Adams v. Monti

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

JEROME ADAMS,

Petitioner,

v. Case No. 3:24-CV-182-NJR

DANIEL MONTI,

Respondent.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

ROSENSTENGEL, Chief Judge:

Petitioner Jerome Adams, an inmate of the Illinois Department of Corrections who

is currently incarcerated at Centralia Correctional Center, brings this habeas corpus

action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 to challenge the constitutionality of his state

conviction. (Doc. 1). Respondent Daniel Monti has filed a motion to dismiss the petition

as untimely filed. (Doc. 14). Adams filed a response in opposition. (Doc. 16).

BACKGROUND

In October 2012, Adams was charged with five counts of attempted first-degree

murder and one count of aggravated battery in connection with a September 2012

shooting that took place in Adams’s home. (Doc. 1-4, pp. 69-74; Doc. 15-16, p. 2); People v.

Adams, Case No. 12 CR 19150.1 After a bench trial, Adams was convicted of attempted

first-degree murder and sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment plus a mandatory 25-year

enhancement for personally discharging a firearm during the commission of the crime.

1 The relevant facts taken from state court decisions are presumed correct under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

(Doc. 15-16, p. 1). Judgment was entered on May 19, 2014. (Doc. 15-1). Adams appealed

his conviction the same day, but he subsequently moved to dismiss the appeal because

he believed appellate counsel failed to raise any meritorious issues. (Doc. 15-1; Doc. 15-3

at p. 3). On February 25, 2016, the appellate court granted Adams’s motion and dismissed

his direct appeal. (Doc. 15-16, p. 15; Doc. 15-2).

Both while his direct appeal was pending and after the appeal was dismissed,

Adams filed collateral challenges to his conviction. On August 21, 2014, Adams filed a

petition for declaratory relief, asserting that the statute providing for his mandatory 25-

year sentence enhancement was unconstitutional. (Doc. 15-16 at p. 15). The circuit court

denied his petition on September 30, 2014, finding it frivolous and concluding that the

mandatory sentencing enhancement had been routinely held constitutional by Illinois

courts. (Id.). On October 22, 2014, Adams filed another petition for declaratory relief,

raising the same constitutional arguments regarding his 25-year mandatory sentence

enhancement. (Id.). The circuit court denied his petition. (Id.).

In February 2015, Adams filed a “Petition to Quash Complaint & Dismiss

Indictment/Relief of Judgement,” seeking relief pursuant to 735 ILCS 5/2-1401.2 (Id. at

pp. 15-16). On May 29, 2015, the court entered an order finding Adams’s claims to be

without merit. (Id. at p. 16). On August 7, 2015, Adams again filed a petition seeking relief

from judgment pursuant to Section 2-1401. (Id.). The circuit court denied his petition on

October 9, 2015, finding it frivolous and without merit. (Id.).

2 “There is no dispute that a 2-1401 petition is an application for collateral review under Illinois law.” Brown

v. Monti, No. 18-CV-05215, 2023 WL 4744913, at *5 (N.D. Ill. July 25, 2023) (citing United States ex rel.

Giampaolo v. Anglin, No. 07 C 02612, 2008 WL 4133383, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 20, 2008)).

On January 20, 2016, Adams filed his initial petition for post-conviction relief,

which he amended on February 16, 2016, to raise various claims of ineffective trial and

appellate counsel. (Doc. 15-4 at p. 2). Specifically, Adams argued that the complaint was

forged, the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over him, his appellate counsel failed

to challenge the admission (and sufficiency of) the evidence regarding prior inconsistent

statements from the primary witness, and the firearm enhancement was an unlawful

double enhancement. (Id.). Adams also argued that his trial counsel was ineffective

because he, among other things, failed to object to the witness’s videorecorded statement,

failed to introduce prior consistent statements from the witness, and failed to argue for a

conviction on a lesser offense. (Id. at p. 17).

On April 1, 2016, the trial court dismissed the petition for post-conviction relief

because the issues were frivolous and without merit. (Doc. 15-4, p. 2; Doc. 15-16, p. 18).

