The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 CONNOR DALTON, et al. No. 2:22-cv-00847-DJC-DB
12 Plaintiff,
13 v.
14 FORREST C. FREEMAN, et al.,
15 Defendants. ORDER
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18 Plaintiffs Connor Dalton and Anthony Samano, on behalf of themselves and
19 those similarly situated, bring this action under the Employee Retirement Income
20 Security Act (“ERISA”). Pending before the Court are motions by Defendants Alerus
21 Financial. N.A. and Larry Wray to dismiss the ERISA claims made against each of them
22 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the reasons stated below, the
23 Court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss by Alerus (ECF No. 29.) Additionally, the Court
24 grants in part and denies in part the Motion to Dismiss by Defendant Wray (ECF No.
25 47). Plaintiffs will be given leave to amend.
26 BACKGROUND
27 Plaintiffs Connor Dalton and Anthony Samano were employees of Defendant
28 O.C. Communications (“OCC”) and participants in an Employee Stock Ownership Plan
1 (“ESOP”) offered by OCC that purchased an ownership interest in OCC. (Compl. (ECF
2 No. 1) ¶ 1.) In December of 2011, the ESOP purchased 3,333,333 shares of OCC
3 stock for $11.5 million, or $3.45 per share. (Id. ¶ 6.) As of December 31, 2018, ESOP
4 participants were notified that shares were worth $2.21 per share. (Id. ¶ 7.) In the
5 Complaint, Plaintiffs claim that Defendants failed to fulfill their fiduciary duty to the
6 ESOP when they approved the sale of OCC’s assets to TAK Communications CA, Inc.
7 (“TAK”) for a return less than the fair market value of OCC’s assets. (Id. ¶ 153.) They
8 allege that Defendants enriched themselves at the expense of OCC’s common
9 shareholders in a transaction that took place in May of 2019. (Id. ¶ 76.)
10 In this 2019 transaction, OCC sold almost all of its operating assets and
11 liabilities to TAK for $7.2 million. (Id. ¶ 8.) The $7.2 million sale price indicated that
12 OCC’s assets were sold for $0.72 per share. (Id. ¶ 68.) OCC’s value at the end of
13 2018 was estimated to be more than $24 million. (Id. ¶ 64.) There were allegedly no
14 major business disruptions that occurred between the 2018 appraisal and the 2019
15 transaction that would have caused this large of a discrepancy in the valuation of
16 OCC’s assets. (Id. ¶ 67.) On December 31, 2020, OCC redeemed the ESOP’s
17 2,342,027 allocated shares for $750,000, or $0.32 per share. (Id. ¶ 72.) Plaintiffs
18 allege that all Defendants were fiduciaries under ERISA “at all relevant times.” (Id.
19 ¶ 130.)
20 Plaintiffs brought this action on May 18, 2022 under U.S.C. §§ 1132(a)(2) and
21 1132(a)(3).1 Plaintiffs assert three causes of action on behalf of themselves and those
22 similarly situated for: (1) breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA § 404(a)(1), 29 U.S.C.
23 § 1104(a)(1) against Defendants Forrest Freeman, Carla Freeman, Larry Wray (the
24 “Committee Defendants”), Defendants Reginal D. Wright, Rick Wylie, Don Yee (the
25 “Board Defendants”), Defendant Alerus, and John Doe Defendants 1-50, who were
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27 1 Plaintiffs refer to ERISA §§ 502(a)(2) and 502(a)(3), as well as other ERISA sections throughout the
Complaint. The Court will refer to 29 U.S.C. § 1132, the official U.S. Code citation of ERISA, in this
28 Order.
1 the other members of the Board and the ESOP Committee (collectively, the “Fiduciary
2 Defendants”); (2) breach of co-fiduciary duty under ERISA 405(a)(1)-(3), 29 U.S.C
3 § 1105 (a)(1)-(3) against the Fiduciary Defendants; and (3) failure to provide required
4 information requested by plan participant in writing under ERISA 405(a)(1)-(3), 29
5 U.S.C § 1105 (a)(1)-(3) against defendants Craig Freeman, OCC, and TAK.
6 Defendant Alerus filed a Motion to Dismiss on August 9, 2022, seeking
7 dismissal of claims I and II. (Alerus Mot. to Dismiss (ECF No. 29) at 6–10.) Additionally,
8 Defendant Wray filed a Motion to Dismiss on October 7, 2022, also seeking dismissal
9 of claims I and II. (Wray Mot. to Dismiss (ECF No. 47) at 5–7.) Both Motions are fully
10 briefed and were taken under submission by the Court pursuant to Local Rule 230(g)
11 (Alerus Opp’n (ECF No. 41); Alerus Reply (ECF No. 42); Wray Opp’n (ECF No. 51);
12 Wray Reply (ECF No. 56).)2
13 LEGAL STANDARD
14 A party may move to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can
15 be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The motion may be granted only if the complaint
16 lacks a “cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal
17 theory.” Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008).
