Brandon Lee Baker v. Katherine Marie Dukes (Appeal from Limestone Circuit Court: DR-15-900533.05).

Rel: April 25, 2025

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.

Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue,

Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections

may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS

OCTOBER TERM, 2024-2025

_________________________

CL-2024-0675

_________________________

Brandon Lee Baker

v.

Katherine Marie Dukes

Appeal from Limestone Circuit Court

(DR-15-900533.05)

HANSON, Judge.

Brandon Lee Baker ("the father") appeals from a judgment of the

Limestone Circuit Court ("the circuit court") relinquishing jurisdiction of

the father's motion for custody modification pursuant to § 30-3B-

202(a)(1), Ala. Code 1975, of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and

CL-2024-0675

Enforcement Act ("UCCJEA"), § 33-3B-101 et seq., Ala. Code 1975. We

reverse and remand.

Background

The father and Katherine Marie Dukes ("the mother") have been

before this court previous to this appeal. See Ex parte Dukes, 376 So. 3d

562 (Ala. Civ. App. 2022). The parties, who were married and were living

in Alabama, separated in 2015. At that time, the mother and the child

born of the marriage ("the child") relocated to Tennessee; the father

remained in Alabama. In December 2015, the father filed a complaint

seeking a divorce in the circuit court. In 2016, the circuit court entered

a judgment divorcing the parties; that judgment incorporated a

settlement agreement between the parties. Pursuant to the settlement

agreement, the parties were awarded joint legal custody of the child. The

mother was awarded sole physical custody of the child, and the father

was awarded visitation.

In 2020, the Tennessee Department of Human Services filed a

petition in the Juvenile Court of Overton County, Tennessee ("the

Tennessee juvenile court"), seeking to have the child declared dependent

and seeking an award of emergency temporary legal custody of the child

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after the mother had threatened to harm herself and the child. Following

a hearing, the Tennessee juvenile court determined that the child was

dependent and neglected, "reinstated" custody of the child to the father,

and "relinquished" jurisdiction over any further child-custody

proceedings to the circuit court. The mother appealed the Tennessee

juvenile court's judgment, requesting a trial de novo. The Tennessee

juvenile court's judgment was reversed on appeal, and the case was

remanded for further proceedings. The Tennessee juvenile court

subsequently conducted a trial de novo in two phases -- it first conducted

an adjudicatory hearing, and it subsequently conducted a dispositional

hearing. After the adjudicatory hearing, the Tennessee juvenile court

issued an order in May 2021 in which it determined, based on clear and

convincing evidence, that the child was dependent and neglected; the

Tennessee juvenile court did not, however, determine that the child was

a victim of severe abuse, although it ordered the mother to submit to

therapy and to counseling. After the dispositional hearing, the Tennessee

juvenile court entered an order in May 2022 in which it stated that the

mother had followed the directives that it had issued after the

adjudicatory hearing, and it returned custody of the child to the mother.

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Ex parte Dukes, 376 So. 3d at 564.

Subsequently, in May 2022, the father filed a petition in the circuit

court seeking a modification of the custody of the child, designated as

case number DR-2015-900533.04. The circuit court entered a pendente

lite order awarding the father physical custody of the child pending a

final hearing. In her mandamus petition filed in this court, the mother

argued that the circuit court lacked continuing exclusive jurisdiction over

the father's custody-modification petition and that his petition should

have been filed in Tennessee. This court held that the mother was not

entitled to a petition for a writ of mandamus because the Tennessee

juvenile court was exercising emergency jurisdiction and that once the

emergency subsided, the Tennessee juvenile court could not make any

further custody determinations regarding the child because of the

continuing jurisdiction of the circuit court. Ex parte Dukes, 376 So. 3d

at 566.

After multiple and lengthy hearings, the circuit court, on February

23, 2024, entered a final order in DR-2015-900533.04, awarding the

parties joint legal custody. The mother was awarded sole physical

custody, and the father was awarded visitation.

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On March 15, 2024, the father filed a petition to modify custody,

which was assigned case number DR-2015-900533.05. On May 9, 2024,

the mother filed a motion to relinquish custody, arguing as follows:

"1. The parties were divorced by Final Judgment of

Dissolution of Marriage entered by this Court on September

14, 2016, which awarded [the mother] primary residential

responsibility for the parties' minor child.

