Koskiniemi v. Jennings CA5

Filed 5/23/25 Koskiniemi v. Jennings CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

KENNETH KOSKINIEMI et al.,

F087348

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

(Super. Ct. No. 21CECG03751)

v.

MICHAEL JENNINGS et al., OPINION

Defendants and Respondents.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. D. Tyler

Tharpe, Judge.

Kasowitz Benson Torres, Jason S. Takenouchi; King & Spalding, Kellam

McChesney Conover, Sarmad Khojasteh, and Ashley C. Parrish, for Plaintiffs and

Appellants.

Jared Gordon, for Defendant and Respondent Michael Jennings.

Cozen O’Connor, Brett N. Taylor, Matthew E. Lewitz, and Alexander E.

Robinson, for Defendants and Respondents Next Green Wave, NGW Holdings, LLC,

Next Green Holdings Inc., Crossgate Capital US Holdings Corp., and Planet 13 Holdings

Inc.

-ooOoo-

Plaintiffs Kenneth Koskiniemi and Micah-Luc Almeida appeal from a final

judgment of dismissal entered after the trial court sustained defendants’ demurrers as to

all causes of action, without leave to amend. We conclude the trial court erred in

sustaining defendants’ demurrers. We therefore reverse the judgment of dismissal and

remand the matter for further proceedings.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs and appellants Kenneth Koskiniemi and Micah-Luc Almeida (plaintiffs)

initiated this action on December 17, 2021, against the following defendants and

respondents: (1) Michael Jennings and (2) Next Green Wave LLC, NGW Holdings,

LLC, Next Green Wave Holdings Inc., and Crossgate Capital US Holdings Corp.

(collectively, NGW defendants). Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged seven causes of action

against Jennings: breach of fiduciary duty; conversion; misappropriation of trade secrets;

unjust enrichment; fraud; violation of the Unfair Competition Law (UCL); and

constructive trust. The complaint further alleged six causes of action against the NGW

defendants: aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty; aiding and abetting conversion;

misappropriation of trade secrets; unjust enrichment; violation of the UCL; and

constructive trust. Jennings and the NGW defendants filed demurrers on February 15,

2022. The trial court, on January 20, 2023, sustained the demurrers with leave to amend.

Plaintiffs filed a first amended complaint (FAC) on February 9, 2023.1 The FAC

realleged the same causes of action against Jennings and the NGW defendants as were

alleged in the initial complaint. The FAC sought “actual, consequential, and

compensatory damages” in the amount of $38 million, as well as injunctive relief to

enjoin defendants from “continuing to use Plaintiffs’ trade secrets in their business

operations.” Jennings and the NGW defendants then demurred to the FAC. On August

22, 2023, the trial court issued a tentative ruling sustaining the demurrers without leave to

1 The FAC added one additional defendant, Planet 13 Holdings, Inc. We will use

the collective term “NGW defendants” to include Planet 13, Holdings, Inc.

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amend. The following day, the trial court heard argument from the parties. On

September 5, 2023, the court adopted its tentative ruling (without modification) as its

final order and dismissed the FAC. This appeal followed.

THE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT

The FAC indicates the dispute at issue in this case arose from a partnership that

Koskiniemi, Almeida, and Jennings formed in relation to seeds for specific strains of

marijuana that were developed or engineered by Almeida when he legally grew

marijuana, in California, for medicinal purposes. The FAC alleges that the partnership’s

primary objects were (1) to publicize and brand Almeida’s seeds, and (2) to legally

market the seeds in California, once adult recreational use of cannabis (and commercial

sales) were legalized in the state. The FAC alleges the partners intended for the

partnership’s activities to fully comport with applicable California laws.

More specifically, the FAC alleges: “Almeida and Koskiniemi have been at the

forefront of California’s legal cannabis industry since California legalized the cultivation

of medicinal marijuana in 1996 through the adoption of Proposition 215, the

Compassionate Use Act. After California enacted Senate Bill 420, The Medical

Marijuana Program Act (‘MMPA’), in 2004, qualified patients in the State could

cultivate, deliver, transport, and possess cannabis pursuant to a doctor’s recommendation.

Under that regulatory regime, individuals like Almeida, were permitted to obtain a

doctor’s recommendation to legally grow cannabis and develop proprietary cannabis

strains using cross-breeding and genetic mapping.” The FAC adds: “Other medical

cannabis pioneers were using similar techniques [as Almeida] to develop their own

proprietary strains during this time in California. For example, the U.S. Patent and

Trademark Office received applications for patents on proprietary cannabis strains

developed by individuals in California as early as 2010, and issued the first plant patent

on a cannabis strain in 2016 (based on a 2010 application.)”

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The FAC states: “In 2008, Almeida began managing a warehouse in Richmond,

California, where, pursuant to Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act of 1996, and

the MMPA, he legally grew various marijuana strains pursuant to a doctor’s

recommendation permitting him to grow cannabis legally. Almeida never sold any of the

cannabis plants he grew or seeds he bred or otherwise profited from them.” Almeida was

permitted “to legally develop proprietary cannabis strains using cross-breeding and

genetic mapping, including the strains at issue in this action.” He “was meticulous to

avoid running afoul of California’s medical cannabis regulations, and also feared that

[any] commercial sale and distribution of the seeds would extinguish the proprietary

nature of the strains and breeds he developed.”

The FAC notes: “Almeida selected new strains first based on disease resistance,

then vigor, followed by aromatic and visual qualities.” He “ultimately engaged Steep

Hill labs in Berkeley, California, the state’s first legal cannabis genetics lab, to map the

genes of the parents as well as the new strains so that he could determine their genetic

makeup with 100% accuracy.” Koskiniemi “began growing at Almeida’s warehouse,”

too. “By the late 2000s, Almeida and Koskiniemi were working together … growing

innovative new strains as permitted under the MMPA, including ‘Loud,’ a remarkable

strain known for its pungent smell and balanced flavor.”

The FAC alleges, without specifying a date, that Almeida and Koskiniemi entered

into an oral agreement to form a partnership named Loud Seeds. Through the

partnership, “Almeida and Koskiniemi intended to sell Almeida’s seeds after California

legalized adult-use recreational cannabis, and only after obtaining the proper licenses

from the State.” The FAC notes: “Almeida would provide the seeds for the partnership

and Koskiniemi would manage its operations and be the face of the partnership. The

object, or purpose, of the partnership was to build the Loud Seeds brand around the

proprietary cannabis seed strains and breeds legally developed by Almeida pursuant to

Proposition 215 and the MMPA, and to monetize the intellectual property—the Loud

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Seeds brand and genetically-unique and proprietary seed strains Almeida developed—

after California legalized adult-use cannabis. The partnership never engaged in any

conduct intended to generate a profit from the cultivation or sale of cannabis plants or

seeds prior to legalization of adult-use cannabis, nor did it ever contemplate doing so.

Instead, the partnership at all times intended to operate in full compliance with

California’s applicable laws and regulations.”

The FAC states: “Following the formation of their partnership under the Loud

Seeds brand, Almeida and Koskiniemi continued innovating in genetics, creating new

strains such as ‘7/8 Sour,’ ‘Loud Scout,’ and ‘Headband.’ In total, Loud Seeds created a

genetics portfolio that included more than 110 distinct seed types, which formed the basis

for their business and their brand.” The FAC reiterates: “Plaintiffs never engaged in for-

profit commercial activity on behalf of Loud Seeds. Instead, all efforts on behalf of Loud

Seeds exclusively were focused on developing the Loud Seeds intellectual property—

namely, the Loud Seeds brand and the genetically-unique and proprietary seed strains

developed by Almeida—in advance of the legalization of adult use cannabis in California

after which time the partnership could legally monetize its intellectual property.”

The FAC states:

“Early on in their partnership, Koskiniemi inadvertently pollinated

another grower’s crop at the Richmond warehouse and needed to pay him

to cover the losses. Lacking the full amount needed to pay the debt,

Koskiniemi decided to bring in Jennings who paid off the remainder of the

debt in exchange for becoming a member of the Loud Seeds partnership.

No written partnership agreement was executed in connection with the

agreement to bring Jennings into the business as a partner, but instead they

came to an oral agreement. Among other things, Almeida, Koskiniemi, and

Jennings would be co-owners of the business and that they would jointly

share in the management of the partnership and any profits and losses the

business would realize after California legalized adult use cannabis and the

partnership was able to monetize its intellectual property—namely, the

Loud Seeds brand and the genetically-unique and proprietary seed strains

Almeida developed. Almeida and Koskiniemi’s role did not materially

change following Jennings joining the partnership, but Jennings took on

certain financial and business operations as part of the preparation for the

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legalization of adult use cannabis in California. Neither Jennings nor

Plaintiffs ever engaged in for-profit commercial activity on behalf of Loud

Seeds. Instead, all efforts on behalf of Loud Seeds exclusively were

focused on developing the Loud Seeds intellectual property—namely, the

Loud Seeds brand and the genetically-unique and proprietary seed strains

developed by Almeida—in advance of the legalization of adult use

cannabis in California after which time the partnership could legally

monetize its intellectual property.”

The FAC notes that in 2012, “to obtain credibility in the European cannabis

market, Loud Seeds set up a booth at the Amsterdam Cannabis Cup and entered Loud

Seeds’ leading hybrid strain—Loud Scout—into the hybrid competition.” “Loud Scout

won top honors, taking home the prize for Top Hybrid.” “This win catapulted Loud

Seeds to critical acclaim and resulted in an array of positive media that built momentum

for the company.” “In 2013, Loud Seeds then entered another of its hybrids—

Headband—in the Fourth Annual High Times Medical Cannabis Cup in San Francisco.

Loud Seeds again came out on top, winning the Hybrid category as it had in the 2012

Cannabis Cup.”

The FAC states: “[I]n 2014, Loud Seeds was inducted into the ‘High Times Hall

of Fame,’ for its groundbreaking work in the cannabis industry. Notwithstanding the

public acclaim and media attention Loud Seeds received, and evidencing the fact that

Loud Seeds never engaged in the illegal cultivation or sale of cannabis plants or seeds

and that the Loud Seeds business was entirely legal, at no point did any federal, state, or

local law enforcement agency ever contact anyone affiliated with Loud Seeds concerning

the legality of its business.”

