The opinion
RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 25a0077p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
┐
MARINA DEBITY,
│
Plaintiff-Appellant, │
> No. 24-5137
│
v. │
│
MONROE COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, │
Defendant-Appellee. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Knoxville.
No. 3:22-cv-00006—Jill E. McCook, Magistrate Judge.
Argued: October 31, 2024
Decided and Filed: April 2, 2025
Before: GRIFFIN, KETHLEDGE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Jesse D. Nelson, NELSON LAW GROUP, PLLC, Knoxville, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Arthur F. Knight, III, TAYLOR &KNIGHT, GP, Knoxville, Tennessee, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jesse D. Nelson, NELSON LAW GROUP, PLLC, Knoxville,
Tennessee, for Appellant. Arthur F. Knight, III, TAYLOR &KNIGHT, GP, Knoxville,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
BUSH, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which KETHLEDGE, J., concurred, and
GRIFFIN, J., concurred in the judgment. GRIFFIN, J. (pp. 21–25), delivered a separate
concurring opinion.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 2
_________________
OPINION
_________________
JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Marina Debity brought claims against the Monroe
County Board of Education for sex discrimination and retaliation in violation of the Equal Pay
Act (EPA), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), and the Tennessee Human
Rights Act (THRA). Debity alleges that the Board offered her a lower salary than it had paid
Matthew Ancel for the same job two years earlier. According to Debity, when she asked for the
same salary as Ancel, the Board withdrew her job offer in retaliation.
A jury found that the Board did offer Debity less money for equal work, but for
legitimate reasons having nothing to do with her sex. It also found that the Board did not
retaliate against Debity. Based on these findings, she had no claim to damages. Nevertheless,
the jury awarded Debity slightly more than $195,000, likely because of poor instructions on the
verdict form. The magistrate judge, presiding with the parties’ consent, noticed the
inconsistency between the damage award and the jury’s finding of no liability but nonetheless
dismissed the jurors without allowing the parties to object.
On appeal, we face two questions. The first is what type of verdicts the jury returned.
The second is whether the Board’s affirmative defense, that it offered Debity less money for a
reason other than sex, survives a motion for judgment as a matter of law.
We conclude that the magistrate judge presented the jury with a general verdict on the
retaliation claims and a general verdict with interrogatories on the discrimination claims. We
also conclude that the jury’s answers to the interrogatories on the discrimination claims are
consistent with each other but inconsistent with the general verdict. Though we reject the
magistrate judge’s classification of these verdicts as special verdicts, the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure still permit the magistrate judge’s chosen course (entering judgment based on the
interrogatories) under the correct classification, so we affirm it.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 3
As for the Board’s affirmative defense to the discrimination claims, we hold that two
reasons in this case—(1) budget constraints and (2) market forces of supply and demand—each
provide an independent basis to uphold the jury’s verdict. Both are legitimate business
explanations for offering one employee less salary than another for the same position. And both
rationales have sufficient evidence in the record for a reasonable juror to find that those reasons,
not Debity’s sex, are why the Board offered her less money.
We therefore affirm the judgment below.
I.
A. Facts of the Case
Marina Debity was a longtime, tenured education provider in the Monroe County school
district. She worked as a special education teacher starting in 2008 and later transitioned into a
case manager role. In 2018, she entered a postgraduate program to become a school
psychologist while continuing to work full-time for Monroe County. In 2020, as part of her
postgraduate program, Debity interned for the district, a typical career path for school
psychologists there. Upon graduation, however, she learned from Trey Ferguson, Monroe
County’s Executive Director of Exceptional Education, that the district already had its four full-
time psychologist roles filled. Nonetheless, Ferguson told Debity that he would try to find room
in the budget to add a fifth position. He accomplished this, so on April 22, 2021, Debity applied
for the new school psychologist position.
The Board uses a step system for paying school psychologists. Those with more years of
experience are paid at a higher step, which equates to a higher salary. But candidates can
negotiate the step at which they start.
That is what Matthew Ancel did. He was the only man that Ferguson could remember
who had ever applied for a school psychologist position. Ferguson hired Ancel for the job in
2019, offering him a Step 5 salary, commensurate with his five years of experience working in a
different capacity in the district. Like Debity, Ancel applied to join Monroe County after
completing an internship there. And like Debity, he had no other experience as a school
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 4
psychologist. Ferguson believed, but could not confirm, that Ancel received his Step 5 salary
through negotiation after the district had offered a lower amount. On appeal, Debity presents
nothing in the record that suggests otherwise.
According to Ferguson, the hiring environment changed significantly from 2019 to 2021,
when Debity applied. Ferguson testified that, in 2019, the Board was “desperate” to hire a
school psychologist. Trial Proceedings Vol I, R. 77, PageID 1110. The district needed four
psychologists to meet students’ needs. Of the four on staff in 2019, one had announced he would
retire, and the other had dropped to part-time to pursue a doctorate degree. According to
Ferguson, these developments put the Board in a position where it had to yield to Ancel’s salary
demands at a time when the district had the funding available to do so. By contrast, in 2021, the
district already had four full-time psychologists on staff. Ferguson testified it was all he could
do to squeeze $60,000 out of the annual budget to create the fifth psychologist position for which
Debity applied.
