

The trial court summarized the facts underlying Appellant’s convictions

as follows:

The evidence at trial showed [Appellant] assaulted Brian Conner

[(“Victim”)] because of [Victim’s] race on July 28, 2022, in

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(1), 2710(a), 2701(a), 2705, and 2718(a)(1),

respectively.

J-A14004-25

Philadelphia. The incident took place in the hallway of an

apartment building located at 1216 Christian Street. [Victim] lived

in the [first-floor] rear unit; [Appellant] the [first-floor] front. Prior

to the incident, they had limited interactions—occasional nods and

brief exchanges. [Victim] was awakened by knocking around 3:00

AM. He thought his roommate, Thomas Fazio, needed help getting

into the building and went to let him in. As [Victim] walked past

[Appellant’s] apartment, [Victim] was suddenly struck multiple

times, fell to the floor, and attempted to shield his face with his

arms. He then saw another resident, Diego, attempt to intervene

and pull [Appellant] away. As Diego helped [Victim] to his feet,

[Appellant] pushed [Victim] against the wall and grabbed him

around his neck with both hands. [Victim] gasped for air and lost

consciousness.

The commotion awoke Fazio and he got up to investigate. As he

emerged from the apartment he shared with [Victim], Fazio saw

[Appellant] with both hands around [Victim’s] neck, forcing him

against the wall. Fazio and Diego pulled [Appellant] away, and

[Appellant] retreated to his apartment. As [Victim] and Fazio

returned to their apartment, [Appellant] came back out and body-

slammed [Victim] against the wall, taking him to the ground.

[Victim] was rendered unresponsive after this second assault.

[Appellant] yelled racial slurs, including the "n-word," as he

assaulted [Victim], shouting "there are no 'n-words' that live in

this building."

Fazio called 911. [Victim’s] interaction with the First Responders

was captured on body-worn camera. [Victim] stated he had been

hit in the head but could not identify the assailant. [Victim]

explained at trial he was disoriented and still processing the

events at that time.

A few days after the attack, [Victim] encountered [Appellant]

again in the hallway. When [Victim] quickly attempted to enter his

apartment, [Appellant] caught the door and tried to force his way

in. [Victim] managed to close the door. Fear and anxiety drove

him at that point to move out.

After relocating, [Victim] spoke with the property manager and

learned [Appellant’s] name. He then accessed [Appellant’s]

Facebook page and discovered several posts made the day of the

first assault[, and additional posts made in the days that followed

-2-

J-A14004-25

the second incident. Victim took screenshots of the posts which

contained racial slurs and other highly offensive, derogatory

language.]

***

[Appellant] was arrested on September 26, 2022, and charged

with aggravated assault, ethnic intimidation, simple assault,

recklessly endangering another person, and strangulation[.]

Jury selection began August 14, 2023. During voir dire, the court

described the allegations generally. The court advised the venire

that [Appellant] had allegedly assaulted [Victim] and had impeded

his breathing with malicious intention toward [Victim’s] race. A

few jurors had heard about the assault. The court then reviewed

a few of the questions on the juror questionnaire that most

frequently elicited indications of possible bias and identified jurors

who required follow up. When the court asked counsel for both

parties whether they wanted to ask additional questions, neither

attorney did.

The court and counsel then proceeded to individual voir dire. The

first qualified juror, Juror No. 2, was a black person. The court

asked her questions based on her answers to the juror

questionnaire and invited the attorneys to ask questions. Defense

counsel asked Juror No. 2. whether she had "ever been the victim

of any type of discrimination, anything like that, not necessarily

arising to the level of a crime but personally.” [N.T. Voir Dire,

8/14/23, at 23.] Juror No. 2 had been called "the N word on the

street, [and] just different incidences in school ...." [Id.] She

advised, however, she could set aside her personal experience and

fairly judge the case.

After Juror No. 2 was directed to the hallway, defense counsel

exercised a peremptory challenge. The trial judge asked defense

counsel his basis because the juror had stated she could be fair

and impartial. The court also asked defense counsel if he intended

to strike all black people who answered his question

affirmatively—that they had experienced discrimination—but who

nonetheless believed they could judge the case fairly and

impartially. Defense counsel equivocated. He agreed there was no

grounds for striking Juror No. 2 for cause and did not assure the

court he would not strike all black people who had experienced

racism but asserted they could fair and impartial.

