Wingfield v. Garner

Case: 23-40547 Document: 80-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/08/2025

United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit

____________ United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

No. 23-40547

FILED

April 8, 2025

____________

Lyle W. Cayce

Anthony Bernard Wingfield, Clerk

Plaintiff—Appellant,

versus

Unknown Garner, CO; Unknown Hinejosa, CO; Unknown

Ellis, Sergeant, Michael Unit; Unknown Garner, Sergeant, Michael

Unit; Unknown Cunningham, Sergeant, Michael Unit; Unknown

Marshon, CO, Michael Unit,

Defendants—Appellees.

______________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas

USDC No. 6:21-CV-320

______________________________

Before Graves, Engelhardt, and Oldham, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam:*

Anthony Bernard Wingfield, an imprisoned man who had his

medically-prescribed shoes repeatedly taken by correctional officers in a

Texas state prison, appeals the dismissal of his suit brought pursuant to 42

_____________________

*

This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.

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No. 23-40547

U.S.C. § 1983, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and the Eighth

Amendment to the United States Constitution. We AFFIRM.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Anthony Bernard Wingfield is imprisoned in the state of Texas.

Wingfield, who has one leg amputated below the knee, alleges correctional

officers in the prison confiscated his medically-approved shoes twice, forcing

him to walk barefoot, miss meals, and suffer thirty-eight days without being

able to attend an appointment at the brace and limb clinic, all despite him

showing the officers his prosthesis and explaining the shoes were prescribed

as medically necessary. When Wingfield requested that the officers contact

the medical team so that he could at least have crutches to aid with his

mobility, the officers refused.

After exhausting state administrative remedies, Wingfield filed a pro

se civil complaint, bringing claims and seeking damages under 42 U.S.C. §

1983, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and the Eighth

Amendment. The defendant correctional officers moved to dismiss

Wingfield’s complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim

upon which relief may be granted.

The magistrate judge recommended dismissing all official-capacity

claims because the Eleventh Amendment bars a suit in federal court against

a state unless the sovereign has unequivocally waived its immunity, and no

waiver or relevant exception existed. The magistrate judge also

recommended dismissing all individual-capacity claims. As far as the Eighth

Amendment deliberate-indifference claim, the magistrate judge found that

the allegations “simply do not amount to cruel and unusual punishment”

because the facts do not support a finding that he suffered any physical injury

or was in substantial risk of serious harm. Regarding his ADA claim, the

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magistrate judge found Wingfield did not “allege any facts from which a

reasonable fact-finder could conclude that the discrimination was

intentional,” and he thus failed to state a claim. Over Wingfield’s objections,

the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation

and dismissed Wingfield’s claims. This timely appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review dismissals under Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) de novo. Smith

v. Hood, 900 F.3d 180, 184 (5th Cir. 2018). “When a Rule 12(b)(1) motion is

filed in conjunction with other Rule 12 motions, the court should consider

the Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack before addressing any attack on the

merits.” Block v. Tex. Bd. of L. Examiners, 952 F.3d 613, 616–17 (5th Cir.

2020) (quotation marks omitted).

We properly dismiss a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

under Rule 12(b)(1) “when the court lacks the statutory or constitutional

power to adjudicate the case.” Home Builders Ass’n of Miss., Inc. v. City of

Madison, 143 F.3d 1006, 1010 (5th Cir. 1998) (quotation marks omitted).

“Under the 12(b)(6) standard, all well-pleaded facts are viewed in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff, but plaintiffs must allege facts that

support the elements of the cause of action in order to make out a valid

claim.” City of Clinton v. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., 632 F.3d 148, 152–53 (5th Cir.

2010). “The well-pleaded facts must permit the court ‘to infer more than the

mere possibility of misconduct.’” Hale v. King, 642 F.3d 492, 499 (5th Cir.

2011) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009)).

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DISCUSSION

A

Defendants assert that there is no subject matter jurisdiction to

entertain claims against them in their official capacities because they are

entitled to sovereign immunity.

“State sovereign immunity prohibits ‘private suits against

nonconsenting states in federal court.’” Tex. Democratic Party v. Abbott, 978

F.3d 168, 179 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting City of Austin v. Paxton, 943 F.3d 993,

997 (5th Cir. 2019)). “State officials and agencies enjoy immunity when a suit

is effectively against the state. Unless waived by the state, abrogated by

Congress, or an exception applies, the immunity precludes suit.” Id. (internal

citation omitted). This immunity extends to state prisons, which are state

agencies. See Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 781 (1978) (per curiam)

(collecting authority).