On May 13, 2021, Ferguson offered her that new job, but they failed to agree on the
salary. On May 24, Debity told Ferguson that she had received offers from Meigs County and
Blount County of $66,000 and $64,000, respectively. On May 25, Debity asked Dr. Kristi
Windsor, Ferguson’s supervisor, for a Step 5 salary, noting that it was the pay level where Ancel
had started with his five years of experience in a capacity outside psychology. Debity also noted
that she had thirteen years of non-psychology experience, so she should be paid at least as much
as Ancel. But her arguments did not persuade. On May 26, Dr. Windsor made Debity her final
offer: a Step 3 salary of $61,077.56—higher than the $60,000 Ferguson had budgeted for, but
less than what Debity would accept.
Ferguson testified that not only did he struggle to find $60,000 in the budget to hire a
fifth psychologist, but he also fought for the Board’s approval of the Step 3 salary offer because
he wanted very much to hire Debity. Ferguson budgeted for the fifth school psychologist
position in part by replacing a retiring special education teacher at Coker Creek Elementary
School with a lower-paid teaching assistant. He testified that sometime in the middle of the
negotiations with Debity, Dr. Windsor informed him that the Board demanded he fill the Coker
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 5
Creek position with a full-time teacher. This development meant he could no longer afford
Debity’s position.
By May 28, two days after Dr. Windsor gave her ultimatum, Debity had accepted the
$64,000 offer from Blount County, which credited all thirteen years of her prior experience. The
job posting for a school psychologist was removed from Monroe County’s website on June 4,
and a position for a full-time teacher at Coker Creek was posted on July 9.
B. Procedural History
Debity sued the Board in the Eastern District of Tennessee on January 5, 2022. The
Board moved for summary judgment, which the magistrate judge denied on March 8, 2023.
The trial started on May 22. On the third day of the trial, the magistrate judge held a
charge conference with counsel. They discussed the jury instructions at length, but not a word
was spent on the verdict form. The jury instructions did not give the jurors detailed guidance for
filling out the verdict form. The magistrate judge submitted the case to the jury that afternoon.
Debity claims on appeal, and the Board does not rebut, that the magistrate judge
submitted the verdict form to the jury without showing the final version, formulated by the
magistrate judge, to counsel first. This matters because, on April 3, about seven weeks before
trial, Debity had filed a stipulated verdict form. The magistrate judge’s verdict form differs from
the stipulated version in a salient way. The line of the magistrate judge’s form that says, “[i]f
you answer ‘No’ to Question 1(a) and Question (2), you do not need to answer Question 3”
replaced a line in the stipulated verdict form that said, “[i]f your verdict is for the Defendant, you
do not need to answer question [3].” R. 49, PageID 301. The magistrate judge’s version of the
form had the potential to confuse jurors—it did not tell them what to do about Question 3 if they
answered “yes” to both Questions 1(a) and 1(b). And the parties had no opportunity to object.
Printed below is the text of the verdict form as used at trial and completed by the jurors.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 6
1. Discrimination in violation of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and the
Tennessee Human Rights Act:
a. Did the Plaintiff prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the Defendant used a
lower wage scale for setting a wage than the wage of a male and the jobs at issue
involved substantially equal skill, effort, and responsibility?
✓ Yes No
If yes, go to section b. If no, skip section b and proceed to Question 2.
b. Did the Defendant prove by a preponderance of the evidence that any pay disparity
was due to a factor other than sex that was specifically chosen for a legitimate
purpose?
✓ Yes No
2. Retaliation in violation of the Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and the
Tennessee Human Rights Act:
a. Did the plaintiff prove by a preponderance of the evidence that she engaged in legally
protected activity for which the Defendant took a materially adverse employment
action against her?
Yes ✓ No
If you answer “No” to Question 1(a) and Question (2), you do not need to answer
Question 3.
3. If your verdict is for the plaintiff on either her discrimination or her retaliation claim, what is
the amount of damages to allow for each of the following categories:
Compensatory damages: $ 5,875
Economic losses (back pay): $ 50,000
Future losses (front pay): $ 139,171.59
The jury returned this verdict the day after receiving the form. The foreperson handed
the verdict form to the magistrate judge, who asked the clerk to read it aloud. But before the
clerk could do so, the magistrate judge asked the clerk to stop and called for a five-minute,
unexplained recess.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 7
About twenty minutes later, the magistrate judge called the court back into session. The
magistrate judge then returned the verdict form to the clerk, who finally read it aloud. Without
talking to counsel, the magistrate judge polled the jury. After every member of the jury had
raised his or her hand, the magistrate judge thanked the jurors for their service and dismissed
them. The jurors had checked “yes” in boxes 1(a) and 1(b), “no” in box 2(a), and awarded
compensatory damages of $5,875; economic losses of $50,000; and future losses of $139,171.50.
That totals to $195,046.50.
It was at this point, after the jurors were dismissed, that the magistrate judge addressed
the parties for the first time since exiting recess. “So, the parties may now understand why I took
a break to take a look at the verdict form,” the court said. Trial Proceedings Vol IV, R. 70,
PageID 948. The court then explained the apparent inconsistency in the jury’s verdict. When
the court asked the parties to respond, Debity’s counsel objected. This objection was timely
under Rule 51(c)(2)(B) because Debity could not have known that the court gave the jury a
verdict form that differed from the stipulated one.
On June 13, Debity timely filed motions for judgment as a matter of law and for a new
trial due to the inconsistent verdict. The magistrate judge denied these motions. Of particular
importance, the court held that all the questions on the verdict form were special verdicts. See
Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., No. 3:22-CV-6-JEM, 2024 WL 2703758, at *2 (E.D. Tenn.
