Castillo v. O'Malley

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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

6 SAN JOSE DIVISION

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8 ANGELA L. CASTILLO, Case No. 5:23-cv-05909-EJD

9 Plaintiff, ORDER ON MOTION FOR SUMMARY

JUDGMENT

10 v.

11 LELAND DUDEK, Re: ECF No. 11

Defendant.

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13 Plaintiff Angela L. Castillo appeals the Commissioner of Social Security’s1 final decision

14 denying disability insurance benefits under Title II. Castillo seeks an order reversing the ALJ’s

15 decision and remanding the case for immediate payment of benefits, or alternatively, remanding

16 the action for further administrative proceedings. Pl.’s Mot. for Summary J. (“Pl.’s MSJ”), ECF

17 No. 11-1. The Commissioner opposes Castillo’s motion. Def.’s Br., ECF No. 12.

18 Having considered the parties’ briefing and the record in this matter, the Court DENIES

19 Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.

20 I. BACKGROUND

21 A. Medical History

22 As relevant to her appeal here, Castillo claims that the combination of systemic lupus

23 erythematosus, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis (“MS”) is a disabling condition that prevents

24 her from working. Tr. of Admin. Record (“Tr.”) 241, ECF No. 8. Castillo alleges that her

25 disability began on December 15, 2021. Id. at 198. She reported symptoms of possible MS such

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27 1 The Current Commissioner, Leland Dudek, is automatically substituted as defendant in place of

his predecessor. Fed R. Civ. P. 25(d).

1 as pain and numbness early in the relevant period but was not yet diagnosed with MS. Id. at 358,

2 361, 367. On December 2, 2022, after brain and thoracic spine MRIs revealed a new lesion,

3 Castillo was formally diagnosed with MS. Id. at 778. Subsequently, Castillo’s condition was

4 treated with periodic B12 and rituximab infusions. Id. at 892, 949, 1045. Castillo reported

5 adverse side effects from the medications and was diagnosed with rosacea. Id. at 983.

6 B. Procedural History

7 On March 3, 2022, Castillo completed an application for disability insurance benefits

8 under Title II of the Social Security Act. Id. at 198. After the state agency responsible for

9 evaluating Castillo’s application denied her claim for benefits, id. at 107, Castillo requested a

10 hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). Id. at 124. The ALJ held a hearing on June

11 28, 2023 before issuing an unfavorable decision on August 14, 2023. Id. at 14–29. The Appeals

12 Council denied review, id. at 1–6, and Castillo appealed the Commissioner’s final decision to this

13 Court. Compl., ECF No. 1.

14 II. LEGAL STANDARD

15 A court may reverse an ALJ’s decision denying benefits “only if the decision was not

16 supported by substantial evidence or is based on legal error.” Glanden v. Kijakazi, 86 F.4th 838,

17 843 (9th Cir. 2023). Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla, but less than a

18 preponderance; it is such relevant evidence as a reasonable person might accept as adequate to

19 support a conclusion.” Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007). Although

20 substantial evidence is a deferential standard of review, courts must still “consider the entire

21 record as a whole” and “may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting

22 evidence.” Id. (citation omitted).

23 III. DISCUSSION

24 Castillo argues that the ALJ made four errors in denying social security benefits: (1) the

25 ALJ improperly evaluated the medical opinion evidence in the record; (2) the ALJ’s residual

26 functional capacity (“RFC”) finding was not supported by substantial evidence; (3) the ALJ

27 improperly rejected Castillo’s subjective symptom testimony; and (4) the ALJ asked the

1 vocational expert incomplete hypothetical questions. Pl.’s MSJ. The Court addresses each

2 alleged error in turn.

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A. Medical Opinion Evidence

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Castillo filed her disability application after March 27, 2017, so 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c

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supplies the regulatory framework for evaluating the medical opinion evidence. Under these

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regulations, medical opinions no longer receive special weight based on a medical source’s

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treating or examining relationship with a claimant. Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 792 (9th Cir.

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2022) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a)). Instead, all medical opinions start from the same

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baseline and are evaluated on the same five factors: (1) supportability, (2) consistency, (3)

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relationship with the claimant, (4) specialization, and (5) other factors. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c).

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Of these five factors, supportability and consistency are the most important. Id. § 404.1520c(b)(2).