Here, sovereign immunity extends to the individual officers who were

acting in their official capacities because it is effectively a suit against the state

agency, and in turn, the state itself. The state has not waived its immunity.

Nor has Congress abrogated state sovereign immunity with § 1983. See

NiGen Biotech, L.L.C. v. Paxton, 804 F.3d 389, 394 (5th Cir. 2015).

The remaining inquiry is whether an exception applies. Wingfield

invokes the Ex parte Young exception. 209 U.S. 123 (1908) (allowing suits for

prospective injunctive or declaratory relief against a state official acting in

violation of federal law). However, Wingfield did not request injunctive or

declaratory relief; he only requested damages for past conduct.

As there is no waiver, abrogation, or relevant exception, we lack

subject matter jurisdiction to review Wingfield’s § 1983 and Eighth

Amendment official-capacity claims against the correctional officers.

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Wingfield’s official-capacity claims brought pursuant to Title II of the

ADA must also be dismissed on sovereign immunity grounds. Even though

Congress abrogated state sovereign immunity with Title II, it only did so

validly “insofar as Title II creates a private cause of action for damages

against the States for conduct that actually violates the Fourteenth

Amendment.” United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151, 159 (2006) (original

emphasis). As we discuss in more detail below, Wingfield fails to show an

actual violation, so his official-capacity claims under Title II are also

appropriately dismissed. See Block, 952 F.3d at 619 (“Because [Plaintiff] has

alleged no conduct that violates Title II, [Defendant] is entitled to Eleventh

Amendment immunity.”).

B

The Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to “provide humane

conditions of confinement” by taking “reasonable measures to guarantee the

safety of the inmates” and by ensuring “that inmates receive adequate food,

clothing, shelter, and medical care.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832

(1994) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

To state an Eighth Amendment claim, a plaintiff must allege that: (1)

the deprivation was objectively “sufficiently serious” so that the prison

official’s act or omission caused “the denial of the minimal civilized measure

of life’s necessities,” and (2) the prison official who caused the alleged

deprivation acted, subjectively, with “deliberate indifference to inmate

health or safety.” Id. at 834, 837 (quotation marks omitted).

To satisfy the subjective standard, an “official must both be aware of

facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of

serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. at 837.

However, “a factfinder may conclude that a prison official knew of a

substantial risk from the very fact that the risk was obvious.” See Williams v.

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Hampton, 797 F.3d 276, 288 (5th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (quoting Farmer, 511

U.S. at 842).

1

In Farmer, the Supreme Court explained that “prison officials must

ensure that inmates receive adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical

care, and must ‘take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of the

inmates.’” 511 U.S. 825 at 832 (quoting Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526–

27 (1984)).

Wingfield alleges that he was unable to go outside and get food

whenever it rained because the correctional officers took away his shoes on

December 22, 2020, and refused to return them until February 11, 2021.

However, it is unclear that Wingfield did not receive adequate food; the

record fails to show how often he missed meals or that he was physically

unable to go outside to retrieve the meals without having his medically-

approved shoes.

Wingfield had to walk through urine and fecal matter in socks while

attempting to go to the bathroom. In Gates v. Cook, 376 F.3d 323 (5th Cir.

2004), we concluded that living in conditions with crusted fecal matter,

urine, dried ejaculate, peeling and chipping paint, and old food particles on

the walls “would present a substantial risk of serious harm to the inmates.”

Id. at 338. Because the “officials ha[d] displayed a deliberate indifference,”

we upheld the injunctive relief the district court entered for the prisoners as

“justified by an Eighth Amendment violation.” Id. While the conditions

outlined by Wingfield are disgusting and unsanitary and fell below the

standard a reasonable person would expect in a civilized society, they are not

as dire as those in Gates and we do not conclude the facts show Wingfield

faced a substantial risk of serious harm.

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Finally, Wingfield could not go to the brace and limb clinic for thirty-

eight days and alleges he suffered because of it. But he provides no detail as

to what harm he suffered, or could have suffered, as a result.

Given the facts in the record, we are not convinced that Wingfield has

met the objective part of our inquiry.