"2. Subsequent to the entry of Final Judgment, [the

mother] and minor child relocated to the State of Tennessee

where they continue to reside.

"3. Previously [the father] filed a Petition for Custody in

this matter under case number DR-2015-900533.04. After

multiple and lengthy hearings, the Circuit of Limestone

County denied [the father's] Petition for Custody.

"4. Now [the father] has … filed a new Petition with this

Court under case number DR-2015-900533.05 alleging that

the minor child is being abused and neglected by the mother.

All of the current allegations are to have happened in the

State of Tennessee. [The mother] has cooperated with all

State of Tennessee authorities which returned an

unsubstantiated letter to [the mother].

"[5]. Pursuant to Ala. Code [1975,] § 30-3B-202(a), a

court of this state which has made a child custody

determination consistent with Section 30-3B-201 or Section

30-3B-203[, Ala. Code 1975,] has exclusive, continuing

jurisdiction over the determination until:

" '(1) A court of this state determines that

neither the child, nor the child and one parent, nor

the child and a person acting as a parent have a

significant connection with this state and that

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substantial evidence is no longer available in this

state concerning the child's care, protection,

training, and personal relationships; or

" '(2) A court of this state or a court of another

state determines that the child, the child's

parents, and any person acting as a parent do not

presently reside in this state.'

"[6]. In the present case, neither the child nor [the

mother] have a significant connection with the State of

Alabama as they have resided in Tennessee for a substantial

period of time. The minor child attends school in Tennessee

where her teachers have reported that she is a 'great student,'

'very well behaved,' and 'loved by all of her classmates.' (See

Exhibit A, Email from Minor Child's Teachers).

"[7]. Moreover, substantial evidence is no longer

available in Alabama concerning the child's care, protection,

training and personal relationships. The Child Protective

Services division of the Tennessee Department of Children's

Services has investigated the allegations of abuse made by

[the father] and found them to be unsubstantiated (See

Exhibit B, Letter from Tennessee DCS). The child's current

living situation, schooling, medical care, family counseling

and other personal relationships are all now based in

Tennessee.

"[8]. The general purposes of the Uniform Child Custody

Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) as set forth in

Ala. Code [1975,] § 30-3B-101 include assuring that litigation

concerning the custody of a child take place ordinarily in the

state with which the child and the child's family have the

closest connection and where significant evidence concerning

the child's care, protection, training, and personal

relationships is most readily available. Those purposes are no

longer served by Alabama retaining jurisdiction in this case.

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"[9]. The Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA),

28 U.S.C. § 1738A(d), provides that the jurisdiction of a court

of a State which has made a child custody or visitation

determination consistently with the provisions of this section

continues as long as the requirement of subsection (c)(1) of

this section continues to be met and such State remains the

residence of the child or of any contestant. The requirements

of subsection (c)(1) are no longer met in this case as the child

and [the mother] no longer reside in Alabama.

"[10.]. Based on the foregoing facts and authorities,

there is ample evidence to find that Alabama no longer has

exclusive, continuing jurisdiction over the custody of the

minor child under the UCCJEA and PKPA. Accordingly, the

undersigned moves this Honorable Court should relinquish

jurisdiction to the appropriate court in the State of Tennessee

where the child and [the mother] now reside and where

substantial evidence concerning the child's welfare is readily

available.

"WHEREFORE [the mother], respectfully requests that

this Honorable Court enter an Order relinquishing

jurisdiction over the custody of the parties' minor child to the

State of Tennessee, and for such other and further relief as

the Court may deem just and proper."

In support of her motion, the mother attached a letter from the child's

teacher in Tennessee, a letter from the Tennessee Department of

Children's Services, and an affidavit from the mother.

On May 29, 2024, the circuit court entered a judgment granting the

mother's motion to relinquish custody, finding that neither the child nor

the mother resided in Alabama and that substantial evidence was no

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longer available in Alabama concerning the child's care, protection,

training, and personal relationships. On June 21, 2024, the father filed

a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the judgment. On July 17, 2024, the

circuit court denied the father's postjudgment motion. On August 26,

2024, the father filed a notice of appeal.

Discussion

The father argues that the circuit court has "continuing

jurisdiction" under the UCCJEA because, he says, § 30-3-169.9, Ala. Code

1975, of the Alabama Parent-Child Relationship Protection Act ("the

relocation act"), § 30-3-160 et seq., Ala. Code 1975, applies. Specifically,

the father argues that because he has joint legal custody of the child and

because the father continues to reside in Alabama, then there is a

"significant connection" with Alabama such that the circuit court has

continuing jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.

In Ex parte R.B., [Ms. CL-2023-0506, May 24, 2024] ___ So. 3d ___,

___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2024), this court stated:

"One of the purposes of the UCCJEA is to facilitate

cooperation between courts in different states in issuing

custody and visitation orders. Ex parte Siderius, 144 So. 3d

319 (Ala. 2013).

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" ' "The UCCJEA is a jurisdictional act that

establishes subject-matter jurisdiction over child-

custody proceedings." H.T. v. Cleburne Cty. Dep't

of Human Res., 163 So. 3d 1054, 1062 (Ala. Civ.

App. 2014). The UCCJEA differentiates between a

court's jurisdiction to make an "initial child

custody determination" and a court's "continuing,

exclusive jurisdiction" over a child-custody

determination. See §§ 30-3B-201 and -202, Ala.

Code 1975. A "child custody proceeding" is "[a]

proceeding in a court in which legal custody,

physical custody, or visitation with respect to a

child is an issue" and includes proceedings alleging

dependency and seeking termination of parental

rights. § 30-3B-102(4), Ala. Code 1975. A "child

custody determination" is defined as "[a]

judgment, decree, or other order of a court

providing for the legal custody, physical custody,

or visitation with respect to a child. The term

includes a permanent, temporary, initial, and

modification order." § 30-3B-102(3). An "initial

determination" is defined as "[t]he first child

custody determination concerning a particular

child." § 30-3B-102(8).'

"A.M. v. Houston Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 262 So. 3d 1210,

1216 (Ala. Civ. App. 2017)."

In the present case, the circuit court entered a judgment divorcing

the parties, incorporating a settlement agreement between the parties

whereby the parties were awarded joint legal custody of the child with

the mother awarded sole physical custody. When the parties entered into

their settlement agreement providing for the mother to have sole physical

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custody of the child, the mother and the child lived in Tennessee. In

2020, the child was temporarily returned to Alabama while the

Tennessee juvenile court proceedings were conducted, and the child was

returned to Alabama pursuant to a pendente lite order in 2022 when the

father filed his custody-modification petition in the circuit court (DR-

2015-900533.04). Subsequently, the circuit court awarded the parties

joint legal custody with the mother being awarded sole physical custody.

When the father filed the current custody-modification petition in the

circuit court (DR-2015-900533.05), the child was living in Tennessee with

the mother.

Section 30-3B-202(a)(1) of the UCCJEA addresses continuing

jurisdiction:

"(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 30-3B-204,

[Ala. Code 1975,] a court of this state which has made a child

custody determination consistent with Section 30-3B-201 or

Section 30-3B-203[, Ala. Code 1975,] has continuing, exclusive

jurisdiction over the determination until:

"(1) A court of this state determines that

neither the child, nor the child and one parent, nor

the child and a person acting as a parent have a

significant connection with this state and that

substantial evidence is no longer available in this

state concerning the child's care, protection,

training, and personal relationships; or

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"(2) A court of this state or a court of another

state determines that the child, the child's

parents, and any person acting as a parent do not

presently reside in this state."

The fact that the mother and the child reside in Tennessee is not

alone sufficient to terminate the continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of the

circuit court over the original child-custody determination in the 2016

divorce judgment in this case. Typically, a court considering whether it

still retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction under the UCCJEA would

need to consider "whether the child and at least one parent have a

significant connection to this state and whether substantial evidence is

available in this state concerning the child's care, protection, training,

and personal relationships." Ex parte Collins, 184 So. 3d 1036, 1038 (Ala.

Civ. App. 2015) (emphasis added).

The relocation act was enacted in 2003 to promote "the general

philosophy in this state that children need both parents, even after a

divorce." § 30-3-160. Section 30-3-169.4 created "a rebuttable

presumption that a change of principal residence of a child is not in the

best interest of the child" and consistent with that presumption, the

relocation act requires a custodial parent who intends to relocate to notify

the noncustodial parent and allows the noncustodial parent to object, so

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long as the change in distance between the proposed new residence and

the objecting party's residence is over 60 miles; the relocation act places

the initial burden of proving otherwise on the relocating party, which,

once met, shifts the burden to the party objecting to the relocation to

"demonstrate how the change in residence is not in the child's best

interest." Clements v. Clements, 906 So. 2d 952, 957 (Ala. Civ. App.

2005).

Section 30-3-169.9(b) of the relocation act provides that,

"[w]here the parties have been awarded joint custody, joint

legal custody, or joint physical custody of a child as defined

in Section 30-30-151, [Ala. Code 1975,] and at least one parent

having joint custody, joint legal custody, or joint physical

custody of a child continues to maintain a principal residence

in this state, the child shall have a significant connection with

this state and a court in fashioning its judgments, orders, or

decrees may retain continuing jurisdiction under Sections 30-

3B-202 to 30-3B-204, [Ala. Code 1975,] inclusive, even though

the child's principal residence after the relocation is outside

this state."

See also Adcock v. Fronk, 289 So. 3d 1244, 1250-51 (Ala. Civ. App. 2019)

(concluding that the trial court retained continuing jurisdiction in 2018

to modify visitation provisions of the parties' 2013 divorce judgment

under § 30-3-169.9(b), even though the mother and the children had

resided in Georgia since 2013 because the father had joint legal custody

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of the children and continued to reside in Alabama); Ex parte Breslow,

259 So. 3d 673, 677 (Ala. Civ. App. 2018) (applying § 30-3-169.9(b) to

conclude that a trial court retained continuing jurisdiction to modify a

child-custody determination despite the fact that the mother and the

children had moved to another state after the entry of the divorce

judgment). In short, even if a child has acquired a new home state, the

state issuing the original child-custody decree retains exclusive,

continuing jurisdiction, so long as the general requisites of the

"significant connection" provisions of the relocation act are met. 1

1We recognize that § 30-3-169.9(b) uses "may" in reference to an

Alabama court maintaining continuing jurisdiction under § 30-3B-202 to

30-3B-204. In Mobile County Republican Executive Committee v.

Mandeville, 363 So. 2d 754, 757 (Ala. 1978), our supreme court stated:

"The distinction between a mandatory provision and

one which is only directory is that when the provision of a

statute is the essence of the thing to be done, it is mandatory.

Under these circumstances, where the provision relates to

form and manner, or where compliance is a matter of

convenience, it is directory. Rodgers v. Meredith, 274 Ala. 179,

146 So. 2d 308 (1962); Board of Education of Jefferson County

v. State, 222 Ala. 70, 131 So. 239 (1930). In making this

determination, it is legislative intent, rather than supposed

words [of] art such as 'shall,' 'may' or 'must,' which ultimately

controls. Morgan v. State, 280 Ala. 414, 194 So. 2d 820, appeal

dismissed, cert. denied, 389 U.S. 7, 88 S. Ct. 47, 19 L. Ed. 2d

6 (1967). See also Belcher Oil Co. v. Dade County, 271 So. 2d

118 (Fla. 1972); Barton v. Atkinson, 228 Ga. 733, 187 S.E.2d

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Here, the father, who was awarded joint legal custody, still resides in

Alabama. Thus, the circuit court had continuing, exclusive jurisdiction

to modify the visitation provisions of the 2016 divorce judgment even

though the mother and child reside in Tennessee.

835 (1972); Sho-me Power Co. v. City of Mountain Grove, 467

S.W.2d 109 (Mo. App. 1971)."

In Ex parte Breslow, 259 So. 3d 673, 676 (Ala. Civ. App. 2018), this

court stated:

"The mother's argument [that the trial court no longer

had jurisdiction] is contrary to the law applicable in situations

in which a custodial parent has moved from the state after an

initial custody determination, made during the course of a

divorce proceeding, awarded joint legal custody to a child's

parents. The Alabama Parent-Child Relationship Protection

Act ('the relocation act'), § 30-3-160 et seq., Ala. Code 1975,

governs questions of jurisdiction and venue in such a

situation. The relocation act mandates that, if only one person

having joint custody, joint legal custody, or joint physical

custody pursuant to an initial custody award maintains a

principal residence in this state, 'the child shall have a

significant connection with this state' and the trial court

retains continuing jurisdiction. § 30-3-169.9(b), Ala. Code

1975."

It does not appear that the legislature intended for continuing

jurisdiction to be optional under the relocation act when one parent with

joint legal custody continues to reside in Alabama.

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Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the circuit court is due to

be reversed, and the cause is remanded for proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Moore, P.J., and Edwards, Fridy, and Lewis, JJ., concur.

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