The opinion
J-S14034-25
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
RAFIQ SMALL :
:
Appellant : No. 2206 EDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 24, 2023
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0006088-2019
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., BECK, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED MAY 7, 2025
Appellant, Rafiq Small, appeals from the judgment of sentence entered
in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas on September 21, 2022. After
review, we affirm.
The trial court outlined the relevant facts of this case as follows:
On or about May 1, 2019, Jasmine Johnson and Richard
Williams went to the 24-hour convenience store located at 1700
Woodland Avenue, in the city and county of Philadelphia.
Specifically, Williams was scheduled to sell a vehicle, which he
previously stole, to appellant (identified in court at trial as the
“short man” by Johnson) and another friend of appellant.
At the location, appellant and Williams went for a test drive
of the vehicle while Johnson and appellant’s friend stayed in the
parking lot of the 24-hour store. Once Appellant and Williams
returned from the test drive, they parked across the street from
the convenience store and began discussing the sale of the car;
included in that conversation was Appellant’s friend. During the
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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conversation, the appellant pulled out a gun. At that point,
Williams began walking across Woodland Avenue toward the
convenience store. Appellant fired several shots towards the store
and Williams.
The appellant subsequently forced Johnson out of the car in
which she and Williams arrived; Appellant and his friend fled the
scene in that car, while Johnson ran into the 24-hour convenience
store. Once inside the store, Johnson testified that she saw a child
on the floor covered in blood. Williams also escaped into the store
once Appellant began shooting.
At approximately 12:30 AM, Philadelphia Police Officer Kevin
Kelly (Badge #5605), received a radio call of a shooting at the 24-
hour convenience store on Woodland Avenue and Highland Street.
At the scene Officer Kelly observed a juvenile male lying on the
floor of the store suffering from gunshot wounds in the abdomen
area. This juvenile was later identified as Quamir Alexander. He
was subsequently transported to the Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia critical condition. Williams and Johnson ultimately
spoke to police, who subsequently arrested and charged Appellant
with, among other things, Attempted Murder.
Tr. Ct. Op. at 2-3 (citations omitted; paragraph spacing altered).
A jury trial was held and concluded on September 29, 2022. Appellant
was found guilty of the attempted murders of Richard Williams and Quamir
Alexander, aggravated assault of Quamir Alexander, reckless endangerment of
Mercedes Johnson, and firearms not to be carried without a license. 1
On March 24, 2023, the trial court sentenced [Appellant] to ten
(10) to twenty (20) years [of] state incarceration on each
Attempted Murder count; and three and a half (3 ½) to seven (7)
years [of] state incarceration [on] the VUFA § 6106 count. The
[c]ourt ordered the Attempted Murder sentences to run
concurrent to each other, while it ordered the VUFA sentence to
run consecutive to the Attempted Murder counts for a total
sentence of thirteen and a half (13 ½) to twenty-seven (27) years
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a); 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a); 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1).
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[of] state incarceration. The Appellant was also given credit for
any time he served in prison in this case prior to trial.
Tr. Ct. Op. at 4.
On April 3, 2023, Appellant filed both a motion for reconsideration of
sentence and a post-sentence motion raising claims challenging the weight
and sufficiency of the evidence. The trial court denied those motions on August
2, 2023. Appellant filed a notice of appeal on August 25, 2023. The trial court
ordered2 Appellant to file a statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) on
September 12, 2023. Appellant complied after several continuances. This
appeal followed.
Appellant raises the following three issues for our review:
1. Did the trial court commit reversible error by denying
Appellant’s motion to suppress?
2. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain the convictions for
Attempted Murder?
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in sentencing Appellant
consecutively for the firearms violation?
Appellant’s Br. at 3.
Appellant’s first issue challenges the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s
motion to suppress. When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a suppression
motion, this Court is bound by the following standard:
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2 The trial court’s order does not comply with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(3)(iii) as it
does not include the courthouse address. This failure to comply would prevent
a finding of a waiver on an issue not properly included in an appellant’s
statement.
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[An appellate court’s] standard of review in addressing a challenge
to a trial court’s denial of a suppression motion is limited to
determining whether the factual findings are supported by the
record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts
are correct. Since the prosecution prevailed in the suppression
court, we may consider only the evidence of the prosecution and
so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a whole.
Where the record supports the factual findings of the trial court,
we are bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal
conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
Commonwealth v. Stevenson, A.2d 759, 769 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citing
Commonwealth v. Bomar, 826 A.2d 831, 842 (Pa. 2003)). We are bound
by the suppression court’s factual findings and credibility determinations that
are supported by the record. Commonwealth v. Cooley, 118 A.3d 370, 373
(Pa. 2015). In contrast, appellate courts give no deference to the suppression
court’s legal conclusions, which we review de novo. In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073,
1080 n.6 (Pa. 2013). Our scope of review is limited to the suppression hearing
record and excludes evidence elicited at trial. Id. at 1085.