Jan. 26, 2024). Pursuant to Rule 49(a), the court reconciled the verdicts by throwing out the
award of damages and finding for the Board on all the claims. See id. at *3.
On appeal, Debity asks for a new trial under Rule 49(b)(4), asserting that the verdict form
is a general verdict with interrogatories where the interrogatories are inconsistent with each other
and with the general verdict. Debity also moves for judgment as a matter of law on the Board’s
affirmative defense, which applies to the discrimination claims only.
II.
We review motions for a new trial under an abuse of discretion standard, with underlying
legal questions reviewed de novo. See Pittington v. Great Smoky Mountain Lumberjack Feud,
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 8
LLC, 880 F.3d 791, 798–99 (6th Cir. 2018). Classifying a verdict is a legal question, so we
review de novo the magistrate judge’s finding that it asked the jury for special verdicts only.
Delaware & Hudson Ry. Co., Inc. v. Knoedler Mfrs., Inc., 805 F. App’x 149, 152 n.3 (3d Cir.
2020). The understanding at trial of the judge or the parties may provide evidence of a verdict’s
classification, but it is not dispositive. See Lavoie v. Pac. Press & Shear Co., 975 F.2d 48, 54
(2d Cir. 1992) (holding the verdict to be a different classification than that labeled on the verdict
form, and collecting cases); contra Floyd v. Laws, 929 F.2d 1390, 1396 (9th Cir. 1991) (“[T]he
interrogatories . . . constituted a special verdict, simply because that is what the trial court
declared them to be.”).
We review motions for judgment as a matter of law de novo. See Nolfi v. Ohio Ky. Oil
Corp., 675 F.3d 538, 545 (6th Cir. 2012). We view all evidence in a light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, affording them all reasonable inferences. See id.
III.
Here is the problem. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure intuit three types of verdicts:
general verdicts, special verdicts, and general verdicts with interrogatories. Each iteration gives
the judge distinct responsibilities. The magistrate judge ruled that she presented only special
verdicts to the jury. If so, then the court had discretion to reconcile inconsistent verdicts per
Rule 49(a). Debity argues the verdicts fall under Rule 49(b)(4)—general verdicts with
interrogatories where the interrogatories conflict with each other and with the general verdict. If
Debity is correct, the magistrate judge had no discretion to reconcile inconsistencies and should
have ordered a new trial. Therefore, it matters how we classify the verdicts.
General verdicts “simply ask the jury” to say who wins, and if it’s the plaintiff, to say
how much she gets. Turyna v. Martam Constr. Co., Inc., 83 F.3d 178, 181 (7th Cir. 1996); 3
William Blackstone, Commentaries *377 (“in which they openly declare to have found the issue
for the plaintiff, or for the defendant; and if for the plaintiff, they assess the damages”). Who
wins can be specific to each claim; a general verdict need not proclaim whether the defendant
has any liability at all. “The key is not the number of questions on the verdict form, but whether
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 9
the jury announces the ultimate legal result of each claim.” Zhang v. Am. Gem Seafoods, Inc.,
339 F.3d 1020, 1031 (9th Cir. 2003).
Special verdicts ask the jury for “special written finding[s] on each issue of fact”
submitted to it. Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a); 3 William Blackstone, Commentaries *377 (“herein they
state the naked facts, as they find them to be proven, and pray the advice of the court thereon”).1
If the court asks the jury for special verdicts, then it becomes the role of the court to decide
whether there is liability, which it does by applying the law to the jury’s factual findings.
Portage II v. Bryant Petroleum Corp., 899 F.2d 1514, 1520 (6th Cir. 1990).
Special verdicts can cover a wide range of jury questions. When the Rules were
promulgated in 1938, “issue of fact” was a term of art with a broad meaning. See Robert
Dudnik, Special Verdicts: Rule 49 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 74 Yale L.J. 483, 484
n.2 (1965). Scholars of that era discussed two categories of fact that a court could ask a jury to
find: evidentiary and ultimate facts. See Edson R. Sunderland, Verdicts General and Special,
29 Yale L.J. 253, 261 (1920). Questions of evidentiary fact were what we today would consider
the purest questions of fact, like whether a driver ran a red light or wore a seatbelt. Dudnik,
supra, at 484 n.2. Questions of ultimate fact asked the jury to combine evidentiary facts and then
apply a legal norm. See id at 493 n.45 (“legal definitions . . . must be applied to the evidentiary
facts in order to derive the ultimate facts”). For example, issues like waiver, proximate cause,
last clear chance, and undue influence were thought to be ultimate facts. See id. at 493; Abner
Eddins Lipscomb, Special Verdicts under the Federal Rules, 25 Wash. U. L. Q. 185, 199 (1940);
see also Bills v. Aseltine, 52 F.3d 596, 605 (6th Cir. 1995) (discussing interrogatories on
reasonableness, good faith, and proximate cause). Scholars of that era believed these mixed
issues of fact and law were fit to be called issues of fact even though they required the jury to
apply law. See Lipscomb, supra, at 195; Sunderland, supra, at 266; Dudnik, supra, at 494.
