The opinion
RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3592-23
NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
H.B.,
Defendant (deceased),
and
T.D.F., SR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF P.X.F.,
a minor.
________________________
Argued March 11, 2025 – Decided April 2, 2025
Before Judges Gilson, Firko, and Bishop-Thompson.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Camden County,
Docket No. FG-04-0025-24.
Steven Edward Miklosey, Designated Counsel, argued
the cause for appellant (Jennifer N. Sellitti, Public
Defender, attorney; Steven Edward Miklosey, on the
brief).
Nicholas Dolinsky, Deputy Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent (Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney
General, attorney; Janet Greenberg Cohen, Assistant
Attorney General, of counsel; Nicholas Dolinsky, on
the brief).
Todd Wilson, Designated Counsel, argued the cause for
minor (Jennifer N. Sellitti, Public Defender, Law
Guardian, attorney; Meredith A. Pollock, Deputy
Public Defender, of counsel; Todd Wilson, on the
brief).
PER CURIAM
T.D.F., Sr. (Trent) appeals from the June 27, 2024 judgment terminating
his parental rights to his minor son, P.X.F. (Preston), and granting the Division
of Child Protection and Permanency (DCPP) guardianship of the child, with a
plan that the child be adopted by his maternal grandparents. 1 Trent argues DCPP
failed to satisfy the second part of prong three, alternatives to termination of
parental rights. He further argues the placement of his minor son with his
1
We use initials and pseudonyms, for ease of reference, to protect the
confidentiality of the proceedings. See R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
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2
maternal grandparents in Florida created a "barrier" between them. DCPP and
the child's Law Guardian urge that we affirm the judgment and allow the
adoption to proceed. Having reviewed the record in light of the parties'
contentions and the applicable law, we affirm substantially for the reasons
expressed in the comprehensive and well-reasoned oral opinion of Judge
Francine I. Axelrad.
The facts and evidence were detailed in Judge Axelrad's oral opinion,
which she rendered after a bench trial. A summary will suffice here. H.B.
(Hanna) and Trent are the biological parents of Preston, born in September 2022.
Hanna had a history of mental health issues, hospitalization, domestic
violence, homelessness, and substance abuse. When Hanna gave birth, she
tested positive for phencyclidine (PCP),2 cocaine, and marijuana. Preston, born
five weeks premature, tested positive for cocaine and syphilis. He spent twelve
days in the neonatal intensive care unit showing symptoms of withdrawal.
DCPP executed an emergency removal and upon release from the hospital,
Preston was placed in the care and custody of a non-relative resource home
2
PCP is a mind-altering drug that can cause hallucinations, dissociation,
paranoia, and overdose. NIDA. 2024, April 9. Psychedelic and Dissociative
Drugs, https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs (last
visited March 27, 2025).
A-3592-23
3
where he remained for approximately one year. Shortly after Preston's birth, his
maternal grandparents contacted DCPP and expressed interest in caring for him.
Hanna regrettably passed away in June 2023, and therefore, was not a subject of
the judgment terminating parental rights.
Trent had a history of incarceration, convictions in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, domestic violence with two active final restraining orders,
housing instability, transience, substance and alcohol abuse, and health issues.
He also had no financial or emotional family support.
After Preston's placement in the non-relative resource home, DCPP
offered various services to Hanna and Trent. Initially, Trent told DCPP
caseworkers that he would not comply with "authority." Three days later, Trent
told the DCPP caseworker that he would not comply with any services, "court-
ordered or not." From September to December 2022, Trent did not attend court-
ordered random urine drug screenings and a batterer's intervention program, did
not complete a hair follicle drug test, a psychological evaluation, and a paternity
test. Following a compliance hearing, Trent's visitation was suspended pending
the completion of the paternity test and was reinstated the end of December after
the test confirmed he was Preston's father.
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4
Trent completed the substance abuse evaluation in February 2023, but did
not follow through with the recommended intensive outpatient treatment. He
completed the court-ordered psychological evaluation with Dr. Renee R.
Maucher in March 2023, but did not complete the recommended substance abuse
and domestic violence evaluations. Dr. Maucher recommended the supervision
requirements remain in place until Trent addressed his other issues, and that
Trent obtain appropriate housing before consideration be given to reunification .
Trent completed a urine screen in August 2023, and tested positive for
marijuana. Thereafter, he failed to comply with court-ordered random urine
screens, hair follicle testing, and domestic violence assessment and counseling.
From January to May 2023, Trent had generally positive but inconsistent
supervised visitation with Preston at DCPP's local office. For a brief period, he
had virtual visitation with Preston during a transient period while he was in
Baltimore, Maryland in late May. Trent's sporadic in-person visitation with
Preston resumed in June to September 2023 after Trent returned to New Jersey.
DCPP explored possible placements for Preston. In February 2023, the
non-relative resource home expressed an interest in adopting Preston. Although
DCPP discussed kinship legal guardianship (KLG) with the grandparents on at
least four occasions, they were not interested in KLG and clearly stated their
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5
preference for adoption. DCPP explored the grandparents as possible
placements and initiated an Interstate Compact for the Placement of Children
with Florida Child Protective Services.3 The grandparents reported Hanna's
death in June 2023 to DCPP and restated their interest to care for the child. In
August 2023, the grandparents were approved to care for Preston in Florida.
Also in August, Trent resided with his parents in their home, which was
assessed by DCPP. Thereafter, DCPP deemed Trent's parents' home safe, but
Trent reported neither of his parents could assist him in parenting Preston.