Around that time, “Koskiniemi and Jennings agreed that they would run the seed

business in Europe,” and set up Loud Seeds SL in Spain and Loud Enterprise B.V. in the

Netherlands. “Loud Seeds never sold any of the seed strains that Almeida bred or

designed. Instead, Koskiniemi and Jennings legally purchased local seed strains and

rebranded them under the Loud Seeds moniker.” In October 2015, “in preparation for the

legalization of adult use cannabis in California, Jennings (along with Koskiniemi’s wife)

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oversaw the formation of Loud Seeds, LLC, Loud Holdings, LLC (Loud Holdings), and

Loud Farms, LLC,” under the laws of California. “Although Almeida, Koskiniemi, and

Jennings did not enter into operating agreements for the new entities at that time, the

parties understood and agreed that these entities, their property, and their assets would

fall under the larger umbrella of their oral partnership agreement.” “Shortly thereafter, in

December 2015, Loud Holdings filed numerous trademarks for the terms ‘Loud’ and

‘Loud Farms’ in various classes.”

The FAC alleges: “Unbeknownst to Almeida and Koskiniemi, on October 17,

2016, Jennings formed Next Green Wave, LLC, which was to act as the primary vehicle

for his business in California. Jennings then began working to obtain the funding needed

to build the business. Jennings did so by representing that he was the owner of Loud

Seeds and its genetics and that he had the rights to use Loud Seeds’ valuable intellectual

property in the new business.”

The FAC notes:

“In November 2016, California passed Proposition 64, which

approved the legalization of adult use cannabis in California. This

legalization served only to skyrocket the value of Loud Seeds’ intellectual

property because of the new and massive market available for it. At that

point in time, consistent with the oral partnership agreement, Plaintiffs

intended to seek to monetize Loud Seeds’ intellectual property within the

confines of California law. Plaintiffs understood that before they could

legally cultivate and sell cannabis derived from their seeds, they would

need to comply with California’s regulatory framework, including by

obtaining the proper state and local licenses and zoning approvals to

cultivate and/or distribute cannabis products and ensuring that all taxes

were paid, and intended to do so. Plaintiffs’ intent to operate the

partnership post-legalization, however, never came to fruition because

Jennings converted the partnership’s intellectual property for his own profit

and cut Plaintiffs out of the partnership.”

The FAC alleges: “As a result of those efforts, and Loud Seeds’ valuable intellectual

property, on September 29, 2017, Jennings—in his capacity as the sole member of

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NGW—entered into a Letter of Intent with Crossgate Capital through which Crossgate

Capital would acquire a 100% interest in NGW and its assets.”

The FAC states: “For purposes of structuring that transaction, on October 11,

2017, Jennings formed NGW Holdings, LLC (“NGWH”) under Nevada Law. Upon its

formation, NGW, the California limited liability company formed solely by Jennings,

became a wholly-owned subsidiary of NGWH.” “To effectuate the acquisition, on

January 28, 2018, Crossgate Capital, Crossgate Holdings, NGWH, and Jennings entered

into a Securities Exchange Agreement. Through the Securities Exchange Agreement,

Crossgate Holdings acquired 100% ownership in NGWH—and with it, all rights to its

wholly-owned subsidiary, NGW.” Among other provisions, the Securities Exchange

Agreement provided Crossgate Holdings with “ ‘the sole, exclusive and irrevocable right

and option to acquire one hundred percent’ of Loud Seeds, including all of its IP, for up

to $2,000,000 during a 36-month period. It also purported to give Crossgate Holdings the

right to pay in either cash or stock, at its sole discretion. It did not, however, provide for

Almeida or Koskiniemi to receive any consideration for that proposed transaction.”

According to the FAC, “[t]he acquisition of NGWH by Crossgate Holdings closed on

April 4, 2018.”

The FAC notes: “[Thereafter] Crossgate Capital and NGW Holdings ultimately

raised more than $21,000,000 for their business through [an] investment memorandum

that predicated the entire business model on Loud Seeds’ brand and intellectual property.

Crossgate Capital and NGW Holdings did this despite there being no agreement between

Crossgate Capital, NGW Holdings, and Loud Seeds.” “On or about May 2018, when

Almeida and Koskiniemi became aware of the existence of NGW, Jennings represented

to them that Loud Seeds would be rolled up into NGW and that they would receive their

fair share of the business. Almeida and Koskiniemi did not consent to the execution of

such a transaction, but agreed to consider the terms of any potential deal.”

8.

The FAC alleges: “On May 11, 2018, Jennings emailed Koskiniemi terms for a

potential acquisition of Loud Seeds by NGW, NGW Holdings, and/or Crossgate

Holdings. The proposed terms were ‘$1 million in cash/shares combo’ and ‘5% royalty

on sales from the genetics provided by Loud Seeds to NGW.’ Later that day, Jennings

amended the royalty to cover only a 10-year period—one of many steps that he would

take over the months to come to try to limit Plaintiffs’ potential upside on a sale of Loud

Seeds.” “Jennings’[s] email also recognized that Loud Seeds had ‘an unmatched catalog’

of ‘heirloom strains and rare hybrids’ and ‘current industry leading hybrids,’ strains

developed legally by Almeida. Jennings also admitted that through the potential

acquisition, NGW would ‘be able to gain immediate credibility, in the cannabis industry

without as much as planting or growing a single seed.’ ”

The FAC states:

“Shortly thereafter, Jennings traveled to Berkeley to meet Almeida.

During that visit, Jennings requested that Almeida provide him with the

partnership’s physical seed inventory. The strains contained in that

inventory were developed by Almeida, entirely legally pursuant to

Proposition 215 and the MMPA, through cross-breeding and genetic

mapping. In requesting that Almeida provide these seeds, Jennings

specifically informed Almeida that the seeds would be used for purposes of

having NGW purchase Loud Seeds and its intellectual property (which

included those seeds). Unbeknownst to Almeida, Jennings’[s] statement to

Almeida was intended to fraudulently induce Almeida into providing

Jennings with the seeds so that Jennings could use them for his own benefit

and to the detriment of Almeida and Koskiniemi. Almeida justifiably relied

on Jennings’[s] representations and provided him with Loud Seeds’ highly

valuable seed inventory.”

“On July 4, 2018, Crossgate Capital released a Non-Offering Prospectus. The

prospectus included numerous statements that were contrary to fact, including [that] the

company had an ‘option to acquire LOUDSEEDS brand for up to US$2,000,000.’ The

prospectus also recognized that ‘the Loud Seeds brand is the driving force behind the

Company’s premium cannabis products’ and that ‘the Company intends to use Loud

Seeds … to produce top quality medical grade cannabis products.’ ” The FAC alleges the

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prospectus stated: “ ‘[A]s of the date of this Prospectus, Loud Seeds seed bank comprises

of over 300 different genetic varieties for cannabis and over 20,000 seeds originating

from across the world. Through NGW, the Company will continue to analyze and

catalogue these genetic varieties and seeds for new varieties in order to offer unique

cannabinoid profiles and designed for a wide variety of therapeutic effects.’ ” “On

August 22, 2018, as part of its pre-IPO process,2 Crossgate Capital changed its name to

NGW Holdings.”

The FAC continues: “That same day, Koskiniemi’s wife learned that Jennings

claimed to have executed a letter of intent (“LOI”) on May 5, 2018. In response,

Koskiniemi requested that Jennings send him the signed LOI. Jennings did not do so.”

The FAC alleges: “Instead, Jennings sent an email to Koskiniemi titled ‘loud seeds

purchase agreement for loud seeds founders’ that attached a proposed agreement through

which NGW would purchase Loud Seeds. The email stated, ‘have both of you’ –

referring to Koskiniemi and Almeida – ‘sign and send it to me Fed Ex and scan and email

it to me as well.’ ” “The purchase agreement increased the proposed purchase price from

$1 million to $2 million USD in a combination of cash and shares. The agreement also

recognized that there were ‘three partners with equal interest’ in Loud Seeds—Almeida,

Koskiniemi, and Jennings. Appropriately, the agreement included signature lines for

each of the partners.” “Almeida and Koskiniemi did not agree to the proposal.”

The FAC notes: “Despite there being no purchase agreement in place, on

September 21, 2018, Jennings circulated an NGW investor deck to Koskiniemi. The

investor deck, which was titled Q3 2018 Investor Presentation, repeatedly touted Loud

Seeds’ brand recognition and award-winning history, including its membership in the

High Times Seed Bank Hall of Fame, as a basis for NGW’s ability to compete in the

California cannabis market.” “Barely an hour later, Jennings sent Koskiniemi an email

2 IPO refers to initial public offering.

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titled ‘need to close the deal’ and requested, among other things, ‘strain information for

all genetics that are going to NGW as part of acquisition—genetic breakdown, strain

descriptions, effects/benefits, cultivation information.’ ”

The FAC alleges: “Apparently undeterred by the ongoing negotiations, and

despite there still being no binding agreement between the NGW Defendants, Almeida,

and Koskiniemi, on October 1, 2018, NGW Holdings issued a final prospectus, which

once again admitted [that] Loud Seeds ‘is the driving force behind the Company’s

premium cannabis products,’ acknowledged that NGW Holdings continued to use the

Loud Seeds seed bank for its own benefit, and claimed to have the right to acquire the

Loud Seeds brand.”

The FAC states: “On October 8, 2018, Koskiniemi set an October 10th meeting

among the three founders—Almeida, Jennings, and himself—to discuss how they ‘want

the documents drafted for the sale of Loud Seeds.’ ” “On or about October 8, 2018,

Almeida, aware that NGW Holdings intended to go public in a matter of days, texted

Jennings: ‘Mike. Aren’t we supposed to get shares of NGW BEFORE it goes public?’

Jennings falsely responded: ‘We don’t get any shares until NGW buys Loud Seeds’ and

that the transaction would [not] happen until due diligence was completed. What

Jennings omitted from his response was that he had already executed an agreement to

receive 35,000,000 shares from NGW through the Securities Exchange Agreement.” “To

date, Almeida has never heard from Jennings again.”

The FAC notes: “On October 10, 2018 NGW Holdings announced that it had

been approved for trading on the Canadian Securities Exchange as of that date and that it

would trade under the stock symbol ‘NGW.’ The announcement again highlighted Loud

Seeds’ six Cannabis Cup wins.” The FAC adds: “Upon information and belief, Jennings

sold 2,000,000 shares in NGW Holdings on the day that it was publicly listed for trading,

and in doing so made hundreds of thousands of dollars based on the investor goodwill

created by Jennings marketing NGW Holdings using Loud Seeds’ intellectual property.”