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Supportability refers to the “the extent to which a medical source supports the medical opinion by

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explaining the ‘relevant . . . objective medical evidence.’” Woods, 32 F.4th at 791–92 (quoting 20

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C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1)). And consistency refers to “the extent to which a medical opinion is

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‘consistent . . . with the evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical sources in the

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claim.’” Id. (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(2)).

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Because supportability and consistency are so important, ALJs must always explain their

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supportability and consistency analyses when evaluating medical opinions, even though they do

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not need to explain the other factors. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2) (“Therefore, we will explain

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how we considered the supportability and consistency factors for a medical source's medical

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opinions . . . . We may, but are not required to, explain how we considered the [remaining three

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factors] . . . .”) (emphasis added); see also Woods, 32 F.4th at 792 (holding that ALJs must explain

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how they considered the supportability and consistency factors before rejecting a medical

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opinion). Any explanation of the supportability and consistency factors must also be supported by

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substantial evidence. Woods, 32 F.4th at 792.

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Here, Castillo challenges the ALJ’s treatment of the medical opinions of Drs. Katzenberg and

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1 Chen. Though Castillo asserts similar arguments for both opinions, the Court addresses each in turn.

2 1. Dr. Daniel Katzenberg

3 Dr. Katzenberg opined that Castillo could perform less than sedentary work, including

4 being able to only sit for 20 minutes at a time, being on her feet no more than one to five minutes

5 at a time and for 30-60 minutes total, and lifting five to ten pounds occasionally and one to five

6 pounds frequently. Tr. 603. Castillo argues that the ALJ failed to comprehensively analyze the

7 supportability and consistency of Dr. Katzenberg’s medical opinion before finding it unpersuasive.

8 Specifically, Castillo claims the ALJ “cherry-picked” those portions of Dr. Katzenberg’s opinion

9 and the record that indicate non-disability. Pl.’s MSJ 14.

10 The Court disagrees. Although the ALJ’s analysis is concise, it provides enough detail for

11 the Court to determine whether there is substantial evidence to support her conclusion. An ALJ’s

12 explanation is sufficient if “the agency’s path may be reasonably discerned,” even if “the agency

13 may have explained it with less than ideal clarity.” Rustamova v. Colvin, 111 F. Supp. 3d 1156,

14 1158 (D. Or. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Molina v. Atrue, 674 F.3d 1104,

15 1121 (9th Cir. 2012), superseded on other grounds by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1502(a)).

16 Here, the ALJ reviewed the record and did not ignore evidence that went against her

17 conclusion. See Tr. 25–26. Indeed, the ALJ acknowledged that Castillo’s disability was “partially

18 supported with [Dr. Katzenberg’s] examination notes, which showed some difficulty with tandem

19 gait, hopping and balancing.” Id. at 25. The ALJ ultimately found, however, that Castillo’s

20 disability was not supported by the rest of the Dr. Katzenberg’s examination or with the greater

21 record. Id. at 25–26. Castillo reported to Dr. Katzenberg that she could “only sit for 20 minutes,”

22 id. at 602, but Dr. Katzenberg’s other findings belie this subjective report. Dr. Katzenberg found

23 that Castillo had intact sensation, normal muscle tone and bulk, 5/5 strength throughout, and

24 normal reflexes. Id. at 603. These findings are inconsistent with Castillo’s subjective report and

25 with Dr. Katzenberg’s conclusion that Castillo could perform less than sedentary work, limited to

26 being on her feet no more than 1-5 minutes at a time and for 30-60 minutes total and lifting 5-10

27 pounds occasionally. Id. at 603. Internal inconsistency in a physician’s opinion is a specific and

1 legitimate reason to find Dr. Katzenberg’s medical opinion less persuasive. See Bayliss v.

2 Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1216 (9th Cir. 2005) (upholding the ALJ’s rejection of a medical

3 opinion based on internal inconsistencies in the examiner’s report).

4 Castillo’s claim that the ALJ relied on select parts of the evidence out of context and

5 ignored the changing nature of Castillo’s MS over time is unavailing. The ALJ cited medical

6 findings across the record, even those that would support a finding of disability. E.g., Tr. 26,

7 citing Tr. 364 (noting that Castillo had some difficulty with tandem gait); Tr. 26, citing Tr. 699

8 (same). Castillo fails to indicate which findings, if any, the ALJ took out of context. An MS

9 diagnosis may explain prior symptoms, but Castillo does not point to any evidence in the record

10 showing a pattern of worsening symptoms attributable to her MS. In contrast, the record reflected

11 “minimal and inconsistent” physical examination findings and subjective reports of symptoms. Id.