Questions of ultimate fact differ from general verdicts because the court still must apply
additional law to the jury’s findings to determine liability. See Portage II, 899 F.2d at 1520
1
“Although the amount of damages is an issue of fact, this fact is specifically determined by the jury even
under a general verdict form. Asking only this question cannot transform a general verdict into one under Rule
49(b) [that is, a general verdict with interrogatories].” Turyna, 83 F.3d at 182.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 10
(“under the special verdict system, the jury makes formal findings on issues of ultimate fact and
the court applies the law”). In contrast, when a court asks for a general verdict (with or without
interrogatories), it leaves the question of liability to the jury. Rule 49 highlights this
distinction: Rule 49(a) discusses the court rendering “its judgment,” evincing its independent
role after requesting a special verdict, while Rule 49(b) says the court “must approve . . . an
appropriate judgment on the verdict and answers,” evincing its lack of independence after
requesting a general verdict.
To see this distinction in action, imagine a negligence suit where the parties have
stipulated to every issue except proximate cause. The court would instruct the jury on the legal
meaning of proximate cause and ask it to decide only that question based on the facts adduced at
trial. This would be a special verdict because the jury was not asked to decide the negligence
claim in whole. Indeed, the jury could not decide liability in whole because it would not know
that negligence also requires a duty and a breach of that duty. The court would have to make that
decision for itself based on the stipulated facts. What matters is whether the jury decided
liability in whole—a single discrete issue cannot form the basis for a general verdict, even if that
issue is dispositive to the liability analysis.
A general verdict with interrogatories combines a general verdict with factual questions
that would, standing alone, be special verdicts. Indeed, we can see Rule 49(b) interrogatories are
equivalent to special verdicts because the text of the Rules limits both to “issues of fact.”
Compare Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a)(1), with Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(b)(1). The only difference is how we
name them. If a court asks for a general verdict, then any factual question is an interrogatory. If
it does not, then any factual question is a special verdict. Adding interrogatories to a general
verdict helps a jury “give close attention to certain factual matters,” Bills, 52 F.3d at 605, and
“serve[s] to check the propriety of the general verdict” through the safeguards Rule 49(b)
provides, Portage II, 899 F.2d at 1520.
In sum, a court asks for a general verdict when it asks the jury to declare the ultimate
result of a claim. Examples include “Title VII violation: for plaintiff/defendant” and “Did the
defendant violate Title VII? Yes/No”. A court asks a jury to find a special verdict or
interrogatory in scenarios short of that, like when the court poses questions of evidentiary or
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 11
ultimate fact. And when a judge asks for a general verdict and answers to questions, we call
these questions interrogatories. When the judge only asks for answers to questions, we call them
special verdicts.
A. Whether a General Verdict is Present
We now address whether the magistrate judge called for a general verdict on each of
discrimination and retaliation. We hold that she did for both.
The jury instructions provide the best evidence. We “evaluate the verdict form in the
context of the instructions as a whole” because the jury instructions are the “user manual” for the
verdict form. Moody v. United States, 958 F.3d 485, 491 (6th Cir. 2020). “In other words, we
must determine whether the instructions and the verdict sheet required the jury to make a finding
on the ultimate question of liability.” Knoedler, 805 F. App’x at 153.
The jury instructions here were written to be paired with general verdicts. In multiple
places they ask the jury to find for the plaintiff or defendant, evincing that the court wanted the
jury to make the final call on liability, not reserve that decision for itself. Cf. Turyna, 83 F.3d at
181. For example, the instructions tell the jury “[y]ou must decide for yourselves if plaintiff has
proven her claims,” Trial Proceedings Vol III, R. 79 at PageID 1634, and that “your second duty
is to take the law that I give you, apply it to the facts, and decide if plaintiff has proven her
claims,” id. at PageID 1609. The instructions also tell the jury that it must consider the question
of damages “if you return a verdict in the plaintiff’s favor.” Id. at PageID 1626.
The verdict form itself also has indicia of general verdicts. Question 3 asks the jury to
award damages, “[i]f your verdict is for the Plaintiff on either her discrimination or her
retaliation claim.” That sentence is exactly what one would expect to see on a general verdict
form. Indeed, the Third Circuit has held that a damages question phrased this way suffices to
show a general verdict because it shows that an award of damages depends on a finding of
ultimate liability. Stanton by Brooks v. Astra Pharm. Prods., Inc., 718 F.2d 553, 574 (3d Cir.
1983) (holding the following standalone question to be a general verdict: “If you determine that
any of the defendants are liable in damages to plaintiff, what compensatory damages do you
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 12
award?”). It has also found a general verdict when a district court asked the jury to apportion
damages between parties:
Implicit in the apportionment of fault . . . is a liability finding, the ultimate
question here. In other words, the jury necessarily decided the ultimate question
of liability on the . . . claim in apportioning liability for it.
Knoedler, 805 F. App’x at 153 (emphasis in original); see also Team Contractors, LLC v.
Waypoint Nola, LLC, 976 F.3d 509, 520–21 (5th Cir. 2020) (finding a general verdict when the
jury was asked to “fully explain[] who prevails on all claims” even though there was not a
specific general verdict question).
We respectfully part ways with the concurrence’s conclusion that the jury rendered
special verdicts. Contrary to what the concurrence implies, a verdict form need not explicitly
state that it is a general verdict to be properly characterized as such. See Jarvis v. Ford Motor
Co., 283 F.3d 33, 56 (2d Cir. 2002) (“where a jury is instructed to apply legal principles and
assign liability, the answers to the questions submitted to the jury are not special verdicts, despite
the use of those words in the title appended to the form” (quotation omitted)). The relevant
question is what type of verdict the jury returned. Both the jury instructions and the verdict form
can help answer that question. See, e.g., Portage II, 899 F.2d at 1521 (appeals court using the
jury instructions to help classify the verdict); Bills, 52 F.3d at 605 (same); see also Slaughter v.