Specifically, Appellant argues that the trial court’s finding that the police
had a valid search warrant at the time of the search was unsupported by the
record. Appellant’s Br. at 9. Appellant avers that the warrant was issued at
9:00 AM, but the incident report generated by Detective George and the
Philadelphia police property receipts reflect a time of 8:00 AM. Id. at 10.
Initially, we note that Appellant has failed to include any citations to the record
in his brief. Nonetheless, our review of the record reveals that there is, in fact,
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a discrepancy as to the time on the incident report and the time on the
warrant. N.T., 9/20/22, at 22-24.
However, Detective George testified at the suppression hearing to
explain the reason for the discrepancy. The detective testified that 8:00 AM is
when his shift began, and that it was immediately at that time that he received
the phone call providing him information about the shooting. N.T., 9/20/22, at
22. Because his involvement in the incident began at 8:00 AM on that day,
that is the time that was generated on his report. Id. He stated that the
warrant was issued at 9:30 AM and that once he had the search warrant in his
possession, he gathered the officers and executed the warrant. Id. at 12.
The suppression court found Detective George to be credible and stated
as follows:
I looked at the evidence and the submissions of the parties,
and I heard the arguments, specifically Detective George. He
testified about the discrepancy of May 1st, at 8:00, but the
warrant was actually at 9:30 a.m., and I believe the warrant had
to be served no later than 9:30 a.m. on May 3rd of 2019.
Clearly, I think the defense raised some good issues. Clearly,
I don’t think it’s definitely an insignificant issue that they raised.
However, in order to find that they went in the house without a
search warrant, I have to believe that Detective George was totally
incredible. I don’t find that.
Clearly, there’s a mistake in the paperwork. However, a
mistake in the time in the paperwork by itself, this Court doesn’t
find that totally lends him to be incredible, [especially] when you
have two factors: One, the Court looked [at] the incident report,
which backs up what the detective said, that there are other
officers from another jurisdiction, specifically Philadelphia, that
were involved. I can understand the logistics as well as the issues
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that might occur from two different detective divisions, and you
have a transfer of documents and evidence from one to the other.
While the Philadelphia Police Department paperwork, the
three property receipts in question, D-2, D-3 and D-4, they do say
eight o’clock a.m. on May 1, 2019, the Court can see how the
transfer, in talking to Detective George, when he said we got there
[at] eight, it’s not unfathomable that the Philadelphia Police
Department couldn’t have just taken that and put it on all their
paperwork, because they’re getting that from the other
jurisdiction.
The defense didn’t raise it without merit. But, if there was
something else more, that might be a difference, but at some
point there’s nothing to deem, in this Court’s view, to see the
detective incredible, just because there’s an hour and a half
discrepancy on the warrants. For those reasons, I will deny the
motion, and I will note your objections.
N.T., 9/20/22, at 35-37.
This Court is bound by the credibility determinations made by the lower
court. Cooley, supra. Because Detective George explained the time
discrepancy and testified that he had a valid warrant when conducting the
search, and because the court believed him, we find that the record supports
the trial court’s findings. Accordingly, the court did not err in denying
Appellant’s suppression motion.
Appellant’s second issue is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
as to his conviction for attempted murder of Richard Williams.
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
elements of the offense. Commonwealth v. Moreno, 2011 PA
Super 25, 14 A.3d 133 (Pa. Super. 2011). Additionally, we may
not reweigh the evidence or substitute our own judgment for that
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of the fact finder. Commonwealth v. Hartzell, 2009 PA Super
237, 988 A.2d 141 (Pa. Super. 2009). The evidence may be
entirely circumstantial as long as it links the accused to the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreno, supra at 136.
Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011).
In Commonwealth v. Jackson, 955 A.2d 441 (Pa. Super. 2008), a
case addressing the sufficiency of the evidence to prove attempted murder,
this Court stated:
Under the Crimes Code, “[a] person commits an attempt when
with intent to commit a specific crime, he does any act which
constitutes a substantial step towards the commission of the
crime.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a). “A person may be convicted of
attempted murder ‘if he takes a substantial step toward the
commission of a killing, with the specific intent in mind to commit
such an act.’” Commonwealth v. Dale, 2003 PA Super 413, 836
A.2d 150, 152 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted). See 18
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 901, 2502. “The substantial step test broadens the
scope of attempt liability by concentrating on the acts the
defendant has done and does not any longer focus on the acts
remaining to be done before the actual commission of the crime.”