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The FAC alleges: “On October 16, 2018, NGW Holdings announced ‘that it has

entered into a letter of intent whereby the company intends to acquire 100% of Loud

Seeds, LLC along with the Loud Seeds brand and all of its related assets (the

“Transaction”). As consideration for the Transaction, [NGW Holdings] intends to

distribute $2,000,000 in common shares of the Company to the shareholders of Loud

Seeds.’ ” “NGW Holdings’ announcement acknowledged that ‘Michael Jennings, CEO

and Director of NGW [Holdings], is a principle [sic] in Loud Seeds’ and thus that it was

‘a related party transaction.’ ” NGW’s announcement, that came via a news release,

“highlighted that Loud Seeds ‘brings an extensive catalogue of cannabis genetics into

[NGW] accelerating its nursery and cultivation ability,’ ‘is a six-time High Times

Cannabis Cup winner,’ and ‘has been inducted into the High Times Hall of Fame and

listed in the Top 40 Seed Banks of all time.’ ” “Leigh Hughes—NGW Holdings’

Executive Chairman—described the acquisition by stating, ‘being able to bring one of the

best seed banks in the world into our nursery continues to differentiate Next Green Wave

from other cultivators. We are excited to join an award-winning genetics portfolio with

world-class breeding skills as the construction of our first facility nears completion and

begins cultivation.’ ” NGW Holdings’ news release acknowledged that Loud Seeds was

founded by James Koskiniemi and Mike Jennings, who were described as James Loud

and Mike Seeds.

The FAC notes that Jennings gave an interview on October 23, 2018, in which he

confirmed that Next Green Wave had acquired Loud Seeds in its entirety. Jennings

further noted in the interview: “ ‘An acquisition like Loud Seeds means two very

important things to Next Green Wave in the context of our visions and goals. In the short

term what it does is provides us with immediate brand presence and recognition in our

core market, which is California … secondly, from a long-term perspective, it really

fulfills our vision of bringing in the core IP and SOPs on the genetics side which will

facilitate us in our long-term vision of being a business-to-business supplier on the

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nursery side, which is essentially the creation and production and sales being seeds and

clones.’ ”

The FAC details that, on October 24, 2018, Koskiniemi emailed the NGW

defendants as follows: “ ‘Hey guys, Just checking in, I saw the announcement of the

Loud Seeds acquisition and have been getting calls from friends congratulating me.’ ”

Koskiniemi added in the email: “ ‘I haven’t seen any documentation regarding any of it.

Mike Jennings and David told me that Mike has to stay neutral because he is part of both

entities and I was curious about the announcement.’ ”

The FAC continues: “Two days later, the NGW Defendants emailed Koskiniemi

an unexecuted draft of a LOI concerning the purchase. The LOI provided for the sale of

Loud Seeds and its assets, including its ‘master genetic collection’ for $2,000,000 of

NGW shares. The LOI included blank spaces for execution by two directors of NGW

Holdings, Koskiniemi, and Jennings.” “The NGW Defendants’ email also attached a

document containing the purported history of Loud Seeds, which, among other things,

recognized that Koskiniemi ‘is the cofounder of Loud Seeds’ and that Almeida was a part

of Loud Seeds.” “The email also attached a partial Loud Seeds Strain List that included

32 strains, such as Sour Diesel, 7/8 Sour, Loud, Headband, Loud Lemon Sour, and Purple

Loud Scout. The email also included a ‘Master Genetic Collection’ that included, among

other things, a list of approximately 115 ‘packed seeds’ that included Loud Lemon Sour.”

Thereafter, between October 30, 2018, and December 17, 2018, Koskiniemi and

NGW Holdings continued to interact over the terms of NGW Holdings’ anticipated

acquisition of Loud Seeds. In the meantime, on November 8, 2018, NGW publicly filed

an amendment to its prospectus “in which it falsely represented that the company had

entered into a LOI with Loud Seeds on October 16, 2018. It made these public

representations to its investors despite the fact that no such agreement existed.” In

response, Koskiniemi sent an email to the board of directors of NGW Holdings noting

that he “ ‘only discovered NGW’s intention to acquire Loud Seeds at the time NGW

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announced it to the market.” Koskiniemi added: “ ‘As you know through NGW’s own

due diligence, Mr. Jennings has no independent authority to bind Loud Seeds. And as

you further know, Mr. Jennings has a clear conflict of interest in negotiating this deal.’ ”

“On November 21, 2018, the NGW Board informed Koskiniemi that the Share Exchange

Agreement between NGW Holdings and Jennings provided it with the option to purchase

Loud Seeds for a 36-month period for up to $2,000,000.” NGW Holdings’ board further

“requested that the parties work towards a December 15th or January 15th closing date on

the transaction.”

“On November 25, 2018, Jennings gave an interview with the Investing News

Network during which he touted the acquisition of Loud Seeds, despite there still being

no such agreement.” Jennings observed, inter alia, that “ ‘Loud Seeds has a track record

of creating award-winning genetics and they have an extensive genetic library which will

help us achieve our main goals and set us up as a premium nursery supplier.’ ” Jennings

also noted that the Loud Seeds acquisition would “ ‘help us survive the onslaught of big

corporate dollars that are coming into the space.’ ”

The FAC alleges: “On December 17th, counsel for Koskiniemi reached out to

NGW Holdings’ outside counsel concerning the negotiations.… On January [22, 2019],

NGW responded simply that it ‘had a number of projects and priorities that have taken all

of our time and attention. Once we have worked through those items we will get back to

you in a few weeks.’ In truth, for reasons Plaintiffs would learn only much later, NGW

Holdings did not respond to Plaintiffs for almost two months.”

The FAC details: “Unbeknownst to Plaintiffs, NGW Holdings’ ‘undisclosed

projects and priorities’ was actually a scheme to obtain Loud Seeds’ assets without

Plaintiffs’ knowledge. [¶ ] On or about December 19, 2018, Jennings and [NGW]

Holdings executed an Assignment of Interest (the ‘Assignment’). Through the

Assignment, Jennings (the ‘Assignor’ thereunder) assigned to [NGW] Holdings (the

‘Assignee’ thereunder) the rights to the seed inventory created by Plaintiffs.”

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“Specifically, Section 1 of the Assignment provided that ‘[f]or value received,

which is acknowledged, the Assignor hereby assigns all interests and benefits to the seed

inventory in Appendix A.’ ” “Section 2 of the Assignment provided that ‘[t]he Assignor

warrants the Assignee that the seed inventory is owned free and clear of all

encumbrances.’ ” “Appendix A included a list of 112 cultivars of seeds, including 32

cultivars that the Assignment acknowledged were ‘created by’ ‘Loud Seeds.’ These

cultivars included, among many others, ‘Original Loud,’ ‘7/8th Sour,’ and ‘Headband.’ ”

“Upon information and belief, as part of the Assignment, Jennings transferred to NGW

Holdings the physical samples of Loud Seeds’ seed bank, which he had fraudulently

induced Almeida to provide him.” “At that time, Plaintiffs were unaware of the

Assignment; indeed, at that time Plaintiffs were under the belief that the parties were still

negotiating a deal through which NGW Holdings would purchase Loud Seeds.”

The FAC alleges: “On January 8, 2019, NGW Holdings issued a news release to

‘announce that the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and director, Michael Jennings,

has assigned 100% of his interests and benefits to a cannabis genetics inventory including

112 cultivars (the ‘Genetics Inventory’) to the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary.”

“The news release acknowledged that Jennings ‘was paid nominal consideration’ for the

Assignment. In reality, Jennings received consideration through the value that it

provided to NGW Holdings’ business—of which he was the largest shareholder—

because the business needed the cultivars to be able to compete in the California cannabis

market.” The news release noted: “ ‘Next Green Wave expects the Acquisition will help

the Company adapt to growing demand trends and expedite its development of hybrids

that meet premium standards.’ ” “Just days later, on January 14, 2019, NGW Holdings

announced that its board had appointed Leigh Hughes as the new Chief Executive Officer

and that Jennings would ‘transition into the role of Chief Operations Officer and Head of

Research and Innovation.’ ”

15.

The FAC notes: “The next day, January 15, 2019, NGW Holdings announced

steps to capitalize on its newly—and wrongfully—acquired cannabis cultivars.

Specifically, NGW Holdings announced that [it] had ‘entered into a strategic licensing

agreement to utilize Intrexon’s Botticelli next generation plant propagation platform to

enable rapid production of Next Green Wave’s proprietary cannabis cultivars for the

California market.’ ” “In a January 15, 2019 interview with Proactive Investors, Jennings

stated, ‘if you look at the foundation of the cannabis industry as a whole, everything

stems from the seed, which at the end of the day end up being the genetics that you

cultivate and turn [it] into not just flowers, oils, but any consumer product.’ ” “Shortly

thereafter, on February 14, 2019, NGW Holdings announced that it entered into a

memorandum of understanding with Organic Medical Growth OMG3 Inc. (“OMG3”),

which is a Canadian-based company operating a wholly-owned Colombian cannabis

subsidiary. On March 15, 2019, NGW Holdings announced that it had executed a

definitive agreement with OMG3.”

The FAC states: “Upon information and belief, NGW Holdings received millions

of shares of OMG3—which propped up the value of the NGW business—and, in return,

NGW Holdings provided OMG3 with certain seeds and strains that Plaintiffs had created

and the standard operating procedures associated with the creation of those seeds. This

transition allowed OMG3 to capitalize on Plaintiffs’ intellectual property and for the

NGW Defendants to directly profit therefrom.”

The FAC notes: “On March 18, 2019, nearly two months after their last

communication with Plaintiffs, the NGW Board informed Koskiniemi that ‘the Company

has decided not to proceed with the letter of intent signed on October 15, 2018,

[regarding] the acquisition of 100% percent of Loud Seeds.’ ” The FAC states:

“Jennings’[s] illicit assignment—for which Plaintiffs received no compensation—mooted

NGW Holdings’ previously stated rationale for the LOI.” The FAC alleges that NGW

Holdings made disingenuous excuses to Koskiniemi in stating that the decision was made

16.