Parker, 450 F.3d 224, 241 (6th Cir. 2006) (considering instructions to determine whether verdict
form contained error); Armisted v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 989, 997 (6th Cir.
2012) (same). And the concurrence cites no authority to the contrary. We believe the jury
instructions illustrate what the verdict form struggles to say clearly: the magistrate judge asked
the jury to return general verdicts.
For its part, the Board relies heavily on Freeman v. Chicago Park District, 189 F.3d 613
(7th Cir. 1999) to support its claim that the questions here are special verdicts. The Freeman
court faced a special verdict form where the jury had awarded damages despite answering the
other special verdicts in a way that precluded a finding of liability. Id. at 615. The panel held
that in the context of special verdicts, courts should only view a jury’s finding of damages as a
determination of “the loss suffered by the plaintiff.” Id. at 616. In that context, the Freeman
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 13
court held it to be the judge’s job to apply the law to the facts and determine whether this loss is
actionable. Id.
Freeman does not help us because it addressed how to reconcile inconsistent special
verdicts, not how to classify verdicts in the first instance. Indeed, the Freeman court assumed
that the questions were special verdicts. Id. at 614. It would be unwise to try to reconstruct how
the Freeman court arrived at its assumption with only the information provided in the opinion.
The court did not discuss the jury instructions—it only reprinted the verdict form. Also, the
verdict form did not suggest that the damages award depended on a finding in the plaintiff’s
favor, as is the case here. Finally, even if the Freeman court would approve of the magistrate
judge’s course of action below, it would not answer the antecedent question of whether the
verdicts returned were special verdicts.
B. Classifying the Discrimination Questions
Because we hold that the district court asked the jury for general verdicts on both the
discrimination and retaliation claims, we now analyze whether the court asked for general
verdicts only or general verdicts with interrogatories per Rule 49(b) for each of discrimination
and retaliation.
We take the discrimination questions first. Questions 1(a) and 1(b) are questions of
ultimate fact because each question on its own is insufficient to “fully resolve[]” Debity’s
discrimination claim. Team Contractors, 976 F.3d at 520. Question 1(a) cannot stand alone
because finding that Debity met her burden could not create liability without knowing whether
the Board failed to prove its affirmative defense. And while, as here, a finding that the Board
succeeded on its affirmative defense would be dispositive, that would not be true if the jury
found the other way, so Question 1(b) does not stand alone either. Therefore, these questions
can only be special verdicts or interrogatories. And because there is a general verdict, these
questions must be interrogatories per Rule 49(b).
We now turn to the apparent inconsistency in the interrogatories. It is obvious that the
general verdict conflicts with the interrogatories. By awarding damages, the jury found in
Debity’s favor on its general verdict. Cf. Stanton by Brooks, 718 F.2d at 574. Yet, it also found
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 14
that the Board proved its affirmative defense. This is an irreconcilable inconsistency because, as
a matter of law, the jury cannot find that the Board proved its affirmative defense but is liable
nonetheless. Our duty is to reconcile the jury’s findings when possible, not to choose between
them. See Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa. v. B. Cianciolo, Inc., 987 F.2d 1302, 1305 (7th Cir.
1993) (“there is no priority among inconsistent verdicts—the judge may not assume that the first
answer is the ‘authentic’ one with which later answers must be reconciled”).
Debity argues that the jury’s responses to the discrimination questions fall under Rule
49(b)(4) because the interrogatories conflict with each other and with the general verdict. But
the interrogatories are not inconsistent with each other. It is plainly consistent for the jury to find
that Debity proved a pay disparity, but that the Board proved there was a legitimate purpose.
None of the caselaw Debity cites suggests otherwise. We therefore hold that the interrogatories
for the discrimination claims are inconsistent with the general verdict, but not with each other.
As a result, the discrimination claims fall under Rule 49(b)(3). According to this
subsection, a court may either (1) enter judgment based on the answers to the questions
notwithstanding the general verdict, (2) direct the jury to continue deliberating, or (3) order a
new trial. The second option is unavailable at this point. The Rules do not make clear whether it
would be proper for us to remand the choice between the remaining two options to the magistrate
judge or whether we can make the decision ourselves.
Fortunately, we need not answer the question. When the magistrate judge erroneously
classified these verdicts as special verdicts, she entered judgment based on the answers to
Questions 1(a) and 1(b), in effect ignoring the jury’s answer to Question 3. Based on how we
have classified the questions on the verdict form, this is exactly what the magistrate judge would
do if she were entering judgment based on the answers in accordance with Rule 49(b)(3)(A). We
have no trouble holding that remand is unnecessary because it is clear that the magistrate judge
would enter judgment based on the answers to Questions 1(a) and 1(b) notwithstanding the
general verdict as reflected in Question 3. Therefore, despite classifying these verdicts
differently than the magistrate judge did, we can nevertheless affirm the judgment on the
discrimination claims.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 15
C. Classifying the Retaliation Question
We now address whether Question 2(a) is an interrogatory or part of a general verdict
together with Question 3. We hold that it is part of the general verdict because, taking its text
and relevant jury instructions together, the question asks the jury to declare the winner of the
claim in whole.