-3-

J-A14004-25

The court considered the matter, allowed the peremptory strike of

Juror No. 2, but prohibited counsel from asking this line of

questions going forward. For the next and all successive juror

candidates, the trial judge instead referred to the court's prior

description of the case and asked each juror whether the facts

would prevent the candidate from being fair and impartial to both

sides. The candidates affirmed they could be fair and impartial.

Defense counsel did not object to this procedure. Twelve jurors

from these were selected.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/24, at 1-5. (citations to record, brackets, headings,

and unnecessary capitalization omitted).

A trial was held the following day, and the jury found Appellant guilty of

all charges. The court held a sentencing hearing on January 8, 2024, at which

Victim’s mother testified that she and her husband had expended

approximately $10,000 following the assault to move Victim to a new

apartment where he felt safe and to help him pay rent for two separate

apartments. See N.T. Sentencing, 1/8/24, 8-10. She also indicated that to

fund this expense, she and her husband continued working and postponed

retirement. See id., at 10. The court sentenced Appellant to 2 to 4 years’

imprisonment followed by 3 years’ probation. Additionally, the court, having

“construed the parental subsidy as a debt incurred” by Victim, ordered

Appellant to pay $10,000 in restitution as “a condition of probation.” Trial

Court Opinion, 6/11/24, at 6; N.T. Sentencing, 1/8/24, at 44.

Appellant timely-filed a notice of appeal from his judgment of sentence

on February 6, 2024. Both Appellant and the trial court have complied with

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

-4-

J-A14004-25

Appellant presents the following questions for our review:

1. Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion at voir

dire by specifically prohibiting the defense from questioning

potential jurors whether they had ever been a victim of

discrimination, and by generally prohibiting the defense from

asking "any questions along those lines," in violation of

[Appellant’s] Due Process rights and rights to a fair and impartial

jury?

2. Whether the sentence of $10,000 restitution is illegal, where

the prosecution presented no evidence that a victim suffered

personal injury directly resulting from any crime, and the lower

court failed to specify the method of payment at the time of

sentencing?

Appellant’s Brief, at 4 (trial court answers omitted; formatting altered).

In his first issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s decision to limit

the scope of voir dire during individual examination.

“[A] trial court’s discretion concerning the scope of voir dire must be

considered in light of the factual circumstances of a particular criminal

episode.” Commonwealth v. Holt, 273 A.3d 514, 543 (Pa. 2022) (citations

and internal quotation marks omitted).

The scope of voir dire rests within the sound discretion of the trial

court, and we will not reverse the court’s decisions on voir dire

absent a palpable abuse of discretion. The sole purpose of voir

dire is the empaneling of a competent, fair, impartial, and

unprejudiced jury capable of following the instructions of the trial

court. Neither party is permitted to ask direct or hypothetical

questions designed to disclose what a juror’s present impression

or opinion as to what his decision will likely be under certain facts

which may be developed in the trial of a case. Voir dire is not to

be utilized as a tool for the attorneys to ascertain the effectiveness

of potential trial strategies.

-5-

J-A14004-25

Commonwealth v. Walker, 305 A.3d 12, 16 (Pa. Super. 2023) (italics,

citations, and quotation marks omitted); see also Holt, 273 A.3d at 547 (Voir

dire “is not intended to provide a defendant with a better basis upon which to

utilize his peremptory challenges.”) (citation and brackets omitted).

“The decision on whether or not counsel may propose their own

questions of potential jurors during voir dire is a matter left solely within the

discretion of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Paolello, 665 A.2d 439, 451

(Pa. 1995) (citation omitted). A trial court may reject a proposed supplemental

question if it finds the inquiry improper or unnecessary. See Commonwealth

v. Ellison, 902 A.2d 419, 427 (Pa. 2006). “The opportunity to observe the

demeanor of the prospective juror and the tenor of the juror’s answers is

indispensable to the judge in determining whether a fair trial can be had in

the community.” Id. at 424 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

“A prospective juror’s personal views are of no moment unless these opinions

are so deeply embedded as to render that person incapable of accepting and

applying the law as given by the court.” Holt, 273 A.3d at 547 (quotation

marks and citation omitted).

Appellant avers that the trial court denied him his constitutional right to

due process by precluding counsel from asking prospective jurors about their

personal experiences with racial prejudice, thereby entitling him to a new trial.

See Appellant’s Brief, at 28. Specifically, Appellant takes issue with the court’s

decision to limit counsel’s presentation of the following question to Juror No.

-6-

J-A14004-25

2, opposed to the entire venire: “Have you ever been the victim of any type

of discrimination, anything like that, not necessarily arising to the level of a

crime but personally?” N.T. Voir Dire, 8/14/23, at 23.