“ ‘primarily due to concerns with ownership, trademarks, inventory, and requested

changes to the terms of the LOI.’ ”

“On March 20, 2019, NGW Holdings issued a press release that announced ‘that it

has decided not to proceed with the acquisition of Loud Seeds, LLC as announced in a

press release dated October 16, 2018. On January 8, 2019, the Company acquired an

extensive catalogue of award-winning cannabis genetics and connoisseur seeds, this

inventory will ensure that its end-product is that of a premium quality standard.’ ” “In

NGW Holdings’ Q1 2019 corporate presentation, it touted the wrongfully-acquired

cultivars from Loud Seeds,” stating NGW “ ‘will create hybrid strains and be a major

supplier of clones, seeds and seedlings to retail and wholesale clients.’ ” “Indeed, it

noted that NGW’s nursery only held approximately 120 cultivars—of which 112 came

from Jennings’[s] illicit Assignment.” According to the FAC, “[t]he presentation also

openly admitted that ‘through the Loud Seeds brand, NGW has established relationships

with several of the major dispensaries and media in CA.’ ”

The FAC observes: “By 2019, it was reported that California had become the

world’s largest legal cannabis market. This year, California’s cannabis market is

estimated to be approximately $5 billion with it expected to grow to more than $7 billion

by 2025.” “Since Jennings and the NGW Defendants’ improper and tortious acquisition

of Plaintiffs’ intellectual property, and the NGW Defendants’ decision to abandon a

potential acquisition of Loud Seeds, the NGW Defendants have used Plaintiffs’ brand

and intellectual property to build their business in the thriving California adult use

cannabis market.” NGW Holdings publicly-filed financial statements reveal that “for the

nine-month period ended September 30, 2021, NGW had revenues in excess of $12.7

million—up from $7.9 million over the same period in 2020 and $141,000 in 2019. This

increase of more than 8,900% in a two-year period would not have been possible but for

the NGW Defendants[’] access to, and use of, Plaintiffs’ intellectual property.” NGW

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has repeatedly touted its “exclusive seed library consisting of 120 cannabis strains and

hybrids including award-winning cultivars.”

The FAC alleges: “The NGW Defendants’ profit from Plaintiffs’ intellectual

property has come directly at the expense of Plaintiffs who have been shut out from the

opportunity to build a thriving California cannabis business in its booming marketplace.

And no one has profited [more from] Plaintiffs’ intellectual property than Jennings who

has parlayed it into at least 35,000,000 shares of NGW Holdings—a 16% ownership

stake—that upon information and belief earned him millions of dollars.” The FAC notes:

“Jennings was, at all times relevant to this action, under a duty to disclose this

information [that is, NGW’s Holdings’ appropriation and use of Loud Seeds’ intellectual

property] to Plaintiffs due to their fiduciary relationship. Jennings, however, not only

failed to disclose such information, but … actively took steps to conceal the true facts

from Plaintiffs.”

More specifically, the FAC states that Jennings and the NGW defendants actively

concealed the following facts: (1) Jennings intended to use the seeds obtained from

Almeida for his own benefit and not for the furtherance of the partnership; (2) Jennings

unilaterally executed the Assignment, in contravention of his fiduciary duties to

Plaintiffs; and (3) the NGW defendants were using the Loud Seeds’ brand and

intellectual property in their day-to-day business operations, including with third parties.

The FAC adds that Jennings and the NGW defendants “took affirmative actions to keep

this information from Plaintiffs,” including by: (1) dragging out negotiations with

plaintiffs to keep them in the dark, when the decision to execute the Assignment had

already been made; (2) giving bogus reasons for not proceeding with the acquisition of

Loud Seeds; and (3) obfuscating the true ownership of the intellectual property subject to

the Assignment and falsely implying to the public and investors that Jennings was its

rightful owner.

18.

The FAC details: “Plaintiffs did not uncover the true nature of the NGW

Defendants’ deceit until they were informed of the Assignment by a party with direct

knowledge of the transaction[,] during the summer of 2019. Following Plaintiffs’

discovery of the NGW Defendants’ wrongful and tortious conduct, Almeida sought to

engage in discussions with the NGW Defendants for the purposes of receiving fair

consideration for his and Koskiniemi’s ownership of the Loud Seeds brand and

intellectual property. To that end, Almeida set up a meeting with the NGW Holdings’

Board of Directors on or about December 2019, during which he informed them of the

wrongful conduct alleged herein and sought a fair compensation. Upon information and

belief, the NGW Defendants’ engagement with Almeida was intended to forestall

Plaintiffs from filing a lawsuit.”

The FAC alleges: “In spring 2021, the NGW Defendants laid bare their intentions

in this regard. After receiving a document preservation notice from Plaintiffs’ litigation

counsel, a NGW board member again engaged Almeida, offering to compensate

Plaintiffs for their share of Loud Seeds’ intellectual property on the condition that

Plaintiffs did not involve lawyers.” The FAC notes: “Once it became clear that the

NGW Defendants had no intent of fairly compensating Almeida and Koskiniemi for

Loud Seeds’ intellectual property including its brand and seed bank, and instead only

wanted to lull Plaintiffs into not asserting their rights, Plaintiffs, on December 17, 2021,

filed their verified complaint in this action to redress Jennings and the NGW Defendants’

wrongdoing.”

Finally, the FAC addresses the events concerning NGW Holdings that occurred

around the time this lawsuit was initiated. The FAC states: “On December 20, 2021—

one business day after Plaintiffs commenced this action—NGW Holdings and Planet 13

announced that they had entered into a definitive … agreement pursuant to which Planet

13 would acquire all of the issued and outstanding common shares in NGW Holdings at

an implied deal price of CAD $0.465 per share. At the time of the announcement, the

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acquisition was valued at about CAD $91,000,000, or approximately USD $70,980,000.”

“In announcing the acquisition, the parties jointly noted in the press release that ‘NGW’s

operations will serve as the backbone of Planet 13’s continued focus on the California

market’ and that the transaction would allow ‘Planet 13 to benefit of NGW’s highly

respected cultivation techniques and pheno-hunted cultivars’—i.e., Loud Seeds’

intellectual property, which NGW Holdings had tortiously obtained.”

The FAC notes: “In connection with the acquisition, NGW Holdings publicly

disclosed various Voting and Support Agreements for major shareholders, including

Jennings. Jennings’[s] Voting and Support Agreement stated that he owned 26,000,000

common shares and had 1,050,000 options. At the implied deal price, those holdings

would be valued at approximately CAD $12,578,250, or USD $9,811,035.” “On January

25, 2022, NGW Holdings issued a Management Information Circular. That document …

revealed that [the company] held a very real concern about liabilities arising from the

[instant] litigation. Specifically, it disclosed that on December 13, 2021—just days

before Plaintiffs commenced this action—Jennings entered into an indemnity agreement

with NGW Holdings and Planet 13 whereby he would ‘indemnify, defend, and hold

harmless NGW … and Planet 13 … from liability, damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees

incurred in connection with this litigation.’ ”

The FAC concludes: “On March 2, 2022, Planet 13 announced that it had closed

the transaction and completed its acquisition of NGW Holdings. In its press release,

Planet 13 touted that the transaction would ‘serve as the backbone of Planet 13’s

operations in the California market.’ ” “Since that time, upon information and belief,

Planet 13 has operated through NGW Holdings in the California market and, in doing so,

has exploited and misappropriated Plaintiffs’ intellectual property for its own commercial

gain.”

20.

TRIAL COURT’S RULING ON DEFENDANTS’ DEMURRERS TO THE FAC

The trial court sustained defendants’ demurrers to plaintiffs’ FAC. In its ruling,

the trial court first summarized the FAC’s pertinent allegations: “The object of the

partnership was ‘to build the Loud Seeds brand around the proprietary cannabis seed

strains and breeds legally developed by Almeida pursuant to Proposition 215 and the

MMPA, and to monetize the intellectual property—the Loud Seeds brand and

genetically-unique and proprietary seed strains Almeida developed—after California

legalized adult-use cannabis. The partnership never engaged in any conduct intended to

generate a profit from the cultivation or sale of cannabis plants or seeds prior to the

legalization of adult-use cannabis, nor did it ever contemplate doing so. Instead, the

partnership at all times intended to operate in full compliance with California’s applicable

laws and regulations.’ ” The trial court iterated that the FAC indicates “that the

partnership was formed with the intention to sell cannabis seeds only ‘after California

legalized adult-use recreational cannabis, and only after obtaining the proper licenses

from the State.’ ” The trial court also noted that the FAC references “the Medical

Marijuana Program Act (‘MMPA’), enacted in 2004, which immunized qualified patients

and caregivers cultivating and distributing marijuana for the use of qualified patients, and

specifically alleges that defendant Almeida obtained a doctor’s recommendation to

legally grow cannabis under the MMPA.”

The trial court next summarized the parties’ positions as to the demurrers. As to

defendants, the court noted: “[A]s the NGW Defendants point out, the FAC still reflects

that the partnership was a for-profit entity, and nothing in the MMPA allowed the

formation of a for-profit partnership through which qualified patients were allowed to use

their marijuana privileges to gain an economic advantage over other Californians in

preparation for when adult use became legal. As the court noted in its prior ruling, at the

time the partnership was created, the cultivation of cannabis for profit was illegal in

California. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.765, subd. (a); see also, People v. London

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(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 544, 553 [‘The MMPA does not allow qualified patients, valid

identification cardholders, or their primary caregivers to earn a profit from the cultivation

or distribution of medical marijuana, whether through a cooperative, collective, or

otherwise.’ ”].)

As to the plaintiffs, the court observed: “The gravamen of plaintiffs’ opposition

appears to be that, because the partnership did not make an actual profit before

legalization in California, the partnership was not illegal under the MMPA. This is

unpersuasive. As the NGW Defendants note in reply, regardless of when the profits were

to be realized, the partnership had an illegal purpose when it was formed in 2008.

(People v. Jackson (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 525, 538 [‘there is little doubt the Legislature

did not intend to authorize profit-making enterprises’ when it established the MMPA].)

Plaintiffs’ argument is also contrary to allegations included in the FAC. For example, the

FAC states that defendant Jennings paid money in exchange for being included in the

partnership. [Citation.] Further, as defendant Jennings notes, the FAC never alleges that

the partnership or any of its associated limited liability companies applied for a license to

cultivate, distribute, or sell cannabis, or take any concrete steps to engage in legal

commerce in cannabis once the plaintiffs and the Loud Seeds entities had the opportunity

to do so.”

