Williams v. Secretary of Health and Human Services

In the United States Court of Federal Claims

OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

No. 24-0080V

DOMINIQUE WILLIAMS, for and on Chief Special Master Corcoran

behalf of his Minor Child, A.I.W.,

Petitioner, Filed: March 25, 2025

v.

SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND

HUMAN SERVICES,

Respondent.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW DISMISSING TABLE

CLAIM1 AND ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE – SPECIAL PROCESSING UNIT

On January 19, 2024, Dominique Williams, for and on behalf of his minor child,

A.I.W., filed a petition for compensation under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation

Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq.2 (the “Vaccine Act”). Petitioner alleged that A.I.W.

suffered from intussusception resulting from a rotavirus vaccine received on February 22,

2021. Petition at 1. The case was assigned to the Special Processing Unit of the Office

of Special Masters (the “SPU”).

On January 3, 2025, Respondent filed a Rule 4(c) Report and Motion to Dismiss

(ECF No. 22) (“Mot.”). Respondent acknowledges that the facts of this case appear to

meet the definition of intussusception as defined by the Vaccine Injury Table. Mot. at *9.

But he nevertheless argues that Petitioner’s injury does not meet the statutory severity

requirement applicable to all claims. Id. at 5-9. This is because Petitioner cannot show

1 Because this Fact Ruling contains a reasoned explanation for the action taken in this case, it must be

made publicly accessible and will be posted on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website, and/or

at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/uscourts/national/cofc, in accordance with the E-Government

Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2018) (Federal Management and Promotion of Electronic Government

Services). This means the Fact Ruling will be available to anyone with access to the internet. In

accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact medical or other

information, the disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy. If, upon review, I

agree that the identified material fits within this definition, I will redact such material from public access.

2 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755. Hereinafter, for ease

of citation, all section references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C.

§ 300aa (2018).

the “surgical intervention” exception to the six-month severity timeframe is not met, given

the treatment for intussusception received by A.I.W.

Petitioner was directed to respond to the motion to dismiss by March 3, 2025.

Scheduling Order (NON PDF), issued Jan. 3, 2025. Petitioner did not file a response,

however. Instead, on March 3, 2025, Petitioner’s counsel filed a motion to withdraw (ECF

No. 23). Petitioner’s counsel stated that he had notified Petitioner in writing by regular

mail, certified mail, and email of his intent to withdraw, and while a United States Postal

Service letter to Petitioner’s address was returned to counsel, Petitioner responded to the

email and requested a copy of his case documents.

I. Relevant Evidence

On February 22, 2021, at the age of four months, A.I.W. received her second dose

of rotavirus vaccine. Ex. 4 at 11, 12, 66. Ten days later, at 8:10 PM on the evening of

March 4, 2021, A.I.W. was brought to the emergency department (“ED”) due to vomiting

that began that afternoon. Ex. 3 at 56. Emergency medicine Dr. Lindsay Day examined

A.I.W. and determined that her symptoms were “concerning for obstruction,” and ordered

an ultrasound to check for intussusception. Id. at 59.

The ultrasound showed that A.I.W. had experienced an intestinal intussusception.

Ex. 3 at 87. Surgical physician assistant (“PA”) Stephanie McGee reviewed the ultrasound

and determined that A.I.W. should be taken to the radiology department for an air enema

to reduce the intussusception. Id. If the enema was successful, an intussusception

algorithm would be followed, with a trial of oral feeding followed by observation. Id.

Otherwise, or if A.I.W. was unable to tolerate feeding, PA McGee planned to “notify [the]

surgery team for admission.” Id.

The enema was administered at 10:50 PM on March 4th, the day A.I.W. arrived at

the ED. Ex. 3 at 70, 94. It successfully reduced A.I.W.’s intussusception. Id. at 94.

Because it was successful, the intussusception algorithm was followed. By 4:19 AM on

March 5, 2021, A.I.W. was “tolerating breast feeding.” Id. at 81. A.I.W. was observed until

nearly 6:00 AM, then discharged home after spending approximately ten hours in the ED.

Id. at 84.

