The opinion
Cite as 2020 Ark. App. 450
Reason: I attest to the accuracy
and integrity of this document
Date: 2021-07-12 14:16:18
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
Foxit PhantomPDF Version: DIVISION II
9.7.5 No. CV-20-90
Opinion Delivered: September 30, 2020
TYRUN JONES/MCDOWELL
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE CHICOT
V. COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. 09CV-19-134]
DEXTER PAYNE, DIRECTOR,
ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HONORABLE ROBERT BYNUM
CORRECTION GIBSON, JR., JUDGE
APPELLEE
AFFIRMED
PHILLIP T. WHITEAKER, Judge
Appellant Tyrun Jones/McDowell filed a pro se “Petitioner [sic] for Declaratory
Judgment” against Dexter Payne, the director of the Arkansas Department of Correction.
The Chicot County Circuit Court entered an order denying his petition from which he
now appeals. We find no error and affirm.
For purposes of this opinion, we set forth the following history. Jones/McDowell
was convicted in 2016 of second-degree murder and sentenced to a total of forty years in
the Arkansas Department of Correction. He appealed his conviction, and this court affirmed
in Jones v. State, 2017 Ark. App. 286, 524 S.W.3d 1.1 His petition for review was denied by
our supreme court. Jones/McDowell apparently did not seek postconviction relief pursuant
1
In his prior direct appeal, appellant prosecuted his action under the name “Tyrun
Jones.” Here, he uses the name “Tyrun Jones/McDowell” without explaining the
difference.
to Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.1. He did, however, file a petition for writ of
habeas corpus in the Chicot County Circuit Court, which was denied. In Jones v. State,
2019 Ark. 12, 565 S.W.3d 100, our supreme court affirmed the denial of that petition.
Finding no relief in the state courts, Jones/McDowell then turned to the federal
courts, filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Eastern District of Arkansas. The
federal district court accepted the recommendation of a magistrate judge and denied the
petition. Jones v. Kelley, 5:19CV00099-BRW-JJV, 2019 WL 3137499 (E.D. Ark. July 15,
2019).
Following this denial in the federal court, Jones/McDowell filed his petition for
declaratory relief, which is the underlying action for this appeal. In our Declaratory
Judgment Act, Arkansas has codified a statutory scheme to settle and to afford relief from
uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations. Mitchem v.
Hobbs, 2014 Ark. 233, at 5; McCutchen v. City of Ft. Smith, 2012 Ark. 452, 425 S.W.3d 671.
Jones/McDowell sought declaratory relief below pursuant to this act, which provides as
follows:
Any person interested under a deed, will, written contract or other writings
constituting a contract, or whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected by
a statute, municipal ordinance, contract or franchise, may have determined any
question of construction or validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance,
contract, or franchise and obtain a declaration of rights, status or other legal relations
thereunder.
Ark. Code Ann. § 16-111-102 (Repl. 2016).
In his petition for declaratory relief, Jones/McDowell raised numerous claims
including judicial bias; insufficiency of the evidence; actual innocence; unfair trial practices,
including Brady violations; illegal detention; and illegal sentencing. The circuit court
2
dismissed Jones/McDowell’s petition “because [the] petition makes no allegation . . . that
remotely states a cause of action for declaratory relief.” We agree.
Our supreme court has set forth very specific parameters for the use of declaratory-
judgment actions by criminal defendants. A criminal defendant may not use a declaratory-
judgment action or a suit for an extraordinary writ for the purpose of challenging a criminal
conviction, sentence, or parole eligibility. Mitchem, supra (citing Manning v. Norris, 2011 Ark.
439 (per curiam); Johnson v. State, 340 Ark. 413, 12 S.W.3d 203 (2000)). Rather, a criminal
defendant must raise any alleged errors regarding his or her conviction in the circuit court
or on direct appeal and may not raise them in a collateral civil proceeding. Walker v. Kelley,
2020 Ark. 183, at 2.
Here, the vast majority of Jones/McDowell’s claims relate to alleged trial errors, and
each of these claims presents an argument that could have been raised on direct appeal. First,
he argues that the circuit court showed actual bias against him. In Nelson v. State, 2014 Ark.