Adams filed a timely notice of appeal and was appointed counsel to represent him on

appeal. (Doc. 15-16, p. 18). Appointed counsel later moved to withdraw because the

issues Adams sought to raise lacked merit. (Doc. 15-4, p. 2). The Illinois Court of Appeals

agreed and, on April 12, 2018, affirmed the judgment of the circuit court dismissing

Adams’s post-conviction petition. (Id. at pp. 2-3; Doc. 15-16 at p. 20). Adams filed a

petition for leave to appeal with the Illinois Supreme Court, which was denied on

November 28, 2018. People v. Adams, 111 N.E. 3d 984 (Ill. 2018).

In the meantime, on January 24, 2018, while the appeal of his post-conviction

petition was ongoing, Adams filed another petition for relief from judgment pursuant to

Section 2-1401. (Doc. 15-5). Adams again challenged the 25-year firearm enhancement.

(Id. at pp. 4-14; Doc. 15-16, p. 20). The trial court denied the petition for relief from

judgment because Adams had previously raised the constitutional challenge to the

firearm enhancement in his petition for post-conviction relief. (Doc. 15-16 at p. 20).

Adams appealed that decision and, on March 4, 2020, the appellate court denied the

appeal. (Doc. 15-6 at p. 20-21). On May 27, 2020, the Illinois Supreme Court denied

Adams’s petition for leave to appeal. People v. Adams, 147 N.E. 3d 698 (Ill. 2020).

On April 4, 2019, Adams filed a combined motion for leave to file a successive

petition for post-conviction relief and a motion to substitute judge. (Doc. 15-7). While this

motion was still pending, on May 28, 2019, Adams filed yet another petition for relief

from judgment pursuant to Section 2-1401. (Doc. 15-8; Doc. 15-16 at p. 21). Adams again

argued that the statute underlying his 25-year firearm enhancement was void. (Doc. 15-

10 at p. 5).

On November 12, 2020, the circuit court denied Adams’s pending motions. (Id.).

As to his claim in his motion for leave to file a successive postconviction motion that the

25-year firearm enhancement was unconstitutional, the circuit court found that Adams

forfeited an as-applied challenge to the law because he did not raise it in his first petition.

Furthermore, he could not show prejudice under existing Illinois precedent. (Doc. 15-10

at pp. 16-17). As to Adams’s claim that his 25-year firearm enhancement was void in his

petition for relief from judgment, the circuit court noted that “the substance of this claim

is identical to his post-conviction challenge to his sentence as raised in his motion for

leave to file a successive petition.” Thus, the argument failed as a matter of law. (Id. at

p. 19). Adams again appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the judgment of the

circuit court. People v. Adams, 2022 IL App (1st) 201343-U, 2022 WL 16835933 (Ill. App. Ct.

Nov. 9, 2022). Adams filed a petition for leave to appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court,

which was denied on March 29, 2023. People v. Adams, 210 N.E.3d 775 (Ill. 2023).

LEGAL STANDARD

Under § 2254, a district court shall review an application for writ of habeas corpus

on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court only on the

ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States.

§ 2254(a). Federal habeas review serves as “a guard against extreme malfunctions in the

state criminal justice systems, not a substitute for ordinary error correction through

appeal.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102-03 (2011) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 332, n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring)).

Habeas relief is restricted to cases where the state court determination “resulted in

a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or

“a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the

evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-(2).

“[A] decision involves an unreasonable determination of the facts if it rests upon fact-

finding that ignores the clear and convincing weight of the evidence.” Taylor v. Grounds,

721 F.3d 809, 817 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Goudy v. Basinger, 604 F.3d 394, 399–400 (7th Cir.

2010)). Any “determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to

be correct,” and petitioner has “the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness

by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

DISCUSSION

A one-year statute of limitations applies to petitions for writs of habeas corpus.

28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). The limitation period is triggered by the latest of the following events:

(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct

review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;

(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by

State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States

is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State

action;

(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially

recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly

recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to

cases on collateral review; or

(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented

could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.

Id. at § 2244(d)(1)(A)-(D).

A “properly filed” state post-conviction petition tolls the one-year limitations

period for the duration of state postconviction review. Id. at § 2244(d)(2). “The petition

must actually be filed in the state court to toll the limitations period. A motion for leave

to file a successive postconviction petition does not stop the clock unless leave to file is

granted.” Reed v. Jones, No. 11 C 6387, 2025 WL 416828, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 6, 2025) (citing

Martinez v. Jones, 556 F.3d 637, 638–39 (7th Cir. 2009)).