12 at 26. As such, the ALJ properly assessed Dr. Katzenberg’s opinion to be unpersuasive.

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2. Dr. Wendy Chen

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Dr. Chen opined that Castillo could, inter alia, sit for up to one hour at a time and one hour

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total in an eight-hour day, stand for 15 minutes at a time and less than one hour total in an eight-

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hour day, would need to take unscheduled breaks every half hour, and would be absent from work

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more than four days per month. Id. at 1053–54.

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As with Dr. Katzenberg, Castillo claims that the ALJ “cherry-picked” portions of Dr.

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Chen’s report and the record that are indicative of non-disability to find Dr. Chen’s opinion to be

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unpersuasive. Not so. The ALJ remarked that Dr. Chen’s explanation of her opinion “citing only

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to the claimant’s imaging studies and symptom reports” was not adequately supported by

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objective clinical findings. Id. at 26. In her report, Dr. Chen merely wrote, “Has lesions in brain

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and spinal cord,” which she garnered from “MRI scans and spinal taps.” Id. at 1051. The ALJ

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observed that Dr. Chen “does not note mental status, sensory, reflex, or other strength findings,

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nor are there related findings consistent with [her] same opinions.” Id. at 26. As such, the ALJ

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concluded that Dr. Chen’s ultimate opinion lacked sufficient support from objective findings in

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1 the examination itself, because Dr. Chen cited limited evidence to support her opinion.

2 Also, the ALJ’s analysis of the rest of the record did not ignore evidence that would

3 support disability. In finding “large gaps in treatment and inconsistent reports of symptoms,” the

4 ALJ cited evidence supporting non-disability as well as that supporting disability, just as she did

5 in her analysis of Dr. Katzenberg’s opinion. E.g., Tr. 26, citing Tr. 364 (noting that Castillo had

6 some difficulty with tandem gait); Tr. 26, citing Tr. 699 (same). Castillo fails to point to any

7 specific evidence indicative of disability that the ALJ ignored.

8 Castillo argues that the ALJ failed to understand the waxing and waning nature of

9 Castillo’s MS, which explains the gaps in the record during which there was a lesser need for

10 treatment. The Court recognizes the dynamic nature of MS and case law and medical science

11 supporting an altered analysis of the record. That the disease manifests itself differently over time

12 is undisputed. However, Castillo does not show how or whether this principle applies to her own

13 case. In fact, as the ALJ observed in her findings, physical examinations during the relevant

14 period indicate that Castillo consistently had minimal complaints of adverse symptoms. Id. at 26.

15 Castillo occasionally had mild difficulty with tandem gait, id. at 364, 483, but the record is

16 inconsistent with the pattern of waxing and waning symptoms of MS that Castillo alleges.

17 Lastly, Castillo appears to claim that the ALJ gave outcome-determinative weight to the

18 opinions of non-examining, non-treating examiners over the two treating examiners, Drs.

19 Katzenberg and Chen. Pl.’s MSJ 13. Even assuming this were true,2 such preference presents no

20 problems under the revised social security regulations that control here. Castillo filed her

21 disability application after March 27, 2017, so 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c applies. Under these

22 regulations, medical opinions no longer receive special weight based on a medical source’s

23 treating or examining relationship with a claimant. Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 792 (9th Cir.

24 2022) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a)). Each medical opinion is independently assessed for

25 supportability and consistency. It follows, then, that the opinions of non-examining, non-treating

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27 2 The Commissioner questions whether Dr. Chen is Castillo’s treating physician in the first place.

Def.’s Br. 5. However, the Court need not reach this issue.

1 examiners may be found persuasive over the opinions of treating examiners. See Agatucci v.

2 Berryhill, 721 F. App'x 614, 617 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding that the ALJ did not err in affording

3 greater weight to the opinions of non-treating state agency examiners over the treating

4 physician’s). The ALJ here made no mention of the fact that Drs. Katzenberg and Chen are

5 treating and examining analysts. Instead, the ALJ analyzed each physician’s opinion for

6 supportability and consistency without giving any special weight to either’s opinion due to their

7 relationship with Castillo. Accordingly, the Court finds no issue with the ALJ’s decision to rely

8 on the opinions of agency analysts over those of Drs. Katzenberg and Chen.