Four days later (March 8, 2021), A.I.W. was seen by her pediatrician for a follow-

up appointment. Ex. 4 at 52. The record notes that A.I.W. was “[a]dmitted to ER 4 days

ago for intussusception. Resolve[d] with air enema. Doing much better.” Id. at 53. Due to

the temporal proximity of A.I.W.’s rotavirus vaccine and her intussusception, her

pediatrician recommended not giving her the third dose of the rotavirus vaccine, and

A.I.W.’s mother agreed. Id. at 54. The record does not indicate that A.I.W. was

experiencing any residual effects from her intussusception, and Petitioner has not filed

any subsequent medical records.

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Petitioner submitted a declaration from Ashley Williams, A.I.W.’s mother. Ex. 6.

Ms. Williams states that at dinner time on March 4, 2021, A.I.W. was fussy, would not

nurse, looked like something was “off,” and vomited. Ex. 6 at ¶ 4. Ms. Williams scheduled

a virtual urgent care appointment, during which she was told to take A.I.W. to the ED. Id.

at ¶ 4.

Ms. Williams states that the hospital “admitted [A.I.W.] as a patient and performed

surgery to repair the issue.” Ex. 6 at ¶ 6. A.I.W. was discharged the next day. Id. She

adds that “[a]fter a few days, A.I.W.’s health had returned to normal and she no longer

had the symptoms associated with intussusception.” Id. at ¶ 8.

II. Severity Requirement in Intussusception Cases

Intussusception as defined in the Qualifications and Aids to Interpretations (“QAI”)

is a time-limited injury involving “invagination of a segment of intestine into the next

segment of intestine, resulting in bowel obstruction, diminished arterial blood supply, and

blockage of the venous blood flow. This is characterized by a sudden onset of abdominal

pain that may be manifested by anguished crying, irritability, vomiting, abdominal

swelling, and/or passing of stools mixed with blood and mucus.” 42. C.F.R.

§ 100.3(b)(4)(i).

Intussusception is an acute, life-threatening illness. But it is by definition a self-

limiting condition, and most cases are successfully treated. Carda v. Sec’y of Health &

Human Servs., No. 14-191V, 2017 WL 6887368, at *19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 16,

2017). And while surgical intervention can be required to resolve it, intussusception can

also be successfully treated with far less-invasive methods, such as an air enema. Id. at

*19.

All Vaccine Act claims are subject to the Act’s “severity” test, and in most instances

it can be met if the claimant demonstrates six months of post-onset sequelae. Vaccine

Act § 11(c)(1)(D). But an acute and inherently self-limiting injury like intussusception will

usually be resolved successfully well within that timeframe. Because the Government

deemed the association between intussusception and the rotavirus vaccine to be

otherwise demonstrated, and out of a desire to make it a potentially actionable claim, the

Vaccine Act was amended in 2000 to allow the severity requirement to be met by showing

that the injured person underwent surgical intervention and inpatient hospitalization.

Children’s Health Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-310, Sec. 1701 (2000).3

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One of the Senate bill’s sponsors explained the reason for the amendment:

At the time this law was enacted, parameters were established to permit claims for those

serious adverse events that were known to be associated with those vaccines that were

then available. The statutory proxy for a serious injury is that the residual effect from the

injury must be of six months’ duration or longer.

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In so doing, however, Congress did not act to make cases treated by more limited

means compensable. And in fact, prior Program cases have consistently determined that

an enema is not a surgical intervention. See Zhao v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,

No. 19-735V, 2023 WL 2337287, at *8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 25, 2023) (stating that

“[b]arium contrast enemas are non-surgical interventions” and dismissing case); Godoy

v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 20-1292V, 2022 WL 19026215, at *11 (Fed. Cl.

Spec. Mstr. Dec. 2, 2022) (dismissing Table intussusception claim because barium

enema was not surgical intervention); Green v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 19-

1295V, 2020 WL 1845325, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18, 2020) (dismissing

intussusception claim at the petitioner’s request and noting that “the Court has repeatedly

held that intussusception treated with a barium enema does not qualify as surgical

intervention” and thus the severity requirement was not met); Parsley v. Sec’y of Health

& Human Servs., No. 08-781V, 2021 WL 2463539, at *n.19 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 27,

2011) (noting that “[t]he parties have agreed that the barium enema was not a ‘surgical

procedure’” under the Vaccine Act).