The Commonwealth contends that Appellant waived this issue by failing

to object to the court’s rejection of the proposed question. See Appellee’s

Brief, at 8 n.1. The Commonwealth further maintains that the trial court

properly concluded counsel’s “line of questioning could be used to improperly

eliminate black people from the jury.” Id. at 8. We agree with both

contentions.

“[T]he failure to make a timely and specific objection before the trial

court at the appropriate stage of the proceedings will result in waiver of the

issue [on appeal].” Commonwealth v. Houck, 102 A.3d 443, 451 (Pa.

Super. 2014) (citations omitted); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see Commonwealth v.

Christian, 389 A.2d 545, 547 (Pa. Super 1978) (“Appellant made prompt

objection to [the court’s ruling on the proposed question] and preserved the

issue for appellate review.”); see also Commonwealth v. Scott, 212 A.3d

1094, 1104 (Pa. Super. 2019) (finding waiver of issue on appeal where

defense counsel “preferred to ask each individual venireperson the question

regarding religious bias” but did not object to court’s proposed question).

Although “there is no specific requirement under Pennsylvania law that

counsel utter the word ‘objection’ to preserve an issue for appeal[,]” in this

case, defense counsel did nothing to preserve a challenge to the court’s ruling

-7-

J-A14004-25

on the proposed question during voir dire. Commonwealth v. Alexander,

296 A.3d 1, 5 (Pa. Super. 2023) (citation omitted).

Instantly, when the trial court instructed counsel that he could not ask

the remaining prospective jurors whether they had ever been a victim of

discrimination, counsel failed to object or respond in any capacity. See N.T.

Voir Dire, 8/14/23, at 30. Accordingly, counsel waived any challenge to the

court’s decision to reject the proposed question and prevent counsel from

presenting it to the rest of the venire during individual examination.

Moreover, in our independent review of the record, we found no

indication that the trial court denied Appellant due process by precluding his

proffered line of questioning or that the trial court’s manner of conducting voir

dire was inadequate.

“The Sixth and Fourteenth [Constitutional] Amendments guarantee a

defendant the right to, inter alia, an impartial jury[.] … Thus, the jury selection

process is crucial to the preservation of a criminal defendant’s constitutional

right to an impartial jury.” Commonwealth v. Davis, 273 A.3d 1228, 1239

(Pa. Super. 2022) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “[T]he

purpose of voir dire is solely to ensure the empaneling of a competent, fair,

impartial, and unprejudiced jury capable of following the instructions of the

trial court.” Id. at 1240-41 (brackets and citation omitted).

Here, the trial court succinctly addressed Appellant’s argument as

follows:

-8-

J-A14004-25

[T]he court described to the jury panel the charges against

[Appellant] and the alleged facts. During the individual voir dire,

defense counsel sought to ask [jurors] specific questions about

their life experience with racism. Defense counsel would not

assure the court he would not strike all black [jurors] who had

experienced racism even if they asserted they could be fair and

impartial. The judge thought this line of questions improper under

those circumstances. The court instead asked each juror if they

recalled the court’s description of the case and asked whether

there was any reason they could not be fair and impartial. No juror

expressed any bias, impartiality, or inability to be fair. Defense

counsel did not object to this alternative procedure. This process

fell within the bounds of the trial court's lawful discretion.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/24, at 10 (citations and unnecessary capitalization

omitted). We discern no abuse of discretion.

The trial court’s overriding concern that counsel’s proposed question

would have the effect of striking black jurors from the jury pool was validated

by counsel’s use of a preemptory challenge to dismiss Juror No. 2, the first

and only juror asked to disclose her personal experiences with discrimination,

after she explicitly indicated she would be able to set aside her past

experiences and fairly judge the case. See N.T. Voir Dire, 8/14/23, at 23-24.

When the court asked counsel to state his reason for moving to strike Juror

No. 2, defense counsel conceded it was “a sad reality” that every prospective

black juror who was asked whether they had experienced discrimination would

likely answer affirmatively. Id. at 29-30. However, counsel would neither

confirm nor deny whether he would move to strike black jurors who indicated

they had experienced racial discrimination but could nonetheless remain

-9-

J-A14004-25

impartial, and he repeatedly stated his basis for striking Juror No. 2 was her

response to the proposed question. Id. at 26, 27-29.