The court concluded: “[T]he court finds that each cause of action is enmeshed in

the parties’ illegal cannabis business and cannot be extricated. The object of the

partnership agreement was illegal at the time it was entered into and remains so under

current law. The intrinsic illegality of the partnership agreement to share in the profits of

the illegal cultivation of cannabis does not support the conclusion that the agreement is

enforceable. (Asdourian v. Araj [(1985)] 38 Cal.3d [276,] 292-293.)”

The court “sustain[ed] both the NGW Defendants’ and defendant Jennings’[s]

demurrers to the FAC without leave to amend.” The court also found: “The arguments

advanced in the opposition do not indicate that the allegations of the FAC can be

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amended to allow the court to enforce a lawful partnership agreement that forms the basis

of all causes of action.”

DISCUSSION

I. Based on the Allegations in the FAC, the Oral Partnership Agreement

Entered into by Almeida, Koskiniemi, and Jennings Is Enforceable

The trial court sustained defendants’ demurrers on grounds that (1) “the

partnership [at issue in this matter] had an illegal purpose when it was formed” and (2)

“each cause of action is enmeshed in the parties’ illegal cannabis business and cannot be

extricated.” The court concluded: “The object of the partnership agreement was illegal

at the time it was entered into and remains so under current law. The intrinsic illegality

of the partnership agreement to share in the profits of the illegal cultivation of cannabis

does not support the conclusion that the agreement is enforceable.”

Plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s conclusions as erroneous, while defendants

contend the trial court ruled correctly. The parties’ arguments turn on the legality, and in

turn, the enforceability of the oral partnership agreement between Koskiniemi, Almeida,

and Jennings. We conclude plaintiffs have the better argument.

A. Standard of Review

An order sustaining a demurrer is reviewed de novo to determine whether the

complaint states a cause of action. (Lazar v. Hertz Corp. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1494,

1501.) On appeal, we “ ‘treat the demurrer as admitting all material facts properly

pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law.’ ” (Blank v.

Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.) “[I]t is error” for a “trial court to sustain a demurrer

when the plaintiff has stated a cause of action under any possible legal theory.” (Genesis

Environmental Services v. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control Dist. (2003) 113

Cal.App.4th 597, 603 (Genesis).)

“ ‘On a demurrer[,] a court’s function is limited to testing the legal sufficiency of

the complaint,’ ” and thus “ ‘ “[a] demurrer is simply not the appropriate procedure for

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determining the truth of disputed facts.” ’ ” (Panterra GP, Inc. v. Superior Court (2022)

74 Cal.App.5th 697, 710.) “Questions of fact generally require the consideration and

weighing of evidence, which makes them unsuitable for resolution” at the pleading stage.

(M.F. v. Pacific Pearl Hotel Management LLC (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 693, 703.) Nor is

a demurrer the proper mechanism for determining “what inferences should be drawn

where competing inferences are possible.” (CrossTalk Productions, Inc. v. Jacobson

(1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 631, 635.)

B. The Parties’ Positions

Plaintiffs’ Position

On appeal, Plaintiffs contend that in light of the fact that “Almeida was a qualified

patient,” the court “committed serious and reversible error in concluding that the oral

partnership agreement that he had entered with Koskiniemi and Jennings contravened the

MMPA’s ban on profit-making and was therefore illegal.” Plaintiffs contend “the court

fundamentally misconstrued the agreement and misinterpreted the MMPA, including the

meaning of profit.”

Plaintiffs further argue that the trial court’s ruling should be vacated because “the

trial court improperly decided disputed facts” and therefore “exceeded its pleading-stage

function,” which is merely to test the legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the

operative complaint. (Some capitalization omitted.) More specifically, plaintiffs argue:

“Here, whether the partners agreed to conduct for-profit activity, whether Jennings’[s]

investment constituted for-profit activity, and whether the partners made future

commercial plans that fell within the ambit of the MMPA’s profit-making prohibition are

all materially disputed factual issues that are not ripe for resolution at the pleading state

of a demurrer. Therefore, as a procedural matter, the trial court erred in sustaining the

Defendants’ demurrers and concluding that the agreement was illegal in the face of

factual disputes and without the benefit of fact discovery on the agreement’s scope and

the partners’ intentions and conduct.”

24.

Plaintiffs also argue that “equity demands enforcing the partnership agreement.”

(Some capitalization omitted.) Citing Aghaian v. Minassian (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 603,

they note that, “[u]nder California law, courts will not apply the general rule against the

enforcement of illegal contracts when: ‘(1) the public cannot be protected because the

transaction has been completed; (2) no serious moral turpitude is involved; (3) the

defendant is the one guilty of the greatest moral fault; and (4) to apply the rule will

permit the defendant to be unjustly enriched at the expense of the plaintiff.’ ” Plaintiffs

posit: “Here, even if the object of the partnership entered into by Jennings, Almeida, and

Koskiniemi was illegal (which it was not), Almeida and Koskiniemi should be permitted

to pursue their claims against Defendants because the factors considered by the California

Supreme Court when determining [whether] to enforce an illegal contract plainly apply.”

Finally, citing multiple authorities, Plaintiffs point out that “in the context of

purportedly illegal cannabis contracts, numerous courts have enforced agreements where,

as here, ‘the potential remedy … would not mandate illegal activity.’ ” Plaintiffs

conclude: “Overall, enforcing the partnership agreement and awarding Almeida and

Koskiniemi money damages for their rightful share of the Loud Seeds intellectual

property that Defendants have exploited for their own benefit would not mandate or

require illegal conduct by any party or the Court in any manner whatsoever.”

NGW Defendants’ Position

NGW defendants, in their brief, respond: “The Trial Court correctly found that

the underlying oral partnership agreement was illegal under the MMPA because its object

was to make a profit.” NGW defendants note: “All possession, cultivation, and use of

marijuana was illegal, except those narrow exceptions outlined in the CUA

[Compassionate Use Act] and MMPA.” NGW defendants add: “[T]he law precludes

qualified persons from abusing their marijuana privileges for impermissible uses, such as

for-profit purposes.”

25.

NGW defendants further contend: “Equity does not demand the enforcement of

the illegal oral partnership agreement.” (Some capitalization omitted.) NGW defendants

argue: “Illegal contracts can only be enforced if their objects are not illegal.” NGW

defendants posit: “Appellants formed a for-profit entity to possess and cultivate

marijuana in order to secure a future financial gain. That object directly conflicts with

the MMPA. That direct conflict results in the contract being malum in se and renders any

claims based upon it unenforceable.”

Jennings’s Position

Jennings, for his part, contends in his brief the trial court correctly rejected

plaintiffs’ arguments that “the partnership was not intended to sell cannabis prior to

legalization, to make a profit prior to legalization, and that the partnership did not make a

profit prior to legalization.” Jennings argues: “[T]he partnership had an illegal purpose

at the moment it was created, and whether it subsequently made profits is not relevant to

whether the oral partnership agreement, when made, was illegal.” Jennings also posits

that “an equitable exception to the general rule against enforcement of illegal contracts”

is not applicable here because “Appellants admitted to conduct that violated criminal

laws in their verified pleadings.”

C. Legal Framework for Analyzing Legality/Enforceability of a Contract

One of the “essential” elements of a contract is that it have a “lawful object.”

(Civ. Code, § 1550, subd. (3).) “The object of a contract is the thing which it is agreed,

on the part of the party receiving the consideration, to do or not to do.” (Civ. Code,

§ 1595.) “The object of a contract must be lawful when the contract is made, and

possible and ascertainable by the time the contract is to be performed.” (Civ. Code,

§ 1596.) Contracts without a lawful object are void. (Civ. Code, § 1598.) “Where a

contract has several distinct objects, of which one at least is lawful, and one at least is

unlawful, in whole or in part, the contract is void as to the latter and valid as to the rest.”

(Civ. Code, § 1599; see Civ. Code, § 1441 [“A condition in a contract, the fulfillment of

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which is … unlawful … is void.”]; see also Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare

Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 124 [“If the central purpose of the contract is tainted

with illegality, then the contract as a whole cannot be enforced.”].)

Civil Code section 1667 provides: “That is not lawful which is: [¶ ] 1. Contrary

to an express provision of law; [¶ ] 2. Contrary to the policy of express law, though not

expressly prohibited; or, [¶ ] 3. Otherwise contrary to good morals.” Civil Code section

1668 elaborates that a contract that has as its object a violation of law is “against the

policy of the law.” Courts have held that a lawful contract “must not be in conflict either

with express statutes or public policy.” (Vierra v. Workers Comp. Appeals Bd. (2007)

154 Cal.App.4th 1142, 1148.) Consequently, “[a] contract that conflicts with an express

provision of the law is illegal and the rights thereto cannot be judicially enforced.”

(Ibid.)

Very simply, “ ‘a party to an illegal contract cannot come into a court of law and

ask to have his illegal objects carried out.’ ” (Lee On v. Long (1951) 37 Cal.2d 499, 502;

accord Wong v. Tenneco, Inc. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 126, 135; Lewis & Queen v. N.M. Ball

Sons (1957) 48 Cal.2d 141, 150 [“courts generally will not enforce an illegal bargain or

lend their assistance to a party who seeks compensation for an illegal act”].) Importantly,

since the doctrine of illegality of contracts is grounded in public policy, the focus is on

whether the object of the contract is illegal, not on the extent of either party’s

participation in the illegality. (McIntosh v. Mills (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 333, 346 [“the

doctrine of illegality considers whether the object of the contract is illegal[;] [i]t does not

turn on whether the illegality applies to the party seeking to enforce the agreement”].) In

sum, “ ‘[t]he effect to be given to an illegal element of a contract … depend[s] on how

the court can best serve the interest of the public and, when not inimical to the public

interest, do justice to the parties.’ ” (Ibid.)

“Ordinarily ‘ “all applicable laws in existence when an agreement is made, which

laws the parties are presumed to know and to have had in mind, necessarily enter into the

27.

contract and form a part of it, without any stipulation to that effect, as if they were

expressly referred to and incorporated.” ’ ” (City of Torrance v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals

Bd. (1982) 32 Cal.3d 371, 378.) As for laws enacted subsequent to the formation of an

agreement, the parties, when entering into an agreement, may agree to incorporate

subsequent changes in the law into the agreement. (Swenson v. File (1970) 3 Cal.3d 389,

393 [“the parties could have … agreed to incorporate subsequent changes in the law” into

their agreement when it was made], italics added.)