In a September 14, 2023 order, the court approved DCPP's amended
permanency plan for Preston from reunification to termination followed by
adoption and the change in placement from the non-relative resource home to
the maternal grandparents' home in Florida. Preston moved to Florida on
September 21, 2023.
Trent attended several virtual visits with Preston that were arranged by
the maternal grandparents. However, DCPP had to facilitate the virtual visits
because they had become acrimonious. While the visits were generally positive,
3
Preston's placement in Florida was accomplished through the Interstate
Compact on the Placement of Children, N.J.S.A. 9:23-5. "The goal of the ICPC
is to facilitate placements that serve the best interests of the children, whether
interstate or intrastate." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. K.F., 353 N.J.
Super. 623, 631 (App. Div. 2002) (internal citations omitted).
A-3592-23
6
they were sporadic because Trent either missed or cancelled numerous virtual
visits. Also, at times, Trent displayed aggression toward the grandparents
during those visits.
Despite DCPP's continued efforts to gain Trent's compliance for services,
he continued with his stated refusal to do a hair follicle screen "ever," to attend
a urine screen, and to attend domestic violence counseling. In February 2024,
Trent partially complied and completed a urine screen and tested positive for
marijuana. He started, and did not complete, online domestic violence
counseling. Trent also failed to comply with DCPP's request for an updated
substance abuse evaluation.
Trent told the DCPP worker that he wanted to visit his son in Florida.
DCPP twice attempted to assist Trent with flying to Florida to visit Preston, but
Trent did not provide the requested documentation to confirm that he was
physically able to fly given his health issues.
The two-day guardianship trial was held in June 2024. At trial, DCPP
presented testimony from the DCPP adoption worker and expert witness, Dr.
James Loving. DCPP also submitted numerous documents into evidence. Trent
also testified and did not present any witnesses.
A-3592-23
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Dr. Loving, a licensed clinical and forensic psychologist, was qualified as
an expert. He testified Trent repeatedly said that he did not want to complete
the psychological evaluation, claiming it was "unnecessary" because he "did not
do anything wrong." Notwithstanding Dr. Loving's explanation regarding the
significance of completing the psychological evaluation before the bonding
evaluation, Trent said he understood and decided it was "best not to attend" and
"it [was] not a good use of his time or [Dr. Loving's] time."
Dr. Loving completed a bonding evaluation with Preston and his
grandparents. He testified that Preston displayed a "strong attachment to both
of his grandparents" and in his view it was a "healthy and secure attachment to
each of his grandparents." Dr. Loving opined that adoption would be "healthy
for [Preston] to be in a home that [was] permanent."
In an oral opinion rendered on June 27, 2024, Judge Axelrad found
DCPP's witnesses were credible. The judge then made detailed findings of fact,
reviewed the applicable law, and made conclusions of law based on those facts.
Judge Axelrad found DCPP met each prong of the best-interests of the
child test under N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) by clear and convincing evidence. In
addressing prong three, Judge Axelrad was "surprised" that Trent argued Preston
should have stayed in the non-relative resource home. The judge also found
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Trent's argument "disingenuous" because there was no evidence that Preston had
a bond with the unrelated resource caregiver. Preston also had the "opportunity"
and "legal right of his own to be placed with a relative caregiver."
Nor did the judge find Trent's argument viable that DCPP put up a
"barrier" between him and Preston by placing him in Florida with his
grandparents. In considering alternatives to termination of parental rights, Judge
Axelrad found KLG was not an "appropriate permanency option" because the
maternal grandparents did not want KLG and had "legitimate concerns"
regarding Trent's aggressive behavior, and Preston was "entitled to permanency
and stability."
On appeal, Trent argues that the judge erred in finding DCPP did not put
a barrier up by removing Preston from his non-relative resource home and
placing him in Florida. In particular, Trent argues the proper placement should
have been the non-relative resource family so that he could have had in-person
visitation and continued his relationship with Preston. Lastly, Trent argues that
the judge improperly weighed Dr. Loving's opinion that Preston would not suffer
harm if Trent's parental rights were terminated. We are not persuaded by Trent's
arguments and hold they lack merit.
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A review of the record establishes that each of the judge's findings
concerning the four prongs is supported by substantial credible evidence.
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a); N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. D.H., 469 N.J.
107, 115 (App. Div. 2021.) We do not consider these prongs as discrete and
separate; rather, they overlap to inform a more general inquiry that the
termination of parental rights is in a child's best interests. N.J. Div. of Child
Prot. & Permanency v. R.L.M., 236 N.J. 123, 145 (2018).
In guardianship and adoption cases, such as here, it is well-established
"[c]hildren have their own rights, including the right to a permanent, safe[,] and
stable placement." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. C.S., 367 N.J. Super.
76, 111 (App. Div. 2004). Preston has never resided with Trent. As we have
often acknowledged, there is "the need for permanency of placements by placing
limits on the time for a birth parent to correct conditions in anticipation of
reuniting with the child." Ibid.
Here, Judge Axelrad properly relied on Dr. Loving's unrebutted testimony
supporting the maternal grandparents' adoption of Preston. Judge Axelrad
considered other evidence, as well as Trent's actions and omissions, and
ultimately determined Trent wanted to do what was "convenient" for him and
"[he] want[ed] to be the one in charge, basically," which supported and
A-3592-23
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corroborated Dr. Loving's testimony. We, therefore, conclude Judge Axelrad's
factual findings are fully supported by the record and, in light of those facts, her
unassailable legal conclusions are based on Preston's best interests.
Affirmed.
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