Following this exchange, the trial court reasonably determined that the

inquiry was improper and presented significant potential for racial

discrimination to subvert the jury selection process. As the Supreme Court

has explained:

The harm from discriminatory jury selection extends beyond that

inflicted on the defendant and the excluded juror to touch the

entire community. Selection procedures that purposefully exclude

black persons from juries undermine public confidence in the

fairness of our system of justice. Discrimination within the judicial

system is most pernicious because it is a stimulant to that race

prejudice which is an impediment to securing to black citizens that

equal justice which the law aims to secure to all others.

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 87-88 (1986) (citations, quotation marks,

and brackets omitted).

Furthermore, the court conducted voir dire in a manner that sufficiently

sought to uncover prejudice, rendering Appellant’s proposed question

unnecessary. See Ellison, 902 A.2d at 427. Prior to individual examination,

the court advised the entire venire panel of the nature of the case as follows:

The charges in this case are aggravated assault; ethnic

intimidation; simple assault; recklessly endangering another

person and strangulation.

It’s alleged that on Thursday, July 28th of 2023 at/or around 1216

Christian Street in the City and County of Philadelphia, [Appellant]

assaulted [Victim] with the intent to cause serious bodily injury

and in doing so placed the victim in danger of serious bodily injury

or death.

- 10 -

J-A14004-25

It’s alleged that during this assault, [Appellant] knowingly or

intentionally impeded the breathing or circulation of blood of

[Victim] by applying pressure to the throat or neck. It’s

additionally alleged that this assault was inflicted with malicious

intention to the race and/or color of [Victim].

N.T. Voir Dire, 8/14/23, at 15-16; see Ellison, 902 A.2d at 427 (finding trial

court had sufficient basis to preclude defense counsel from asking specific

question regarding nature of the offense during individual examination

because court advised prospective jurors during group voir dire that case

involved sexual assault). The court then proceeded to examine each

prospective juror individually and asked whether they recalled this description

of the charges and whether the alleged facts would substantially interfere with

or prevent them from being fair and impartial to both sides. See N.T. Voir

Dire, 8/14/23, at 31. Additionally, the court conducted follow-up inquiries

where juror questionnaire responses raised potential concerns, and counsel

acquiesced to the examination of every individual who served on the jury. See

Pa.R.Crim.P. 631(F)(1)(b) (“Challenges shall be exercised immediately after

the prospective juror is examined.”). Notably, Appellant has neither alleged

nor demonstrated that any specific juror lacked the ability to be impartial or

required more pointed questioning. See Ellison, 902 A.2d at 427.

Accordingly, Appellant’s first issue is waived, meritless, and does not

entitle him to his requested relief.

In his second issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s order of

restitution. See Appellant’s Brief, at 13. Specifically, Appellant avers the

- 11 -

J-A14004-25

restitution order of $10,000 is illegal because (1) the Commonwealth failed to

establish that Victim suffered personal injury as a direct result of Appellant’s

offenses and (2) the court failed to specify a method of payment at the

sentencing hearing as required by Section 1106(a) of our Criminal Code. Id.

at 13-14.

“A challenge to the authority of the trial court to impose an order of

restitution is a challenge to the legality of sentence[.]” Commonwealth v.

Royal, 312 A.3d 317, 325 (Pa. Super. 2024) (citation omitted); see

Commonwealth v. Weir, 201 A.3d 163, 172-73 (Pa. Super. 2018) (“[A]

challenge to the legality of sentence is presented when the defendant claims

that the trial court lacked statutory authority to impose restitution because

the Commonwealth failed to establish one or more of the requirements of

section 1106(a).”) (citations omitted). 2 When presented with a challenge to

____________________________________________

2 We disagree with the Commonwealth’s contention that Appellant presents a

waivable challenge to the discretionary aspects of sentencing. See Appellee’s

Brief, at 13. Here, Appellant does not challenge the amount of restitution

imposed. See Royal, 312 A.3d at 325 (“[A] challenge to the amount of a

restitution award based on the trial court’s consideration of the

Commonwealth’s evidence regarding loss is a challenge to the discretionary

aspects of sentence, not the legality of sentence.”) (emphasis added; citation

omitted). Rather, Appellant challenges the court’s restitution order by claiming

that the Commonwealth failed to establish a causal connection between the

restitution order, Victim’s injuries, and Appellant’s conduct. See Appellant’s

Brief, at 29-30; Commonwealth v. Risoldi, 238 A.3d 434, 461 n.23 (Pa.

Super. 2020) (“A challenge to the trial court's authority to impose a sentence

of restitution based on its finding that the restitution was a direct result of the

criminal conduct is a challenge to the legality of the sentence.”) (citation

omitted).

- 12 -

J-A14004-25

the legality of a sentence, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of

review is plenary. See id.

A sentencing court may impose restitution as a sentence, pursuant to

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106, or as a condition of probation, pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 9754(b).

As a direct sentence, restitution is authorized by 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

1106, which mandates that courts shall sentence offenders to

make restitution in certain cases of injury to persons or property.

See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106(a). Such restitution is limited to direct

victims of the crime and requires a direct nexus between the loss

and the amount of restitution.

However, when restitution is imposed as a condition of probation

pursuant to [42 Pa.C.S.A. §] 9754, its purpose is to rehabilitate

the defendant and provide some redress to the victim. Under

section 9754, the sentencing court is given the flexibility to fashion

the condition to rehabilitate the defendant. Therefore, the

requirement of a nexus between the loss and amount of restitution

is relaxed. Notably, restitution imposed under section 9754 also is

unique in that it requires a court to explicitly consider a

defendant's ability to pay.[3]

Commonwealth v. Whatley, 221 A.3d 651, 653-54 (Pa. Super. 2019) (case

citations omitted).

“[I]f restitution must be ordered as part of a sentence under Section

1106(a), it cannot at the same time also be ordered merely as a condition

____________________________________________

3 “When restitution is ordered under Section 1106(a) and an offender has been

placed on probation or parole, restitution also may be ordered as a condition

of such probation or parole. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106(b). This restitution, however,

is still a condition of an offender's sentence as opposed to a condition of

probation under Section 9754[].” Commonwealth v. Holmes, 155 A.3d 69,

87 n.11 (Pa. Super. 2017) (en banc).

- 13 -

J-A14004-25

under Section 9754[].” Holmes, 155 A.3d at 87 (footnote omitted). However,

when restitution is imposed under either statute, the court must specify the

method of payment at the sentencing hearing. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106(c)(2)

(“At the time of sentencing the court shall specify the amount and method of

restitution.”); see Holmes, 144 A.3d at 86 (Upon ordering restitution as a

condition of probation, the court must determine “how the restitution is to be

paid.”) (citation omitted). “A sentence intended to include restitution, which

is entered without a definite amount and method of payment, is illegal and

must be vacated in its entirety.” Commonwealth v. McCabe, 230 A.3d 1199,

1209 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citations omitted). Similarly, “where a sentencing

court fails to consider a defendant’s ability to pay prior to imposing restitution

as a probationary condition, the order of restitution constitutes an illegal

sentence” and must be vacated. Whatley, 221 A.3d at 654 (citation omitted).

Based on our review of the record, it is unclear whether the trial court

ordered restitution as a condition of Appellant’s probation or as a mandatory

sentence. Although the court analyzed restitution as a mandatory sentence

under Section 1106(a) in its 1925(a) opinion, the court clearly stated that

restitution was imposed as “a condition of probation” at the sentencing

hearing, and it included its directive to pay restitution in the special conditions

section of Appellant’s sentencing order, rather than as a separate sentence.

See Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/24, at 11; see N.T. Sentencing, 1/8/24, at 44;

see Sentencing Order, 1/8/24. Furthermore, as the Commonwealth concedes,

- 14 -

J-A14004-25

neither a method of payment nor Appellant’s ability to pay restitution were

determined at the sentencing hearing. See Appellee’s Brief, at 13-14.

Therefore, our ability to review the merits of Appellant’s challenge to the

legality of restitution based on the Commonwealth’s alleged failure to establish

a causal connection between Victim’s loss and the restitution ordered is

impeded by our inability to ascertain the applicable statutory framework.

However, the order of restitution is illegal under either Section 1106 or Section

9754 because the court failed to specify a method of payment or determine

Appellant’s ability to pay. See McCabe, 230 A.3d at 1209; Whatley, 221

A.3d at 654.

Accordingly, we are constrained to vacate Appellant’s judgment of

sentence and remand for resentencing. The sentencing court must make an

on-the-record determination as to whether restitution is being imposed as a

separate sentence, in accordance with 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106, or as a condition

of probation, in accordance with 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9754. The court must specify

both the amount of restitution and the method of payment at the sentencing

hearing, and if the court imposes restitution as a condition of probation

pursuant to Section 9754, the court must also consider Appellant’s ability to

pay.

Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part. Case

remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

- 15 -

J-A14004-25

Date: 7/22/2025

- 16 -