In this case, Respondent asserts that Adams’s petition must be dismissed with

prejudice because it was untimely filed. Adams’s judgment became final in February 2016

when the Illinois Court of Appeals dismissed his direct appeal upon his request. But

because Adams filed his first post-conviction petition in January 2016, the statute of

limitations for filing a habeas action was immediately tolled. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2)

(the limitations period is tolled while “a properly filed application for State post-

conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is

pending”); Martinez, 556 F.3d at 638. The statute of limitations then remained tolled

during the pendency of his petition for post-conviction relief, which was resolved on

appeal on November 28, 2018. People v. Adams, 111 N.E. 3d 984 (Ill. 2018).

Respondent acknowledges that the statute of limitations also remained tolled

during the pendency of Adams’s petition for relief from judgment filed pursuant to

Section 2-1401 on January 24, 2018. That petition was resolved on appeal on May 27, 2020.

People v. Adams, 147 N.E. 3d 698 (Ill. 2020). Respondent asserts the statute of limitations

began running on this date; thus, Adams was required to file his habeas petition by May

27, 2021.

The Court agrees. Although Adams filed a motion for leave to file a successive

petition for post-conviction relief on April 4, 2019, the filing of a successive post-

conviction petition only tolls the one-year statute of limitations “if the state court grants

permission to file it.” Martinez, 556 F.3d at 638-39. “Simply taking steps [to apply for

permission to file] does not toll the statute of limitations.” Id. (citing Tinker v. Hanks,

255 F.3d 444, 445-56 (7th Cir. 2001)). Adams’s motion for leave to file a successive post-

conviction petition was clearly rejected by the circuit, appellate, and state supreme courts.

(See Docs. 15-10; 15-16). Thus, his April 4, 2019 motion for leave to file a successive post-

conviction motion did not toll the statute of limitations.

Adams’s petition for relief from judgment filed on May 28, 2019, pursuant to

Section 2-1401, also did not toll the statute of limitations. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2), a

state post-conviction petition must be “properly filed” in order to toll the one-year statute

of limitations. And, under Section 2-1401(c), except in circumstances not applicable here,

a petition for relief from judgment “must be filed not later than 2 years after the entry of

the order or judgment.” Here, the judgment Adams was challenging was entered on May

19, 2014, and became final on February 25, 2016. Adams’s petition for relief from

judgment filed on May 28, 2019, was therefore untimely. As a result, it did not toll the

statute of limitations under § 2244(d).3 See Brooks v. Walls, 279 F.3d 518, 521 (7th Cir. 2002)

(“A collateral attack that is untimely under state law is not ‘properly filed.’”); United States

ex rel. Brost v. Briley, No. 01 C 2673, 2001 WL 558043, at*2 (N.D. Ill. May 21, 2001)

“‘[P]roperly filed’ is critical; a petition that is untimely under state law is not ‘properly

filed’ and does not stop the clock.”).

The latest possible date that the statute of limitations began running was May 27,

2020, when the Illinois Supreme Court denied Adams’s petition for leave to appeal the

denial of his January 24, 2018 petition for relief from judgment. Adams then had until

May 27, 2021, to file his § 2254 habeas petition—making his petition filed on January 26,

2024, almost three years late.

3 Respondent argues that the petition for relief from judgment did not toll the statute of limitations because

Adams never appealed its denial. The Court is unpersuaded by this argument. The Illinois circuit court

noted that Adams’s claim regarding the 25-year firearm enhancement was “identical” to the challenge

raised in his petition for leave to file a successive post-conviction motion. In his appellate brief, Adams

thoroughly argued the unconstitutionality of the 25-year firearm enhancement (Doc. 15-12 at pp. 46-58),

and the Court of Appeals addressed the issue in depth, finding Adams’s arguments barred by res judicata

and waiver, as well as legally meritless. Adams then filed a petition for leave to appeal that decision to the

Illinois Supreme Court; it was denied on March 29, 2023. People v. Adams, 210 N.E.3d 775 (Ill. 2023). Thus,

the Court disagrees that Adams failed to appeal the denial of his May 28, 2019 Section 2-1401 petition.

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the Motion to Dismiss filed by Respondent Daniel Monti

(Doc. 14) is GRANTED. The Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus filed by Petitioner

Jerome Adams pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Doc. 1) is DENIED.