In this case, there does not appear to be any dispute that A.I.W. did not suffer from

residual effects or complications of her injury for more than six months. Her condition was

successfully treated less than a day after it began. And by March 8, 2021 – four days after

the onset of her condition – A.I.W. was “much better” and no longer suffering

intussusception symptoms. Ex. 4 at 53; Ex. 6 at ¶ 8. Nor did she undergo a surgical

intervention for treatment of the intussusception.

Recently, however, a new situation has developed that was not foreseeable at the time of

enactment of this law. In October 1999, the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization

Practices (ACIP), after a review of scientific data from several sources, concluded that

intussusception occurs with significantly increased frequency in the first 1–2 weeks after

vaccination for rotavirus, particularly after the first dose.

....

While most cases of intussusception require only minimal treatment, a few cases require

hospitalization and surgery. Under the current law, these cases would not be

compensable by the United States Claims Court under the Vaccine Injury Compensation

Program, since the statute grants jurisdiction to resolve vaccine cases only in instances

in which claimants have suffered the residual effects or complications of a vaccine-

related injury for at least six months, or died from the administration of a vaccine.

For this reason, we are offering this bill to amend the law and grant jurisdiction to the

Claims Court to resolve compensation cases under the Program in cases in which both

hospitalization and surgical intervention were required to correct the ‘‘illness, disability,

injury or condition’’ caused by the vaccine.

145 Cong. Rec. S15213-14 (Nov. 19, 1999) (Statement of Sen. Jeffords).

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It also does not appear that A.I.W. underwent an inpatient hospitalization, given

that she was treated in the ED and never formally admitted to the hospital. In Uetz v.

Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-29V, 2014 WL 7139803, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec.

Mstr. Nov. 21, 2014), the special master determined that the petitioner did not establish

an inpatient hospitalization when she was treated and released from an ED on the same

day. A.I.W. was treated only in the ED, where she stayed for approximately ten hours.

And after the enema was successful, and A.I.W. was able to tolerate feeding several

hours later, she was discharged from the ED.

Given the above, Petitioner cannot succeed on a Table claim in this matter, and

that claim is properly dismissed. I will provide Petitioner the opportunity to sketch out what

a non-Table claim in this case (which would also need to meet the severity requirement)

pursuant to the Althen factors4 might look like – but if this cannot be done by reference to

additional evidence not yet offered in this case, the entire claim is subject to dismissal.

Conclusion

Petitioner’s claim cannot proceed without sufficient evidence, and will be dismissed

absent additional evidence. Failure to file the medical records and other evidence

sufficient to support a claim will result in dismissal of the claim. Tsekouras v. Sec’y of

Health & Human Servs., 26 Cl. Ct. 439 (1992), aff’d, 991 F.2d 810 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (per

curiam); Sapharas v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35 Fed. Cl. 503 (1996); Vaccine

Rule 21(b).

In the event that Petitioner decides not to pursue the petition further, Petitioner is

advised to consult with Section IX of the Guidelines for guidance on the appropriate

notice, motion, or stipulation to file to exit the vaccine program. The Guidelines may be

found here:

https://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/sites/cfc/files/Vaccine%20Guidelines%203.03.2025.pdf

Accordingly:

• Petitioner’s counsel shall file, by no later than Tuesday, April 08, 2025, a

status report (1) confirming that he has provided a copy of this Order to

Petitioner, and (2) providing an updated mailing address for Petitioner.

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Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (setting out a three part

test for causation in fact claims, requiring that a petitioner establish (1) a medical theory causally connecting

the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was

the reason for the injury; and (3) a showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and

injury).

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• Petitioner shall file, by no later than Wednesday, May 28, 2025, either:

o The appropriate motion, notice, or stipulation needed to dismiss the

claim; or

o A response to this Order, preferably including additional evidence,

showing cause why this case should not be dismissed for failure to

establish entitlement to compensation.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Brian H. Corcoran

Brian H. Corcoran

Chief Special Master

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