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B. RFC Finding

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Next, Castillo contends that the ALJ erred in determining her RFC because the ALJ did not

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account for Castillo’s Vitamin B12 deficiency, which the ALJ had found to be a severe

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impairment in step two.

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Castillo claims that if an ALJ finds an impairment to be “severe” in step two, it must

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necessarily be included in the RFC determination. Pl.’s Reply 7. Such is the rule, Castillo argues,

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because the definition of severe impairment is one that significantly limits an individual’s physical

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or mental ability to do basic work activities. Pl.’s MSJ 17 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520). This

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misstates the law. “[T]he ALJ is not required, as a matter of law, to include all the limitations

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from the impairments the ALJ deems to be severe at step two in the ALJ’s final RFC analysis.”

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Gunderson v. Astrue, 371 F. App’x 807, 809 (9th Cir. 2010). Step two is “a de minimis screening

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device [used] to dispose of groundless claims.” Webb v. Barnhart, 433 F.3d 683, 687 (9th Cir.

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2005) (alteration in original) (quoting Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1290 (9th Cir. 1996)).

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“The step two and step five determinations require different levels of severity of limitations such

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that the satisfaction of the requirements at step two does not automatically lead to the conclusion

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that the claimant has satisfied the requirements at step five.” Hoopai v. Astrue, 499 F.3d 1071,

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1076 (9th Cir. 2007).

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Here, the ALJ found at step two that Castillo’s Vitamin B12 deficiency is a severe

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1 impairment. Tr. 19. The ALJ did not consider such severe impairment in the RFC determination.

2 Id. at 22–23. This omission is not by itself legal error. The ALJ did not expressly state so in her

3 RFC finding, but there is substantial evidence to find that Castillo’s Vitamin B12 deficiency was

4 not sufficiently severe as to be a functional limitation to her ability to work. The ALJ noted that

5 the record did not contain any evidence of medically determinable mental impairments, other than

6 a subjective report of a memory loss symptom in late 2022. Id. at 21, citing Tr. 699. After

7 receiving B12 injections in December 2022 and March 2023, id. at 892, 1045, Castillo had no

8 further complaints of memory problems. As such, the ALJ did not err by deciding not to include

9 Castillo’s Vitamin B12 deficiency in the RFC determination.

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C. Subjective Symptom Testimony

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Castillo also claims that the ALJ failed to sufficiently explain her decision to discount

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Castillo’s subjective testimony. In assessing a claimant’s subjective testimony regarding her

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symptoms, an ALJ must provide an explanation subject to greater scrutiny than the substantial

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evidence standard discussed above. The test is two-part. First, the ALJ must determine whether

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the claimant has presented objective evidence of medically supported impairments that could

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cause her symptoms. Ferguson v. O’Malley, 95 F.4th 1194, 1199 (9th Cir. 2024). If the claimant

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has done so and there is no evidence of malingering, the ALJ may reject the claimant’s subjective

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testimony about the severity of her symptoms only by offering “specific, clear, and convincing

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reasons.” Id. An ALJ may properly discount a claimant’s subjective pain testimony “by

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identifying specific discrepancies between her testimony and the objective medical evidence.”

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Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 498 (9th Cir. 2022). “Ultimately, the ‘clear and convincing’

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standard requires an ALJ to show his work . . . . The standard isn’t whether [the] court is

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convinced, but instead whether the ALJ’s rationale is clear enough that it has the power to

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convince.” Id. at 499.

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It is undisputed that Castillo has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying

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impairment that could produce the symptoms alleged. The ALJ cited no evidence of malingering.

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1 Thus, the Court moves to the second step of the analysis: whether the ALJ made specific, clear,

2 and convincing findings to support her rejection of Castillo’s subjective testimony.

3 Castillo claims that the ALJ generally cited the objective medical evidence but did not

4 identify any particular findings that were inconsistent with Castillo’s alleged functional deficits, an

5 approach rejected by the Ninth Circuit in Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487 (9th Cir. 2015).

6 Pl.’s MSJ 20. In Brown-Hunter, the ALJ made the conclusory declaration that “the claimant’s

7 statements concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not

8 credible to the extent they are inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity assessment.

9 Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d at 493. The ALJ merely summarized the medical evidence before

10 restating her earlier conclusion. Id. The Ninth Circuit held that the explanation failed to satisfy

11 the specific, clear, and convincing standard because it did not specifically identify and connect

12 inconsistencies between the claimant’s testimony and objective medical evidence. Id. at 494.