28, however, our supreme court held that a claim of judicial bias was an allegation of trial
error that could have been raised on direct appeal. Second, Jones/McDowell asserts a claim
of actual innocence, but in Sanford v. State, 342 Ark. 22, 25 S.W.3d 414 (2002), the supreme
court held that a claim of actual innocence was a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
that should have been raised on direct appeal.
Third, he contends that his trial was unfair because the circuit court excluded his
brothers from the trial. Our supreme court, however, has held that allegations of a violation
of a defendant’s right to a public trial is an issue that a court will review on direct appeal.
See Douglas v. State, 2017 Ark. 70, 511 S.W.3d 852. Next, Jones/McDowell claims the State
3
withheld exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).2 In
Flemons v. State, 2016 Ark. 460, at 10, 505 S.W.3d 196, 205, the supreme court stated that
prosecutorial misconduct, including an alleged Brady violation, is the “type of issue that
should have been raised on direct appeal.” Our supreme court has held that a declaratory-
relief action is not a substitute for an appeal of the criminal conviction. Mitchum, 2014 Ark.
233, at 2–3. We thus hold that the majority of Jones/McDowell’s claims are not appropriate
for a declaratory-judgment action.
We recognize that Jones/McDowell presents a conclusory statement in his brief that
the judgment against him was invalid on its face. Our supreme court has held that when a
petitioner does not allege that a judgment of conviction is facially invalid, a collateral attack
on a judgment is not cognizable in a declaratory-judgment action. Millsap v. Kelley, 2016
Ark. 406, at 3 (citing Johnson v. State, 340 Ark. 413, 413–14, 12 S.W.3d 203, 204 (2000)
(per curiam)). We hold that Jones/McDowell’s conclusory statement is nothing more than
an apparent attempt to bring his petition within the purview of the Declaratory Judgment
Act, see Millsap, supra, and we reject it for two reasons.
First, Jones/McDowell’s claim that the judgment is invalid is unsupported by any
specific factual allegation. Arkansas is a fact-pleading state, and Jones/McDowell’s
conclusory assertion must be supported by facts. Mitchem, 2014 Ark. 233, at 4. Second, his
claim is patently incorrect. Jones/McDowell was convicted of second-degree murder, a
Class A felony, see Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-103 (Repl. 2013), and was sentenced to twenty-
2
We note this claim is made in a conclusory fashion and does not specify what
evidence was withheld.
4
five years in prison.3 He was also sentenced to an additional fifteen years’ incarceration
pursuant to a firearm enhancement, see Ark. Code Ann. § 16-90-102(a) (Repl. 2016), and
the enhancement ran consecutively with the underlying sentence, in accordance with
section 16-90-102(b).4 His conviction and his sentences were affirmed on direct appeal.
Accordingly, there is nothing in Jones/McDowell’s sentence that indicates it is facially
invalid. As such, Jones/McDowell has presented no cognizable claim for declaratory relief.
Arkansas’s declaratory-judgment act was not intended to allow any question to be presented
by any person. Brown v. State, 2017 Ark. 232, at 3, 522 S.W.3d 791, 792 (citing Andres v.
First Ark. Dev. Fin. Corp., 230 Ark. 594, 606, 324 S.W.2d 97, 104 (1959)). The circuit
court’s order denying his petition is therefore affirmed.
Affirmed.
VIRDEN and GLADWIN, JJ., agree.
Tyrun Jones/McDowell, pro se appellant.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Karen Virginia Wallace, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
3
Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-4-401(a)(2) provides that for a Class A felony,
“the sentence shall be not less than six (6) years nor more than thirty (30) years.”
4
Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-90-102(b) mandates that any additional prison
sentence imposed pursuant to an enhancement shall run consecutively and not concurrently.
5