Although “the general rule [is] that the courts will deny relief to either party who

has entered into an illegal contract or bargain which is against public policy,” Tri-Q, Inc.

v. Sta-Hi Corp. (1965) 63 Cal.2d 199, 216, equitable considerations play a role in

determining whether an illegal contract is nonetheless enforceable. In Kashani v. Tsann

Kuen China Enterprise Co. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 531, 543 (Kashani), the court

affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendants who argued that

the parties’ contract was unenforceable as it was illegal and against public policy because

it involved trade and commerce with Iran. In doing so, however, the Kashani court did

not hold that any agreement that involves an illegal contract is necessarily void. On the

contrary, Kashani recognized that “[c]ourts in California have, depending on the facts,

carved out exceptions to the statutory and judicial language that illegal contracts are void

and unenforceable.” (Id. at p. 541 [collecting cases].)

Kashani pointed out that “one of the principles courts apply in deciding whether

an illegal contract can be enforced is whether a party calls on a court to order another

party to carry out an illegal object.” (Mann v. Gullickson (N.D. Cal. Nov. 2, 2016, 15-cv-

03630-MEJ) 2016 U.S.Dist. Lexis 152125 *20 (Mann), citing Kashani, supra, at p. 540.)

“ ‘Sometimes the forfeiture resulting from unenforceability is disproportionately harsh

considering the nature of the illegality. “In each such case, how the aims of policy can

best be achieved depends on the kinds of illegality and the particular facts involved.” ’ ”

(Mann, supra, at *21, quoting Kashani, supra, at p. 557 [“Even if a determination of

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enforceability of patently illegal contracts can be based on the particular facts, plaintiffs

have not established any basis for departing from the practice of courts generally not to

enforce a contract in violation of law.”].)

Similarly, in Asdourian v. Araj, the California Supreme Court instructed that

“ ‘[i]n compelling cases, illegal contracts will be enforced in order to ‘avoid unjust

enrichment to a defendant and a disproportionately harsh penalty upon the plaintiff.’ ”

(Asdourian v. Araj, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 292 (Asdourian).) The Asdourian court noted

that “ ‘ “[i]n each case, the extent of enforceability and the kind of remedy granted

depend upon a variety of factors, including the policy of the transgressed law, the kind of

illegality and the particular facts.” ’ ” (Ibid.) While Asdourian recognized that

“[n]ormally, courts will not ‘ “lend their aid to the enforcement of an illegal

agreement,” ’ ” it explained “[t]his rule is based on the rationale that ‘the public

importance of discouraging such prohibited transactions outweighs equitable

considerations of possible injustice between the parties.’ ” (Id. at p. 291.)

In Bassidji v. Goe (9th Cir. 2005) 413 F.3d 928 (Bassidji), the Ninth Circuit

considered a breach of contract action in which enforcement of the contract would have

furthered trade with an Iranian company in contravention of a federal Executive Order.

(Id. at pp. 938-939.) Bassidji analyzed federal and California precedents, including

Kashani, and noted that “[b]oth federal law and California law begin from the core

proposition that … courts will not order a party to a contract to perform an act that is in

direct violation of a positive law directive, even if that party has agreed, for

consideration, to perform that act.” (Bassidji, supra, at p. 936.) However, Bassidji

investigated “[n]uanced approaches to the illegal contract defense, taking into account

such considerations as the avoidance of windfalls or forfeitures, deterrence of illegal

conduct, and relative moral culpability.” (Id. at pp. 937-938.) The Bassidji court noted

such considerations were valid “[so] long as the relief ordered does not mandate illegal

conduct.” (Id. at pp. 938-939 [neither federal nor state courts will enforce a contract by

29.

“order[ing] a legal violation”].) Bassidji ultimately concluded that enforcement of the

contract at issue there would mandate illegal conduct because requiring the defendant to

pay the plaintiff “would provide funds to the Iranian economy, paying for goods in Iran,”

in direct contravention of a federal Executive Order. (Id. at p. 939.) Nevertheless,

Bassidji clarified that in assessing the enforceability of “ ‘illegal contracts,’ ” courts

should consider whether a remedy exists “that would not require a court to order a legal

violation.” (Ibid.)

Mann discussed Kashani, Asdourian, and Bassidji in considering the question of

enforcement of an illegal contract under California law. With respect to these authorities,

Mann observed: “The foregoing case law demonstrates that even where contracts

concern illegal objects, where it is possible for a court to enforce a contract in a way that

does not require illegal conduct, the court is not barred from according such relief.

However if, as in Bassidji, the enforcement of a contract would require the court to order

illegal conduct, such contracts are unenforceable.” (Mann, supra, 2016 U.S.Dist. Lexis

152125 at **23-24; see Bassidji, supra, 413 F.3d at p. 938 [“California courts will not

‘fashion an equitable remedy’ where doing so involves ‘enforcing [by court order] the

precise conduct made unlawful … in contravention of the legislative purpose’ ”].)

D. Relevant Cannabis-Related Statutory Law

Prior to the legalization of adult-use cannabis in California in 2016, adult-use of

the substance was illegal under state law and it could be used legally only for medicinal

purposes. The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes was governed by the

Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (CUA) and the Medical Marijuana Program Act

(MMPA). The CUA, Health and Safety Code section 11362.5 (added by initiative

measure Prop. 215, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 5, 1996)), gave a person who

used marijuana for medical purposes on a physician’s recommendation, a defense to

certain state criminal charges involving the substance, including unauthorized possession

(see Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11357 (criminalizing unauthorized possession), 11362.5,

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subd. (d) (exempting approved patients and primary caregivers).) “ ‘[T]he

Compassionate Use Act is a narrowly drafted statute designed to allow a qualified patient

and his or her primary caregiver to possess and cultivate marijuana for the patient’s

personal use despite the penal laws that outlaw these two acts for all others.’ ” (Qualified

Patients Assn. v. City of Anaheim (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 734, 743.) “[A]part from

possession and cultivation, ‘the Compassionate Use Act did not alter the other statutory

prohibitions related to marijuana, including those that bar the transportation, possession

for sale, and sale of marijuana.’ ” (Ibid.)

In 2004, the state legislature expanded the criminal immunities in the CUA

through the MMPA (Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.7 et seq.). “ ‘Among other things,

these statutes exempt[ed] the “collective[] or cooperative[] … cultiva[tion]” of medical

marijuana by qualified patients and their designated caregivers from prosecution or

abatement under specified state criminal and nuisance laws that would otherwise [have]

prohibit[ed] those activities.’ ” (The Kind & Compassionate v. City of Long Beach

(2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 116, 120; People v. London (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 544, 552 [“The

MMPA ‘expressly expands the scope of the [CUA] beyond the qualified defense to

cultivation and possession of marijuana’ to possession of marijuana for sale (§ 11359)

among other offenses.”]; Qualified Patients Assn. v. City of Anaheim, supra, 187

Cal.App.4th at p. 749 [the MMPA implements the CUA in that “it identifies groups that

may lawfully distribute medical marijuana to patients under the CUA”]; People v.

Hochanadel (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 997, 1008 [“ ‘[The MMPA’s] specific itemization of

the marijuana sales law indicates it contemplates the formation and operation of

medicinal marijuana cooperatives that would receive reimbursement for marijuana and

the services provided in conjunction with the provision of that marijuana.”].) However,

the MMPA did not authorize the cultivation, distribution, or sale of marijuana for profit.

(Health & Saf. Code, § 11362.765, subds. (a), (b) [immunizing qualified patients and

designated caregivers from prosecution for enumerated offenses and specifying that “this

31.

section” does not “authorize any individual or group to cultivate or distribute cannabis for

profit”].)

In November 2016, voters directly approved the Adult Use of Marijuana Act

(Proposition 64), fully legalizing the recreational use of marijuana and for-profit

marijuana operations in California. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 26000 et seq. (Medicinal and

Adult-Use Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act).) In 2018, section 1550.5, subdivision

(b)(1) was added to the Civil Code (amended in 2019); this section expressly provides

that contracts related to cannabis are “[a] lawful object of a contract.” More specifically,

Civil Code section 1550.5, subdivision (b) provides that “Notwithstanding any law,

including, but not limited to Sections 1550, 1667, and 1668 and federal law, commercial

activity relating to medicinal cannabis or adult-use cannabis conducted in compliance

with California law and any appliable local standards, requirements, and regulations shall

be deemed to be … [a] lawful object of a contract”; “[n]ot contrary to, an express

provision of law, any policy of express law, or good morals”; and “[n]ot against public

policy.” Proposition 64 added, inter alia, Health and Safety Code section 11362.1, which

permits adults to possess, transport, and cultivate marijuana. (See Shulman v. Kaplan

(9th Cir. 2023) 58 F.4th 404, 408 [“California recognizes cannabis-related property

interests.”].)

As for federal law, the Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. section 801, et seq.,

(the CSA), prohibits the knowing manufacturing, distribution, possession, or cultivation

of a controlled substance. (21 U.S.C. §§ 841, subd. (a), 844, subd. (a); see Gonzales v.

Raich (2005) 545 U.S. 1, 26-29 [Congress’s plenary power under the Commerce Clause

includes the power to prohibit local cultivation of marijuana in compliance with the CSA,

and “[t]he Supremacy Clause unambiguously provides that if there is any conflict

between federal and state law, federal law shall prevail”].) However, “the United States

Department of Justice ‘has declined to enforce 21 U.S.C. [section] 841 when a person or

company buys or sells marijuana in accordance with state law.’ ” (Indian Hills Holdings,

32.

LLC v. Frye (S.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2021, 3:20-cv-00461-BEN-AHG) 2021 U.S.Dist. Lexis

241821 *20 (Indian Hills).) “In fact, in 2014, Congress ‘ “reinforced this arrangement by

defunding the” Department of Justice’s “prosecution of the exchange of medical

marijuana where it is legal under state law.” ’ ” (Id. at **20-21.) “[T]hese Congressional

mandates suggest that enforcing [California commercial contracts involving marijuana]

would not violate public policy even if [there is] a prima facie violation of federal law.”

(Id. at *21.)