13 Here, the ALJ did not make the same error. The ALJ reviewed the entire record—

14 including evidence that would support Castillo’s subjective testimony—and cited specific

15 evidence that appeared inconsistent with Castillo’s alleged limitations. See Tr. 24–25. Then, the

16 ALJ connected the evidence that conflicted with Castillo’s alleged symptoms to explain the ALJ’s

17 rejection of the subjective testimony:

18 Overall, while the claimant had initial reports of numbness around her

alleged onset date, with objective evidence of a thoracic lesion and an

19 ultimate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, she had very little in the way

of physical examination findings. Subjectively, she reported some

20 pain symptoms and objectively, she had some issues with tandem gait

and could not hop or balance during the consultative examination on

21 the left. However, she had otherwise normal gait and intact strength,

reflexes, and sensation, with little else in the way of findings. She

22 reported urinary incontinence in late 2022, but not on a continuing

basis and not with consistency. Despite alleging side effects from the

23 infusion, the only reports during treatment was rosacea shortly

afterward. She did report some fatigue and malaise in March 2023,

24 but this again was not a consistent report. Overall, she had only rare

and inconsistent subjective complaints and physical examination

25 findings. She did, however, have imaging findings consistent with a

multiple sclerosis diagnosis. However, the combined record is not

26 consistent with her alleged level of limitations, including her alleged

side effects, which were not reported with any consistency.

27 Specifically, her alleged level of exertional and postural limitations

are not consistent with her subjective complaints or the physical

1 findings. Moreover, her alleged level of pain and fatigue are not

consistent with the same evidence or the only recent treatment for

2 multiple sclerosis and minimal reported side effects.

3 Id. at 25.

4 Unlike in Brown-Hunter, the ALJ here did more than merely summarize the record. She

5 connected specific evidence (or the general lack thereof) that are inconsistent with Castillo’s

6 claims of excessive pain, fatigue, and medication side effects. The ALJ first observed that the

7 record consists primarily of physical examinations finding “otherwise normal gait and intact

8 strength, reflexes, and sensation, with little else in the way of findings.” Id. Castillo’s conduct

9 and physical capabilities noted during her examinations are inconsistent with her claim of

10 debilitating pain and fatigue. See Coleman v. Saul, 979 F.3d 751, 756 (9th Cir. 2020) (finding a

11 claimant’s conduct inconsistent with his subjective complaints to be a clear and convincing reason

12 to discount the claimant’s testimony). The ALJ noted that Castillo had made some subjective

13 reports of pain and fatigue during the few consultations on the record, but also that those reports

14 were inconsistent and not on a continuing basis. Tr. 25. Castillo’s subjective reports were also

15 inconsistent with the alleged intensity of the symptoms or the level of debilitation. Id. Overall,

16 the ALJ found that Castillo’s claims of debilitating pain, fatigue, and medication side effects were

17 undercut by the “rare and inconsistent subjective complaints and physical examination findings.”

18 Id.

19 Accordingly, the ALJ met the specific, clear, and convincing standard necessary to

20 discount Castillo’s subjective testimony. The result does not change because Castillo proffers an

21 alternative interpretation of the record from ALJ’s. It is not the Court’s role to second-guess the

22 ALJ’s reasonable interpretation of Castillo’s testimony and the record. Burch v. Barnhart, 400

23 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Where evidence is susceptible to more than one rational

24 interpretation, it is the ALJ’s conclusion that must be upheld.”); Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d

25 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001).

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1 D. Incomplete Hypotheticals

2 Finally, Castillo argues that the ALJ erred by relying on vocational expert testimony based

3 upon incomplete hypotheticals. Castillo claims that the ALJ omitted Castillo’s subjective

4 symptom complaints and the limitations assessed by Drs. Katzenberg and Chen. As discussed

5 above, the ALJ properly accounted for Castillo’s limitations that are supported by the record in the

6 || RFC determination and made specific, clear, and convincing findings to support her rejection of

7 Castillo’s subjective testimony. It follows that the ALJ’s hypothetical questions are also accurate,

8 detailed, and supported by the medical record.

9 || IV. CONCLUSION

10 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Castillo’s motion.

11 IT IS SO ORDERED.

e 12 Dated: March 27, 2025

EDWARD J. DAVILA

15 United States District Judge

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28 Case No.: 5:23-cv-05909-EJD

ORDER ON MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT