"It is important that a district court resist the understandable temptation 9 to engage in post hoc reasoning by concluding that, because a plaintiff did not ultimately 10 prevail, his action must have been unreasonable or without foundation. This kind of 11 hindsight bias could discourage all but the most airtight claims, for seldom can a prospective 12 plaintiff be sure of ultimate success."
How later courts described this case
- "It is important that a district court resist the understandable temptation 9 to engage in post hoc reasoning by concluding that, because a plaintiff did not ultimately 10 prevail, his action must have been unreasonable or without foundation. This kind of 11 hindsight bias could discourage all but the most airtight claims, for seldom can a prospective 12 plaintiff be sure of ultimate success."
- “A community may . . . decide that restrictions on the flow of outside traffic into particular residential areas would enhance the quality of life there by reducing noise, traffic hazards, and litter.”
- upholding local ordinance reserving free parking permits for local residents and their invitees
- Federal Constitution does not “presume distinctions” between residents and nonresidents of a neighborhood to be invidious
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Per Curiam.
The motion, of D. C. Federation of Civic Associations et al. for leave to file a brief as
amici curiae
and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted.
To stem the flow of traffic from commercial and industrial districts into adjoining residential neighborhoods, Arlington County, Va., adopted zoning ordinance § 29D. The ordinance directs the County Manager to determine those residential areas especially crowded with parked cars from outside the neighborhood.
1
Free parking permits are then issued to residents of the designated areas for their own vehicles, to persons doing business with residents there, and to some visitors. To
*6
park an automobile without a permit in a restricted area between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. on weekdays is a misdemeanor.
Acting under the ordinance, the'County Manager designated a restricted area in Aurora Highlands, a residential neighborhood near a large commercial and office complex. Commuters who worked in this complex and had regularly parked in the area sued in the Circuit Court of Arlington County to enjoin the enforcement of the ordinance on state and federal constitutional grounds. The Virginia Supreme Court ultimately held that the ordinance violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
2
As stated in its preamble, the Arlington ordinance is intended
“to reduce hazardous traffic conditions resulting from the use of streets within areas zoned for residential uses for the parking of vehicles by persons using districts zoned for commercial or industrial uses ... ; to protect those districts from polluted air, excessive noise, and trash and refuse caused by the entry of such vehicles; to protect the residents of those districts from unreasonable burdens in gaining access to their residences; to preserve the character of those districts as residential districts; to promote efficiency in the maintenance of those streets in a clean and safe condition; to preserve the value of the property in those districts; and to preserve the safety of children and other pedestrians and traffic safety, and the peace, good order, comfort, convenience and welfare of the inhabitants of the County.”
Conceding the legitimacy of these goals, the Virginia Supreme Court found that the ordinance's discrimination between residents and nonresidents “bears no reasonable relation to [the
*7
regulation’s] stated objectives,” and, therefore, that “the ordinance on its face offends the equal protection guarantee of the 14th Amendment.” 217 Va. 645, 651 , 231 S. E. 2d 231, 235 . We disagree.
To reduce air pollution and other environmental effects of automobile commuting, a community reasonably may restrict on-street parking available to commuters, thus encouraging reliance on car pools and mass transit. The same goal is served by assuring convenient parking to residents who leave their cars at home during the day. A community may also decide that restrictions on the flow of outside traffic into particular residential areas would enhance the quality of life there by reducing noise, traffic hazards, and litter. By definition, discrimination against nonresidents would inhere in such restrictions.
3
The Constitution does not outlaw these social and environmental objectives, nor does it presume distinctions between residents and nonresidents of a local neighborhood to be invidious. The Equal Protection Clause requires only that the distinction drawn by an ordinance like Arlington’s rationally promote the regulation’s objectives. See
New Orleans
v.
Dukes,
427 U. S. 297, 303 (1976);
Village of Belle Terre
v.
Boraas,
416 U. S. 1, 8 (1974). On its face, the Arlington ordinance meets this test.
*8
Accordingly, the judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
It is so ordered.
Mr. Justice Marshall would grant the petition for cer-tiorari and set the case for oral argument.
1
This condition is met when “the average number of vehicles [operated by persons whose destination is a commercial or industrial district] is in excess of 25% of the number of parking spaces on such streets and the total number of spaces actually occupied by any vehicles exceeds 75% of the number of spaces on such streets on the weekdays of any month . . . .”
2
Although the state trial court found the ordinance invalid under the State and Federal Constitutions, the State Supreme Court rested its decision solely on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
3
Restrictions on nonresident parking have sparked considerable litigation. See,
e. g., South Terminial Corp.
v.
EPA,
504 F. 2d 646, 671-676 (CA1 1974) (restrictions upheld);
Friends of the Earth
v.
EPA,
499 F. 2d 1118, 1125 (CA2 1974) (restrictions upheld);
Commonwealth
v.
Petralia,
- Mass. -, 362 N. E. 2d 513 (1977) (restrictions upheld);
State
v.
Whisman,
24 Ohio Misc. 59 , 263 N. E. 2d 411 (Ct. Com. Pleas, 1970) (restrictions invalidated);
Georgetown Assn. of Businessmen
v.
District of Columbia,
Civ. No. 7242-76 (D. C. Super. Ct., Aug. 9, 1976) (restrictions preliminarily enjoined). The United States as
amicus curiae
notes that parking restrictions to discourage automobile commuting have been, recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency to implement the Clean Air Amendments of 1970. See 38 Fed. Reg. 30629 (1973).