Next, the subjective inquiry: whether the correctional officers acted

with “deliberate indifference to inmate health or safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at

834 (quotation marks omitted). Even construing Wingfield’s pleadings

liberally because he is a pro se plaintiff, Andrade v. Gonzales, 459 F.3d 538,

543 (5th Cir. 2006), there is not enough in the record for us to conclude the

risks he faced were sufficiently “serious” or “obvious.”

On December 22, 2020, when Garner told Wingfield to give up his

shoes, he responded that medical staff gave him the shoes and that he needed

them because he wore a prosthesis and had no other appropriate footwear.

Faced with this information, Garner responded that she could do whatever

she wanted, and Wingfield left the area in his socks. Correctional officer

Hinejosa stopped Wingfield, who again tried to plead his case, before

correctional officer Ellis walked up and Wingfield once again pled his case

and showed his prosthesis to no avail, before returning to his building wearing

his socks. Because Wingfield managed to walk away without his shoes, it is

not clear that Garner, Hinejosa, or Ellis understood that without the shoes

Wingfield faced a threat of serious harm. After filing multiple complaints,

Wingfield’s shoes were returned on February 11, 2021.

Wingfield alleges that months later, on July 3, 2021, officer

Cunningham confiscated his shoes a second time and refused to contact the

medical department—even though he saw medical paperwork of Wingfield’s

amputation and his medical need for the shoes. This evinces indifference

toward Wingfield needing his shoes for general mobility. But to satisfy the

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subjective standard, an “official must both be aware of facts from which the

inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he

must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837 (emphasis added).

Wingfield again failed to plead what harm he experienced as a result or what

substantial risk of serious harm this situation created. That is not enough to

state a claim.

Finally, Wingfield alleges correctional officer Marshon denied

Wingfield access for thirty-eight days to an appointment at the limb clinic to

get his prosthesis altered. However, there is no evidence he suffered any

physical harm due to this delay of medical care. See Petzold v. Rostollan, 946

F.3d 242, 249 (5th Cir. 2019). Even inferring that he was less mobile without

the shoes, without more-detailed allegations of how this could have or did

increase his likelihood of harm, it is difficult to know what harm he could have

experienced—and whether it was “serious.”

Again, we construe Wingfield’s pleadings liberally. Even so, his

allegations—even if describing punishment some may colloquially call cruel

and unusual—do not show that the potential resulting harm was sufficiently

“serious” or “obvious.”

As Wingfield has failed to “allege facts that support the elements of

the cause of action in order to make out a valid claim,” Pilgrim’s Pride, 632

F.3d at 152–53, his claim was appropriately dismissed.

2

Wingfield also seeks compensation for his pain and suffering.

The Prison Litigation Reform Act provides that “[n]o federal civil

action may be brought by a prisoner . . . for mental or emotional injury

suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.” 42

U.S.C. 1997e(e). The “physical injury” required by § 1997(e) “must be more

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than de [minimis], but need not be significant.” Harper v. Showers, 174 F.3d

716, 719 (5th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).

Wingfield alleged that he suffered “grave psychological, emotional

and physical complexities.” This allegation of grave complexities is

conclusory and not acceptable. See Plotkin v. IP Axess Inc., 407 F.3d 690, 696

(5th Cir. 2005). Wingfield also alleges he suffered through discomfort due to

the delay of his appointment to the brace and limb clinic. But this allegation

lacks sufficient facts for us to draw an inference that the pain and discomfort

was more than de minimis. Cf. Siglar v. Hightower, 112 F.3d 191, 193 (5th Cir.

1997) (concluding that a sore, bruised ear lasting for three days was de

minimis). Accordingly, it was appropriate to dismiss his claims insofar as they

seek compensation for pain and suffering.

C

“The ADA is a federal anti-discrimination statute designed to

provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of

discrimination against individuals with disabilities.” Delano-Pyle v. Victoria

Cnty., 302 F.3d 567, 574 (5th Cir. 2002) (cleaned up). This protection

extends to state prisoners. See Pa. Dep’t of Corr. v. Yeskey, 524 U.S. 206, 209–

10 (1998).

A plaintiff states a claim under Title II of the ADA if he alleges “(1)

that he has a qualifying disability; (2) that he is being denied the benefits of

services, programs, or activities for which the public entity is responsible, or

is otherwise discriminated against by the public entity; and (3) that such

discrimination is by reason of his disability.” Hale, 642 F.3d at 499.