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases requires district courts to

consider whether to issue or deny a certificate of appealability when entering a final order

adverse to a petitioner. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), a certificate of appealability may be

issued “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right.” To meet this standard, a petitioner “must have a constitutional

claim (or an underlying procedural argument on which a constitutional claim depends),

and he must ‘demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s

assessment of his constitutional claims debatable or wrong.’” United States v. Fleming, 676

F.3d 621, 625 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting Tennard v. Dretke, 542 U.S. 274, 282 (2004)) (emphasis

omitted); see also Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (holding that to obtain a

certificate of appealability after dismissal on procedural grounds, a petitioner must show

that reasonable jurists “would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim

of the denial of a constitutional right” and “whether the district court was correct in its

procedural ruling”).

Here, there is no basis for finding that reasonable jurists would debate the

correctness of this procedural ruling or that Adams presented a valid claim of the denial

of a constitutional right. Accordingly, a certificate of appealability is denied.

NOTICE OF APPELLATE RIGHTS

If Adams wishes to contest this Order, he has two options. He can ask the Seventh

Circuit to review the Order, or he can first ask the undersigned to reconsider the Order

before going to the Seventh Circuit.

If Adams chooses to go straight to the Seventh Circuit, he will only be allowed to

proceed on his appeal if he first obtains a certificate of appealability. The undersigned

has already declined to issue a certificate of appealability. Thus, Adams must request a

certificate of appealability from the Court of Appeals pursuant to Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 22 and 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), in addition to filing his notice of appeal.

He must file a notice of appeal within 30 days from the entry of judgment or order

appealed from. FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(1)(A). The deadline can be extended for a short time

only if Adams files a motion showing excusable neglect or good cause for missing the

deadline and asking for an extension of time. FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(5)(A), (C). See also

Sherman v. Quinn, 668 F.3d 421, 424 (7th Cir. 2012) (explaining the good cause and

excusable neglect standards); Abuelyaman v. Illinois State Univ., 667 F.3d 800, 807-08 (7th

Cir. 2011) (explaining the excusable neglect standard).

The current cost of filing an appeal with the Seventh Circuit is $605.00. The filing

fee is due at the time the notice of appeal is filed. FED. R. APP. P. 3(e). If Adams cannot

afford to pay the entire filing fee up front, he must file a motion for leave to appeal in

forma pauperis (“IFP motion”) along with a recent statement for his prison trust fund

account. See FED. R. APP. P. 24(a)(1)(C). The IFP motion must set forth the issues Adams

plans to present on appeal. See FED. R. APP. P. 24(a)(1)(C). If he is allowed to proceed IFP

on appeal, he will be assessed an initial partial filing fee. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). He will

then be required to make monthly payments until the entire filing fee is paid. 28 U.S.C.

§ 1915(b)(2).

On the other hand, if Adams wants to start with the undersigned, he should file a

motion to alter or amend the judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). The

motion must be filed within 28 days of the entry of judgment, and the deadline cannot be

extended. FED. R. CIV. P. 59(e); 6(b)(2). The motion must also comply with Rule 7(b)(1) and

state with sufficient particularity the reason(s) that the Court should reconsider the

judgment. Elustra v. Mineo , 595 F.3d 699, 707-08 (7th Cir. 2010); see also Blue v. Hartford

Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 698 F.3d 587, 598 (7th Cir. 2012) (“To prevail on a Rule 59(e) motion to

amend judgment, a party must clearly establish (1) that the court committed a manifest

error of law or fact, or (2) that newly discovered evidence precluded entry of judgment.”)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

So long as the Rule 59(e) motion is in proper form and timely submitted, the 30-

day clock for filing a notice of appeal will be stopped. FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(4). The clock

will start anew once the undersigned rules on the Rule 59(e) motion. FED. R. APP. P.

4(a)(1)(A), (a)(4), & (a)(4)(B)(ii). To be clear, if the Rule 59(e) motion is filed outside the

28-day window or “completely devoid of substance,” the motion will not stop the clock

for filing a notice of appeal; it will expire 30 days from the entry of judgment. Carlson v.

CSX Transp., Inc., 758 F.3d 819, 826 (7th Cir. 2014); Martinez v. Trainor, 556 F.2d 818, 819–

20 (7th Cir. 1977). Again, this deadline can be extended only on a written motion by

Adams showing excusable neglect or good cause.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: March 26, 2025 7

NANCY J. ROSENSTENGEL

Chief U.S. District Judge

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