Commonwealth v. Gilliam, 273 Pa. Super. 586, 417 A.2d 1203,
1205 (1980). “The mens rea required for first-degree murder,
specific intent to kill, may be established solely from
circumstantial evidence.” Commonwealth v. Schoff, 2006 PA
Super 307, 911 A.2d 147, 160 (Pa. Super. 2006). “[T]he law
permits the fact finder to infer that one intends the natural and
probable consequences of his acts[.]” Commonwealth v. Gease,
548 Pa. 165, 696 A.2d 130, 133 (1997).
Jackson, 955 A.2d at 444.
Here, Appellant maintains that the evidence was insufficient to support
the conviction because the Commonwealth failed to prove specific intent.
Appellant argues:
Mr. Williams[] candidly admitted that he did not know why
Appellant would shoot at him. The only reasonable inference is
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then that Mr. Williams was not the target of the shooting and that
Appellant lacked the requisite specific intent to kill him.
Appellant’s Br. at 11.
Appellant appears to confuse motive with intent. Appellant is essentially
arguing that because he had no good reason to shoot at Mr. Williams, he could
not have meant to do it. However, motive is not an element of the crime of
attempted murder, and the Commonwealth had no obligation to prove why
Appellant would shoot at Mr. Williams. As to intent, the trial court stated the
following about the sufficiency of the evidence:
At trial, the Commonwealth played a video of the shooting
in which Richard Williams identified the crime scene and identified
the Defendant as the shooter in the video. Williams, in fact,
testified as to several pertinent details from the video which
corroborated his testimony regarding the circumstances
surrounding the shooting.
Ultimately, the jury found the Defendant guilty of the
Attempted murders of both Richard Williams and Quamir
Alexander. Criminal attempt is a specific intent crime. According
to Williams’ testimony at trial, the Defendant pointed a gun at him
at one point during their argument over the car. That act alone
may be sufficient to establish that this was an intentional act which
was a substantial step towards the commission of murder and the
specific intent to kill.
Defendant fired a gun at Williams. Even though he suffered
no injury, the jury found that Defendant took a substantial step
toward causing Williams serious bodily injury. Defendant did shoot
at Quamir Alexander, an innocent bystander who was near the
convenience store at which the Defendant shot.
Tr. Ct. Op. at 10.
We agree with the trial court that the evidence presented was sufficient
to prove that Appellant had the specific intent to kill because he intentionally
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fired a gun at Mr. Williams after just previously pointing it at him. Thus, the
evidence was sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction of attempted murder
of Richard Williams.
Appellant’s final issue challenges the discretionary aspects of
sentencing. As we have observed, “[a]n appellant is not entitled to the review
of challenges to the discretionary aspects of a sentence as of right.”
Commonwealth v. McLaine, 150 A.3d 70, 76 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation
omitted). Instead, to invoke our jurisdiction involving a challenge to the
discretionary aspects of a sentence, an appellant must satisfy the following
four-part test:
(1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant’s brief has
a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).
Id.
Here, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. See Notice, 8/25/23. He
filed a post-sentence motion for reconsideration of sentence which raised this
issue. See Motion, 4/3/23, at 2. He included a separate statement in his brief
as to the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal with respect to the
discretionary aspects of a sentence. Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). Appellant’s Br. at 9.
However, Appellant has failed to persuade us that he raised a substantial
question.
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A blanket claim of excessiveness, with no further allegations, does not
create a qualifying substantial question for appellate review. Commonwealth
v. Mouzon, 812 A.2d 617, 620 (Pa. 2002). “Bald allegations of excessiveness”
are not sufficient to create a substantial question because they do not identify
the manner in which a sentencing provision or fundamental norm were
violated. Id. at 627. Moreover, a specific reason as to why an excessive
sentence is improper, beyond it simply being excessive, is needed to raise a
substantial question. Commonwealth v. Raven, 97 A.3d 1244, 1253 (Pa.
Super. 2014) appeal denied, 105 A.3d 736 (Pa. 2014); Com. v. Sheller, 961
A.2d 187, 190 (Pa. Super. 2008).
Here, Appellant argues that the court imposed a maximum consecutive
sentence without calculating the sentencing guidelines for his conviction for
firearms not to be carried without a license. Appellant’s Br. at 9. He avers that
the court’s failure to consult the guidelines resulted in an excessive sentence.
Id. at 12. Without more, Appellant does not raise a substantial question.
We note that the trial court had the opportunity to review Appellant’s
pre-sentence investigation report. “When a sentencing court has reviewed a
presentence investigation report, we presume that the court properly
considered and weighed all relevant factors in fashioning the defendant’s
sentence.” Commonwealth v. Baker, 2013 PA Super 200, 72 A.3d 652, 663
(Pa. Super. 2013). Additionally, during the sentencing hearing, the court
extensively explained on the record its reason for the sentence. NT., 3/24/23,
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at 51-58. Accordingly, Appellant’s claim has failed to invoke our jurisdiction to
consider the discretionary aspects of his sentence. Since each of his claims
fail, we affirm his judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Date: 5/7/2025
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