Considered on its own, the verdict form gives conflicting signals. On the one hand,
Question 2(a) appears to collect many facts that the jury needs to consider into one question of
ultimate fact. See Dudnik, supra, at 502–3. Nor is there any explicit question on the verdict
form asking the jury to rule for either party on this claim. On the other hand, the preface to
Question 2(a) says the question is about violating the statutes through retaliation. Further, it
makes sense for the only question under the retaliation subheading to be a general verdict on that
claim. And, as discussed previously, the court premises an answer to Question 3 on a finding of
liability.
Once one considers the jury instructions, it becomes clear again that the court asked for a
general verdict. The magistrate judge instructed the jury to determine “whether plaintiff has
established her retaliation claim.” Trial Proceedings Vol. III, R. 79, PageID 1611. The
magistrate judge also instructed the jury on the three “elements” required “to establish the claim
of unlawful retaliation.” Id. at PageID 1625. The court roughly incorporated all these elements
into the question on the verdict form. While the question appears at first light to be written as a
question of ultimate fact, it merely restates the court’s definition of retaliation from the jury
instructions. Properly understood, this question asks the jury to decide the retaliation question in
whole—the mark of a general verdict.
One might respond that the court asked the question in a factual manner instead of plainly
asking for a general verdict. But the factual framing of the question does not compel a contrary
outcome: the court probably framed the question this way to remind the jury of what it must
consider when deciding the entirety of the claim, not to reserve for the court the job of applying
the law to the facts. Cf. Bills, 52 F.3d at 605 (“The verdict form served only to direct the jury’s
attention to the most important issues[.]”). And even if that is not in fact the case, it should make
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 16
no difference that the court modified a general verdict question, like “do you find for plaintiff on
the claim of retaliation,” to sound slightly closer to a question of fact, like “do you find that the
plaintiff proved all the elements of retaliation.” See Workman v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 165 F.3d 460,
465 n.2 (6th Cir. 1999) (Parties agreed the following question asked for a general verdict “Did
the defendant discriminate against the plaintiff by terminating her on the basis of her disability,
in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act?”). When “the answers to written questions
require jurors to apply the instructed law to their fact-findings, thereby fully explaining who
prevails,” there is a general verdict. Team Contractors, 976 F.3d at 520 (emphasis added).
Having found that Question 3 and Question 2(a) form a general verdict, we hold that the
verdict is a consistent one in favor of the Board.
We conclude also that when the jury awarded damages in Question 3, it did so only for
the discrimination claims. One might ask whether we should interpret the jury’s award of
damages to be at least partially for retaliation. That would create an irreconcilable contradiction
where the jury finds no liability but awards damages. See Turyna, 83 F.3d at 181 (“It would do
just as much violence to the jury's factual findings to give primacy to its answer on the liability
issue, ignoring its response on damages, as it would to do the reverse.”). We reject such a
reading because it is our duty, where possible, to interpret the jury’s responses as harmonious.
Cf. Gallick v. Baltimore & Ohio Ry. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 119 (1963) (In the context of
interrogatories, “it is the duty of the courts to attempt to harmonize the answers, if it is possible
under a fair reading of them[.]”); see also B. Cianciolo, 987 F.2d at 1306 (“[W]e should do what
we can to save the verdict against the specter of inconsistency.”). Because the jury did not state
its basis for damages, we may infer one that is harmonious with the other answers on the verdict
form.
IV.
Debity also moves for judgment as a matter of law on the question of whether the Board
made a successful affirmative defense to the discrimination claims. In this posture, we are “not
free to reweigh the evidence and set aside the jury verdict merely because the jury could have
drawn different inferences.” Tennant v. Peoria & P. U. Ry. Co., 321 U.S. 29, 35 (1944). If “a
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 17
reasonable juror could reach the challenged verdict,” we will not disturb it. Barnes v. Owens-
Corning Fiberglas Corp., 201 F.3d 815, 821 (6th Cir. 2000). We affirm the magistrate judge’s
denial of the motion because a reasonable juror could find that the Board offered Debity a lower
salary than Ancel’s for a reason other than sex.
The EPA prohibits paying employees of one sex lower wages than are paid to the
opposite sex for equal work. See 29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1). There is a catch-all exception: when the
pay differential is due to a factor “other than sex.” Id. This “does not include literally any other
factor, but a factor that, at a minimum, was adopted for a legitimate business reason.” E.E.O.C.
v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 843 F.2d 249, 253 (6th Cir. 1988). In this respect, Title VII and the
THRA work the same as the EPA. See Briggs v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 11 F.4th 498, 508 (6th Cir.
2021) (Title VII); Kirkland v. City of Maryville, 54 F.4th 901, 910 (6th Cir. 2022) (THRA).
In his testimony, Ferguson pointed to two reasons for offering Debity less than Ancel:
budget constraints and a different supply and demand for the times in which Debity and Ancel
applied for their jobs. Either of these is a legitimate business reason to offer Debity less than
Ancel. Therefore, either is sufficient to uphold the jury’s verdict.
A. Budget Constraints
We do not read the EPA to “preclude cost-savings as a legitimate business justification
for the [] government” “as long as it is not based upon the lesser cost of employing one sex
versus the other.” Lissak v. United States, 49 F. Cl. 281, 287 (2001). Consequently, we have
“no trouble concluding that an employer's desire to save money constitutes a legitimate business
related reason.” Id. If a reasonable juror could believe that the Board was “genuinely concerned
about the budget,” then their affirmative defense survives. Lauderdale v. Ill. Dep’t of Hum.
Servs., 876 F.3d 904, 909 (7th Cir. 2017).