Indian Hills concluded: “ ‘[R]ecent case law involving cannabis-related business

contracts does not espouse an absolute bar to the enforcement of such contracts.’ ”

(Indian Hills, supra, 2021 U.S.Dist. Lexis 241821 at *25 [collecting cases]; accord

Kowall Ventures, LLC v. Mehdizadeh (C.D. Cal. 2021) WL 2546747, *1; see Green

Earth Wellness Center, LLC v. Atain Specialty Insurance Co. (D. Colo. 2016) 163

F.Supp.3d 821, 832, 835 [noting that “the nominal federal prohibition against possession

of marijuana conceals a … nuanced (and perhaps even erratic) expression of federal

Policy”]; see also Mann, supra, 2016 U.S.Dist. Lexis 152125 at *34 [noting, in enforcing

marijuana-related business contract, that “[g]iven the federal government’s wavering

policy on medical marijuana in states that regulate this substance, and California’s

expressed policy interest in allowing qualified patients to obtain medical marijuana, the

purported illegality here is not one the Court finds to mandate non-enforcement of the

parties’ contract”].) Here, respondents have simply not addressed the role of federal law.

Accordingly, we will not further address federal law.3

E. Analysis

The FAC alleges that Almeida, a qualified patient under the CUA and MMPA,

had legally developed desirable marijuana seeds and cultivars around 2008 (Almeida

never sold any seeds or cultivars he had developed). The FAC further alleges that

3 NGW defendants’ brief does not mention federal law at all and Jennings’s brief

contains only a passing reference to federal law, in a single sentence.

33.

sometime thereafter, Almeida, Koskiniemi, and Jennings entered into an oral agreement

to form a partnership to generate publicity and develop a brand for the seeds and cultivars

that Almeida had developed, including by giving interviews about the seeds and cultivars

and entering them into competitions. The three men further agreed that once California

legalized recreational, adult-use marijuana and commercial marijuana sales—something

that could happen at any time—they would legally market the seeds and cultivars for a

profit. According to the FAC, the partnership was not intended to, and did not, cultivate

for sale and sell the seeds and cultivars in California, in the pre-legalization period, and

certainly not at a profit. Based on the allegations encompassed in the FAC, it appears the

MMPA, which immunized collectives and cooperatives that provided or sold marijuana

at cost to qualified patients, was therefore either not applicable to the partnership or was

not transgressed. Although the partnership intended eventually to sell the marijuana

seeds and cultivars for a profit in the state, this goal was contingent on California

legalizing the recreational use of marijuana and commercial marijuana sales, something

that could potentially happen at any time.

As it turned out, when recreational marijuana was ultimately legalized in

California, Jennings, who was the partner designated to manage the business side of the

partnership, jumped ship to start his own, separate companies engaged in the sale of

marijuana seeds and cultivars. Jennings’s companies were eventually sold and folded

into another company. Jennings remained a key player in and major shareholder of the

resulting new company. The FAC alleges that Jennings obtained Almeida’s seed

inventory and genetic information regarding the seeds and cultivars and unilaterally gave

this material to the new company, thereby providing a highly valuable asset that led to

financial success for the company and for Jennings personally. The new company, which

used the seed inventory to produce cultivars and seed-products for commercial sales, did

not compensate Almeida (who developed the seeds and cultivars in question) and

Koskiniemi (who worked to publicize the seeds and cultivars prior to legalization).

34.

Eventually, the company was sold again, resulting in a higher valuation and more gains

for Jennings.

The FAC alleges that the use of the seeds and cultivars developed by Almeida and

publicized by Koskiniemi has resulted in tremendous profits and financial success for

Jennings and the companies with which he is associated, namely the NGW defendants.

At the same time, Almeida and Koskiniemi were deprived of the valuable seed inventory

and have not been compensated for the appropriation of this asset by Jennings and NGW

defendants. Accordingly, Almeida and Koskiniemi brought this tort action, asserting

claims of breach of fiduciary duty; conversion; misappropriation of trade secrets; unjust

enrichment; fraud; violation of the Unfair Competition Law (UCL); and constructive trust

as to Jennings, and claims of aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty; aiding and

abetting conversion; misappropriation of trade secrets; unjust enrichment; violation of the

UCL; and constructive trust against the NGW defendants. Almeida and Koskiniemi seek

damages of “not less than $38 million” and injunctive relief to enjoin defendants from

using plaintiffs’ trade secrets.

Jennings and the NGW defendants contended in the trial court and again on

appeal, that (1) Almeida and Koskiniemi’s tort claims arise from the oral partnership

agreement; (2) the oral partnership agreement was illegal; (3) the courts should not

enforce the agreement because it was illegal; and (4) in light of the illegality of the

underlying contract, the courts should not allow Almeida and Koskiniemi to seek relief

via their instant tort claims.

Initially, Jennings and the NGW defendants have not established that the oral

partnership agreement was illegal. As noted, the agreement called for the partners to

publicize and brand, in the pre-legalization period, the seeds and cultivars created by

Almeida as a qualified patient. Given the existence of seed/strain competitions in

California in the period before recreational marijuana was legalized, it appears that many

qualified patients, as well as collectives legally cultivating medicinal marijuana, were

35.

experimenting with seed strains and participated in competitions to showcase various

strains. Jennings and the NGW defendants have not shown that this object of the

contract—publicizing and branding the strains developed by Almeida—was illegal under

the laws that existed at the time the contract was formed.4

A related and potentially longer-term object of the contract was to commercially

market the seeds and cultivars developed by Almeida in California, after the legalization

of recreational marijuana and commercial sales in the state. This object hinged on a

subsequent change in the law—a change that could happen at any time. In other words,

as to this object, the contract when it was formed, incorporated later legislation or a

subsequent change in the law—that is legalization of recreational marijuana and

commercial sales of marijuana and related products (i.e., seeds and cultivars). This

contingency meant the object mandated compliance with California law. Jennings and

the NGW defendants have therefore not shown that the California commercial-sales

object of the contract was illegal at the time the contract was formed.5 (See Swenson v.

File, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 393 [“the parties could have … agreed to incorporate

subsequent changes in the law” into their agreement when it was made], italics added.)

Given this context (i.e., that the partnership’s objects were not manifestly illegal),

defendants have not shown, at least at this point in the proceedings, that the mere

formation of the partnership was an illegal act.

4 To the extent the partnership operated in Europe, the legality or illegality of its

European operations is also unclear at this stage.

5 The trial court’s ruling flagged that “the FAC states that defendant Jennings paid

money in exchange for being included in the partnership. [Citation.] Further, as

defendant Jennings notes, the FAC never alleges that the partnership or any of its

associated limited liability companies applied for a license to cultivate, distribute, or sell

cannabis, or take any concrete steps to engage in legal commerce in cannabis once the

plaintiffs and the Loud Seeds entities had the opportunity to do so.” However, these

issues, without more, do not affect our conclusion that defendants have not shown the

contract at issue had an illegal object.

36.

Moreover, even were the contract at issue here illegal, there is ample equitable

justification to enforce it based on the allegations in the FAC. In Asdourian, the

California Supreme Court instructed that “ ‘[i]n compelling cases, illegal contracts will

be enforced in order to ‘avoid unjust enrichment to a defendant and a disproportionately

harsh penalty upon the plaintiff.’ ” (Asdourian, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 292; see Kashani,

supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at pp. 541-542 [“Courts in California have, depending on the

facts, carved out exceptions to the statutory and judicial language that illegal contracts are

void and unenforceable.”].)

Here, according to the FAC, Jennings and the NGW defendants are successfully

and profitably engaged in commercial sales of marijuana seeds and cultivars drawn from

Almeida’s allegedly well-branded seed inventory, the very activities that they claim

render the contract illegal and thereby bar recovery for plaintiffs. Indeed, based on the

FAC, it appears Jennings actually fulfilled the object of the contract by drawing on

Almeida’s allegedly well-regarded seed inventory to produce and sell seed products and

cultivars as soon as recreational marijuana use and commercial sales of marijuana and

marijuana-related products were legalized in California. The only difference is that,

rather than acting as part of the partnership, Jennings cut his partners out, appropriated

the seed inventory, and formed his own, separate companies to do so, thereby

maximizing his individual profits. Taking the FACs allegations as true, as we must, this

appears to be the type of “compelling” case where the underlying contract, even if illegal,

may properly be enforced “to ‘avoid unjust enrichment to a defendant and a

disproportionately harsh penalty upon the plaintiff.’ ”6 (Asdourian, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p.

292.)

6 Aghaian v. Minassian, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at page 622, noted that courts will

not apply the general rule against the enforcement of illegal contracts when: “(1) the

public cannot be protected because the transaction has been completed; (2) no serious

moral turpitude is involved; (3) the defendant is the one guilty of the greatest moral fault;

and (4) to apply the rule will permit the defendant to be unjustly enriched at the expense

of the plaintiff.” Here, the transaction at issue is over and done with, with Jennings and

37.

Moreover, the remedies sought by plaintiffs—damages, injunctive relief,

constructive trust—do not implicate or require the court to order, any illegal conduct.

(See Mann, supra, 2016 U.S. Dist. Lexis 152125 *23-24 [“even where contracts concern

illegal objects, where it is possible for a court to enforce a contract in a way that does not

require illegal conduct, the court is not barred from according such relief”].) These

remedies relate to the allegedly tortious conduct of Jennings and the NGW defendants,

the entirety of which conduct occurred after the legalization of recreational marijuana and

commercial sales of marijuana and related products. As noted, according to the FAC,

Jennings and the NGW defendants are using Almeida’s seed inventory to create and sell

seed products and cultivars. Almeida and Koskiniemi seek, via the tort claims in the

FAC, compensation for these post-legalization actions taken by Jennings and NGW

defendants. They do not seek specific performance of the disputed contract. Regardless

of the legality or illegality of the disputed contract, it is reasonable to assume that

Jennings and the NGW defendants will continue with the challenged actions and to profit

from them. Thus, deeming the contract to be void or unenforceable would not further

public policy or protect the public but would unjustly enrich the defendants while

exacting a forfeiture from plaintiffs. These circumstances militate in favor of enforcing

the contract for equitable reasons, even if it were to be deemed illegal.

F. Conclusion

The trial court determined the contract at issue here was illegal and further that it

was not enforceable for equitable reasons. The trial court sustained defendants’

the NGW defendants in control of the seed inventory. Further, defendants will not be

heard to say that the object of the contract implicated moral turpitude when defendants

themselves are actually leveraging and profiting from, the exact same things as the

partnership was set up to do (harnessing pre-legalization branding to fuel post-

legalization commercial sales)—as alleged in the FAC. On the contrary, in light of the

allegations in the FAC, Jennings and his companies would appear to be guilty of the

greatest moral fault. And finally, the FAC alleges in detail, that defendants have been

unjustly enriched at the expense of plaintiffs.

38.

demurrers because it next found that “each cause of action is enmeshed in the parties’

illegal cannabis business and cannot be extricated.” We conclude, on the contrary, that

defendants have not shown the contract at issue is illegal and, moreover, even if illegal, it

is nonetheless enforceable on equitable grounds. The trial court’s sustainment of

defendants’ demurrers on grounds that “each cause of action is enmeshed in the parties’

illegal cannabis business and cannot be extricated,” is therefore reversed. (Italics added.)

The claims in Almeida and Koskiniemi’s FAC are, in turn, resuscitated. Given this

outcome, plaintiffs’ claim that the trial court erred in disregarding a substantial portion of

their opposition papers below is rendered moot.

II. Miscellaneous Issues Raised By Jennings and The NGW Defendants

A. Standing

Jennings and the NGW defendants, in their respective responsive briefs, make a

few affirmative arguments, albeit in a cursory fashion, regarding standing and the

sufficiency of certain claims in the FAC.7 First, they challenge Almeida and

Koskiniemi’s standing to bring the tort claims asserted in the FAC. Jennings and the

NGW defendants’ respective arguments on standing are cursorily sketched in just a few

short paragraphs in each of their briefs. In addition to being inadequately developed,

their respective standing arguments are conflicting.

Jennings, for his part, notes that the FAC “alleged that the Loud Seed Entities

were formed to undertake the business of the [partnership].” Jennings argues as to

standing: “It is clear that the Appellants alleged that [the] Loud Seed Entities, which

were legally separate entities from Appellants, were the entities that owned Loud Seeds’

seeds and intellectual property at the time of the failed purchase of the Loud Seeds assets

7 Almeida and Koskiniemi suggest that Jennings and the NGW defendants have

waived their ability to make affirmative arguments on appeal by failing to file their own

appeal. (See Celia S. v. Hugo H. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 655, 665 [respondent who failed

to file his own appeal seeking affirmative relief forfeits appellate claims].) We have

nonetheless addressed the claims at issue.

39.

by the NGW Entities.”8 Jennings adds: “Accordingly, any claims based on those assets,

including but not limited to the conversion, fraud, and misappropriation of trade secrets

claims, were not Appellants’ claims at all, but were rather the claims of the Loud Seeds

Entities. Thus, the Court should dismiss all of the claims that are properly those of the

Loud Seeds Entities, and not those of Appellants.”9

As for the NGW defendants, with regard to standing, they argue: “In the FAC,

Appellants allege they formed an oral partnership agreement that would ‘build the Loud

Seeds brand around the proprietary cannabis seed strains legally developed by Almeida.’

… Appellants have, therefore, defined the Loud Seeds brand and intellectual property—

the marijuana strains—as property of the partnership and not Appellants’ individual

property.” The NGW defendants further contend: “The partnership—and not the

Appellants—would be the real party in interest on any claim belonging to the

[partnership] entity, which will include any claim resulting from the misuse or

misappropriation of its property.” The NGW defendants add: “Appellants consequently

do not own their tort claims.[10] The partnership that they allegedly formed in 2008, via

the oral partnership agreement, owns the Loud Seed brand and intellectual property.

Because the partnership owns the tort claims, the individual Appellants lack standing to

8 As discussed on page 7 of this opinion, ante, the entities referenced here are

Loud Seeds, LLC; Loud Holdings, LLC; and Loud Farms, LLC. The FAC alleges that, in

October 2015, “in preparation for the legalization of adult use cannabis in California,

Jennings (along with Koskiniemi’s wife) oversaw the formation of Loud Seeds, LLC,

Loud Holdings, LLC (Loud Holdings), and Loud Farms, LLC,” under the laws of

California. The FAC further alleges: “Although Almeida, Koskiniemi, and Jennings did

not enter into operating agreements for the new entities at that time, the parties

understood and agreed that these entities, their property, and their assets would fall under

the larger umbrella of their oral partnership agreement.”

9 Jennings apparently wants this court to independently undertake the task of

determining which of the FAC’s causes of action are encompassed in his argument. The

court declines to do so.

10 The NGW defendants, like Jennings, fail to specify precisely which claims are

targeted by their argument.

40.

prosecute any tort claims that are inextricably intertwined with the unenforceable and

illegal contract.”11

Almeida and Koskiniemi respond to the foregoing standing arguments by pointing

out that while “the ‘general rule’ is ‘a partner may not sue his copartner in an action at

law in respect to firm transactions,’ ” there is a “ ‘well established’ exception ‘where the

wrongful acts complained of … constitute a tort’ that ‘not only terminates the partnership

but wrongfully destroys it, and … the erring partner converts to his own use its entire

assets.’ ” (See Barlow v. Collins (1958) 166 Cal.App.2d 274, 278 [citing authorities].)

Almeida and Koskiniemi assert that the allegations in the FAC posit that Jennings had

destroyed the partnership and converted its assets. They state (quoting Gherman v.

Colburn (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 544, 557): “Because Jennings ‘exclude[d] the other

[partners], repudiate[d] the very existence of the partnership and convert[ed] all of the

partnership assets, the victim[s]’—Appellants—‘may sue for damages.’ ” (See Navarro

v. Perron (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 797, 802 [“the nonbreaching partner may sue for

damages” “where one of the partners repudiates the existence of the partnership and

converts all of the partnership assets”].)

Almeida and Koskiniemi also address Jennings’s claims that the Loud Seeds

entities “were formed to undertake the business of the [partnership]” and so those

corporate entities owned the tort claims regarding the intellectual property at issue in this

case. Specifically, Almeida and Koskiniemi respond: “In California, partners may sue in

their individual capacity where, as here, the ‘corporate form was a mere agency for

carrying out [the] partnership.’ ” (See NTD Architects v. Baker (S.D. Cal. 2013) 950

F.Supp.2d 1151, 1156 [applying Cal. law]; accord, e.g., Elsbach v. Mulligan (1943) 58

Cal.App.2d 354, 369-370 [a partner “may sue at law for damage” “in [his] own name”

11 In a footnote, the NGW defendants add one sentence to the effect: “The claims

belong to Loud Seeds, LLC because the partnership would have merged into the

corporation.” We disregard this point. (See Holden v. City of San Diego (2019) 43

Cal.App.5th 404, 419-420 [courts need not address arguments made in footnotes].)

41.

where the “corporation … is a mere agency for the purpose of convenience in carrying

out” the parties’ agreement].)

In light of the allegations in the FAC and the authorities cited by Almeida and

Koskiniemi, we conclude Jennings and the NGW defendants’ standing arguments fail.

B. Additional Issues

Jennings next challenges the sufficiency of some, but not all, of the claims alleged

against him in the FAC. Specifically, Jennings asserts that the “misappropriation of trade

secrets [cause of action] fails to state a claim” and that “unjust enrichment and

constructive trust are potential remedies and not independent claims.” (Some

capitalization omitted.) However, since Jennings thereby concedes that the remaining

claims against him are legally sufficient—i.e., breach of fiduciary duty, conversion,

fraud, and violation of the unfair competition law—we need not address his arguments as

to the sufficiency of the trade secrets, unjust enrichment, and constructive trust claims.

(See Genesis, supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p. 608 [once the appellate court determines a

complaint “has stated a cause of action under one legal theory and thus survived the

general demurrer, we need not address the sufficiency of the allegations to state any other

causes of action”], italics added.)

Like Jennings, the NGW defendants also challenge the sufficiency of some of the

claims asserted against them in the complaint. For example, the NGW defendants

challenge the sufficiency of the aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty claim and the

aiding and abetting conversion claim. The NGW defendants state: “To establish their

aiding and abetting claims, Appellants must allege facts showing that the NGW

Respondents made ‘a conscious decision to participate in tortious activity for the purpose

of assisting another in performing a wrongful act.’ (Am. Master Lease LLC v. Idanta

Partners, Ltd. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1451, 1477.)” The NGW defendants contend:

“Appellants do not allege that NGW Respondents ‘acted with the intent of facilitating the

commission of [the underlying] tort,’ or ‘with knowledge of the object to be attained.’

42.

(Casey v. U.S. Bank [Nat. Assn.] (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1146.)” In short, the

NGW defendants dispute the adequacy of allegations to show that they “knew Jennings

was allegedly breaching any duty” or unlawfully converting property. They posit the

aiding and abetting claims are therefore insufficient.

Almeida and Koskiniemi respond that the NGW defendants “ignore numerous

specific allegations [in the FAC] of [the requisite] knowledge: (1) their draft purchase

agreement ‘recognized that there were “three partners with equal interest” in Loud

Seeds—Almeida, Koskiniemi, and Jennings’[s] [citations]; (2) ‘the NGW Defendants

knew Jennings did not have the authority to execute’ the purported Assignment of the

partnership’s inventory of cannabis seeds, yet they accepted the seeds anyway [citations];

(3) ‘[t]he NGW Defendants were aware of Jennings’[s] … breach of [his] fiduciary duty,

through their communications with Plaintiffs during the negotiations of a potential sale of

Loud Seeds to NGW Holdings and … due diligence on such transaction’ [citations]; and

(4) they knew of the conversion by imputation, through knowledge by their then-Director

Jennings [citations].” We agree that the allegations in the FAC are sufficient to show,

with respect to the claims for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty and aiding and

abetting conversion, that the NGW defendants acted to aid and abet Jennings “with

knowledge of the object to be attained” (that is, the improper takeover of the seed bank).

(Casey v. U.S. Bank Nat. Assn., supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 1146.) We conclude the

aiding and abetting claims in the FAC are sufficiently pleaded.

In light of our conclusion, we need not address the NGW defendants’ contentions

challenging the sufficiency of the remaining claims against them in the FAC. (See

Genesis, supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p. 608 [once the appellate court determines a

complaint “has stated a cause of action under one legal theory and thus survived the

general demurrer, we need not address the sufficiency of the allegations to state any other

causes of action”], italics added.)

43.

DISPOSITION

The judgment of dismissal is reversed. The matter is remanded with instructions

to the trial court to vacate the order sustaining defendants’ respective demurrers without

leave to amend and to enter a new order overruling the demurrers. Koskiniemi and

Almeida shall recover their costs on appeal.

SMITH, J.

WE CONCUR:

DETJEN, Acting P. J.

MEEHAN, J.

44.