Plaintiffs can also bring a failure-to-accommodate claim. To succeed,

the plaintiff must prove that: (1) he is a qualified individual with a disability;

(2) the disability and its consequential limitations were known by the covered

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entity; and (3) the entity failed to make reasonable accommodations. Neely v.

PSEG Tex., Ltd. P’ship, 735 F.3d 242, 247 (5th Cir. 2013).

1

We start with the disability-discrimination claim. As a below-the-knee

amputee, Wingfield has a qualifying disability. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A)

(establishing that a person is disabled if he has “a physical or mental

impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities”).

We are not convinced Wingfield has sufficiently alleged he was denied

the benefits of services, programs, or activities. Though he missed some

meals, it is unclear how many. Similarly, his medical care was delayed, not

denied. Cf. Georgia, 546 U.S. at 881 (“[I]t is quite plausible that the alleged

deliberate refusal of prison officials to accommodate [plaintiffs’] disability-

related needs in such fundamentals as mobility . . . constituted ‘exclu[sion]

from participation in or . . . deni[al of] the benefits of’ the prison’s ‘services,

programs, or activities.’” (third and fourth edits in original) (quoting 42

U.S.C. § 12132)).

However, Wingfield’s discrimination claim falters because he fails to

sufficiently allege that the correctional officers chose to deny him his shoes

“by reason of his disability.” Instead, it seems to be indiscriminate, run-of-

the-mill bullying by correctional officers asserting power over an inmate—

disabled or not.

Even assuming this amounts to deliberate indifference once Wingfield

had explained his medical needs and an officer had seen medical

documentation, it is still not enough. “Unlike other circuits, we have not held

that deliberate indifference suffices.” Smith v. Harris Cnty., 956 F.3d 311, 318

(5th Cir. 2020) (citing S.H. ex rel. Durrell v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 729 F.3d

248, 262–63 (3d Cir. 2013) (collecting, and agreeing with, cases from five

other circuits)). In our circuit, “[a] plaintiff can recover money damages only

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if he proves the defendant committed a violation of the ADA . . . and that the

discrimination was intentional.” Miraglia v. Bd. of Supervisors of La. State

Museum, 901 F.3d 565, 574 (5th Cir. 2018). Therefore, given a lack of

evidence that any alleged discrimination was intended to discriminate against

him because of his disability, we are constrained by precedent to deny his

requested relief: money damages on a disability-discrimination claim.

2

Next, his failure-to-accommodate claim. As stated, Wingfield is a

qualified individual with a disability because he is an amputee.

As noted above, it is unclear if the correctional officers originally

understood the limitations that not having his shoes would impose on

Wingfield given his disability. However, Wingfield has alleged that

Cunningham re-confiscated his shoes and refused to contact the medical

department—even though he saw medical paperwork of Wingfield’s

amputation and his medical need for the shoes. To the extent that the first

incidents may not fall under the reach of the ADA, this one may because at

that point we can reasonably infer that Cunningham knew that Wingfield’s

disability limited his mobility creating a medical need for his shoes.

Finally, Wingfield has alleged that though letting him keep his

sneakers or returning them requires minimal effort, the prison ignored his

complaint and refused despite his medical need. Cf. Gobert v. Caldwell, 463

F.3d 339, 346 (5th Cir. 2006) (“A showing of deliberate indifference requires

the prisoner to submit evidence that prison officials ‘refused to treat him,

ignored his complaints, intentionally treated him incorrectly, or engaged in

any similar conduct that would clearly evince a wanton disregard for any

serious medical needs.’” (quoting Domino v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Just., 239

F.3d 752, 756 (5th Cir. 2001)). However, it is unclear that the prison and its

staff’s actions denied Wingfield “meaningful access to the benefit[s] that the

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[prison] offers.” Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 301 (1985) (emphasis

added). Yes, he missed meals, but it is unclear how many or precisely why,

and though his visit to the brace and limb clinic was delayed, he eventually

visited the clinic.

Regardless, in this circuit, “[e]ven when plaintiffs successfully prove

a disability-discrimination or a failure-to-accommodate claim, they ‘may only

recover compensatory damages upon a showing of intentional

discrimination.’” Smith, 956 F.3d at 318 (quoting Delano-Pyle, 302 F.3d at

574; and citing Miraglia, 901 F.3d at 574). Again, absent any evidence that

the officers acted with intent to discriminate, we are constrained by our

precedent to deny Wingfield’s sought-after relief: damages based on a failure-

to-accommodate claim.

* * *

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal

of all claims.

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