Ferguson’s testimony meets this bar. Ferguson testified that he tried to find enough room
in the budget to hire Debity as a fifth psychologist but could not because it was a higher priority
to hire a full-time teacher at Coker Creek Elementary School. Even without the Coker Creek
issue, Ferguson testified that he still would not have had the money to pay Debity the higher
salary she requested (and later received from another county) because to even offer her a Step 3
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 18
salary stemmed from him “trying to give her everything we possibly could.” Trial Proceedings
Vol I, R. 77, PageID 1160.
Debity argues this does not matter because the Board could have taken unused funds
from elsewhere in the budget to pay Debity. However, even if “the [County] could have paid
[Debity] more . . . it is not the role of this court to determine how agencies should spend their
money, so long as they are not discriminating.” Lauderdale, 876 F.3d at 909. It is irrelevant
whether the Board’s budgeting decision was wise or even based on a correct understanding of
the facts. The EPA does not outlaw incompetence—it prohibits discrimination by sex. See
Timmer v. Mich. Dep’t of Com., 104 F.3d 833, 843–44 (6th Cir. 1997) (holding that an employer
can succeed on their affirmative defense even when a mistake caused the pay disparity).
B. Supply and Demand
“Unequal wages that reflect market conditions of supply and demand are not prohibited
by the EPA.” Stanley v. Univ. of S. Cal., 13 F.3d 1313, 1322 (9th Cir. 1994). Just because
relying on supply and demand “might lead to wage decisions based on factors unrelated to an
individual's qualifications for a particular job, such policies are not necessarily gender biased.”
Taylor v. White, 321 F.3d 710, 718 (8th Cir. 2003).
Take this case. Ferguson testified that when the school district hired Ancel, the Board
was desperate because one of their four psychologists announced his retirement, and another
moved to part-time. This “would have left [the Board] in a real bind.” Trial Proceedings Vol I,
R. 77, PageID 1110. According to Ferguson, “it was a hard-to-staff position. We had no
applicants for the position. We were in desperate need of a school psychologist at that time, and
so we hired Mr. Ancel based on whatever was negotiated.” Id. at PageID 1110–11.
In other words, Monroe County had a high demand for a psychologist in 2019 and a
supply of one person, Ancel, to fill it. A reasonable juror could believe that this put the Board in
a position where it needed to offer Ancel a higher salary than it would when there was a less
urgent need to hire a psychologist, like in 2021 when Debity applied.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 19
The reasoning here is like that in Horner v. Mary Institute, 613 F.2d 706 (8th Cir. 1980).
There, a headmaster wanted to hire a certain male teacher. The headmaster offered him the same
salary as the other teachers, but this teacher asked for more. The headmaster matched the
demand for a higher salary, which the court found justified because he was “the best person
available for the job and because a higher salary was necessary to hire him.” Id. at 714. The
male teacher in Horner is like Ancel. It was not discrimination against Debity or the other
female school psychologists to pay him more when that is what supply and demand in 2019
required.
When Debity applied, in contrast, Monroe County “was already fully staffed with
psychologists,” according to Ferguson. Trial Proceedings Vol I, R. 77, PageID 1160. There
were already four full-time psychologists on staff and the Board had never hired five before. It
would be reasonable for a juror to conclude that Monroe County had a low demand for
psychologists in 2021 with the same supply, one person, to fill the opening. Therefore, a
reasonable juror could believe that market forces of supply and demand caused Debity’s lower
offer, not her sex.
Now, to be clear, an employer may not use supply and demand as an excuse to
discriminate generally by sex just because there are more people from a certain sex applying for
a given job. See Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 417 U.S. 188, 205 (1974) (rejecting an
affirmative defense when the “differential arose simply because men would not work at the low
rates paid women . . . and it reflected a job market in which Corning could pay women less than
men”). But by Ferguson’s account, this sort of generalized discrimination is not what happened
here. He would have treated a woman applying in 2019 as he treated Ancel and a man applying
in 2021 as he treated Debity. Whether to believe Ferguson is a matter for the jury, not this court.
V.
In sum, the magistrate judge presented the discrimination claims to the jury as a Rule
49(b) general verdict with interrogatories and the retaliation claims as a general verdict. Because
the jury found for the Board on the retaliation claims, we AFFIRM the judgment on those
claims. We AFFIRM the judgment on the discrimination claims on alternative grounds. The
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 20
jury returned general verdicts inconsistent with the interrogatories, not special verdicts, but the
magistrate judge, perhaps unwittingly, entered judgment within her discretion under Rule
49(b)(3)(A). We also AFFIRM the magistrate judge’s denial of Debity’s motion for judgment
as a matter of law on the discrimination claims.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 21
____________________________________
CONCURRING IN THE JUDGMENT
____________________________________
GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment.
I would affirm the judgment in favor of the Board, not because the jury rendered a
general verdict that was inconsistent with interrogatories as the majority holds, but because the
magistrate judge appropriately reconciled the jury’s special verdicts under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 49(a). I therefore concur in the judgment only.1
There are three types of verdicts: special, general, and general with interrogatories. The
first is one that requires “a special written finding on each issue of fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
49(a)(1). Special verdicts occur “where the jury finds only issues of fact and the court applies
the law.” Bills v. Aseltine, 52 F.3d 596, 605 (6th Cir. 1995); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a)(3).
Conversely, a general verdict simply asks the jury to determine ultimate liability without
specific factual findings. See, e.g., Bah. Agric. Indus. Ltd. v. Riley Stoker Corp., 526 F.2d 1174,
1181 n.1 (6th Cir. 1975) (“The general verdict reads as follows: Verdict. We, the Jury, . . . find
for the Plaintiff in the sum of $725,895.00 . . . .”); Workman v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 165 F.3d 460,
465 n.2 (6th Cir. 1999) (classifying verdict as a general verdict where jury had to mark “yes or
no” to the sole question: “Did the defendant discriminate against the plaintiff by terminating her
on the basis of her disability, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act?”).
A hybrid between the two is a general verdict with interrogatories, which consists of a
general verdict accompanied by factual questions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(b); see also Sakamoto
v. N.A.B. Trucking Co., 717 F.2d 1000, 1003 n.3 (6th Cir. 1983). This type of verdict “is used to
give close attention to certain factual matters,” Bills, 52 F.3d at 605, and “check the propriety of
the general verdict,” Portage II, 899 F.2d at 1520 (citation omitted).
1
I also agree that the Board’s affirmative defense supports the jury’s verdict for the reasons explained in the
magistrate judge’s opinion and order.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 22
As the majority explains, “[i]f a court asks for a general verdict, then any factual question
is an interrogatory. If it does not, then any factual question is a special verdict.” We previously
elaborated on this distinction:
A special verdict is one in which the jury finds all the facts and then refers the
case to the court for a decision on those facts. It is rendered in lieu of a general
verdict and contains findings on all material issues in the case. [Interrogatories
that accompany general verdicts], on the other hand, are propounded as selected
issues of fact, and answers to them are always . . . given in connection with, not in
substitution of, a general verdict.
Portage II v. Bryant Petroleum Corp., 899 F.2d 1514, 1519 (6th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted).
Contrary to the majority’s conclusion, the jury verdict form here did not ask for a general
verdict—nowhere did it request the jury to find liability for or against a party. Therefore, the
magistrate judge correctly classified the verdict form as one requiring special verdicts “because it
asked the jury to determine issues of fact.” Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 2024
WL 2703758, at *2 (E.D. Tenn. Jan. 26, 2024). By checking “yes” to Questions 1(a) and 1(b),
the jury made two factual findings: (1) the Board used a lower wage scale to determine
plaintiff’s wage than it used for a male employee’s wage, and (2) the Board had a legitimate
reason other than sex for the lower wage scale. But the form did not ask the jury to take the next
step and find in favor of the Board on the discrimination claims. Nor did it require the jury to
render a judgment on the retaliation claims in Question 2. Because the jury did not write,
answer, or conclude that the Board is liable, the magistrate judge appropriately entered “its
judgment,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a)(3), in favor of the Board based on the jury’s answers to these
questions.
Question 3, which concerned plaintiff’s potential damages, further demonstrates that the
first two questions were special verdicts. “[T]he term ‘damages’ in the context of a special
verdict has more limited meaning than in a general verdict: It refers only to the loss suffered by
the plaintiff, a question of fact.” Freeman v. Chi. Park Dist., 189 F.3d 613, 616 (7th Cir. 1999).
In other words, for special verdicts, the jury determines “the amount of the loss,” which the
judge will award only if his “application of the law to the facts as they are found by the jury”
requires a judgment for the plaintiff. See id.
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 23
The verdict form used in this case, while inartful, complied with this procedure:
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 24
The form instructed the jury, “If you answer ‘No’ to Question 1(a) and Question 2, you
do not need to answer Question 3.” By implication, if the jury answered “yes” to either Question
1(a) or Question 2, it needed to answer Question 3. Because the jury answered “yes” to Question
1(a), it merely did what the form instructed it to do by answering Question 3.
Further, Question 3 asked the jury to quantify plaintiff’s losses “[i]f your verdict is for the
Plaintiff on either her discrimination or retaliation claim.” Again, because the jury rendered a
special verdict in favor of plaintiff on Question 1(a) of the discrimination claim, the jurors
answered the damages inquiry set forth in Question 3, as instructed. By putting numerical values
under Question 3, the jury simply completed its duties by answering all the factual questions on
the verdict form. In other words, the jury’s damages calculation was not a general verdict that
found in plaintiff’s favor; rather, if the magistrate judge had entered judgment in plaintiff’s favor
based on the jury’s answers to the factual Questions 1 and 2, then the magistrate judge would
have awarded damages in the amount determined by the jury in Question 3. Based on the jury’s
No. 24-5137 Debity v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ. Page 25
answers to Questions 1 and 2, which formed the basis of the judgment in the Board’s favor, the
magistrate judge appropriately ignored plaintiff’s damages. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a)(3).
The jury instructions do not transform the special verdicts into general ones, as the
majority suggests. Although the jury instructions and verdict form, considered together, can
inform the court as to what type of verdict the jury rendered, the decisive question is whether
these documents “required the jury to make a finding on the ultimate question of liability.” Del.
& Hudson Ry. Co. v. Knoedler Mfrs., Inc., 805 F. App’x 149, 153 (3d Cir. 2020). And here, the
jury never opined on the ultimate question of liability. Concluding that the jury found in the
Board’s favor requires a legal interpretation of the jury’s factual findings (i.e. special verdicts),
regardless of what the jury instructions may have anticipated, which is exactly what the
magistrate judge properly did.
For these reasons, the magistrate judge appropriately concluded that the jury’s verdicts
were special verdicts, and I would affirm on that ground. Because the majority nonetheless
affirms on alternative grounds, I respectfully concur in the judgment only.