18 While the court assumes all factual allegations are true and construes “them in the
19 light most favorable to the nonmoving party,” Steinle v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco,
20 919 F.3d 1154, 1160 (9th Cir. 2019), if the complaint's allegations do not “plausibly
21 give rise to an entitlement to relief” the motion must be granted, Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
22 U.S. 662, 679 (2009).
23 A complaint need contain only a “short and plain statement of the claim
24 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), not “detailed
25 factual allegations,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). This rule
26 demands more than unadorned accusations; “sufficient factual matter” must make the
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28 2 This matter was reassigned to this Court on April 13, 2023. (ECF No. 58.)
1 claim at least plausible. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. In the same vein, conclusory or
2 formulaic recitations of elements do not alone suffice. Id. “A claim has facial
3 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
4 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. This
5 evaluation of plausibility is a context-specific task drawing on “judicial experience and
6 common sense.” Id. at 679. However, a court may not assume that the plaintiff “can
7 prove facts that it has not alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal.
8 State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983).
9 Defendant Alerus’s Motion to Dismiss
10 I. Breach of Fiduciary Duty Regarding Defendant Alerus (Cause of Action
11 One)
12 Defendant Alerus contends that Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged any factual
13 allegations directed toward Alerus. (Alerus Mot. to Dismiss at 1.) To state a claim for
14 an ERISA breach of fiduciary duty under section 1132(a)(3), a plaintiff must allege that
15 (1) the defendant was an ERISA fiduciary under the plan, (2) the defendant breached
16 its ERISA-imposed fiduciary duty, and (3) the breach caused harm to the plaintiff.
17 Bafford v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 994 F.3d 1020, 1026 (9th Cir. 2021). In addition
18 to those fiduciaries named in an employee benefit plan, a trustee is considered a
19 fiduciary if they exercise any discretionary authority or control over the management
20 of the plan or its assets, or if they have any discretionary responsibility in the
21 administration of the plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1105(a).
22 Here, the OC Communications Employee Partnership Plan (“ESOP Plan
23 Document”), effective December 30, 2011, named the Trustee, Defendant Alerus, as a
24 fiduciary. (Compl. ¶ 117.) The ESOP Plan Document outlines certain fiduciary duties
25 of Defendant Alerus including the authority to invest trust assets, receive and post
26 periodic employment contributions, and vote shares of company stock in accordance
27 with directions of participants and beneficiaries to the extent required under the terms
28 of the Plan and consistent with Alerus fiduciary duties under ERISA. (Alerus Reply, Ex.
1 A § 9.3(c).)3 On December 2, 2020, Defendant Alerus adopted the Independent
2 Trustee Engagement Agreement, which broadened Alerus’s fiduciary duties to
3 include responsibility for determining whether the ESOP should be terminated and
4 whether the ESOP’s stock should be redeemed by OCC. (Compl. ¶ 128; see also
5 Alerus Opp’n, Ex. B § A(ii).)
6 Plaintiffs allege that as a fiduciary to the ESOP, Defendant Alerus failed to
7 prudently and loyally fulfill its fiduciary duties when it approved the sale of OCC’s
8 assets to TAK because the proceeds were less than the market value of OCC’s assets.
9 (Id. ¶ 153.) Additionally, Plaintiffs argue that “as corporate officers and directors of
10 OCC, the Board Defendants and the Committee Defendants had corporate fiduciary
11 duties to the ESOP as a minority shareholder that they should have, but did not
12 protect.” (Id. ¶ 154.) They then state that “[a]s fiduciaries of the ESOP, the Fiduciary
13 Defendants knew or should have known that the sale of OCC’s assets to TAK was not
14 fair to the ESOP from a financial point of view, and had ERISA fiduciary duties to act in
15 the ESOP’s interest and to protect the ESOP’s interest, including the sale of OCC’s
16 assets. (Id.) Lastly, Plaintiffs state that “[a]t a minimum, the Fiduciary Defendants could
17 have, and should have, filed an action in Court to seek clarification about their
18 responsibilities to the ESOP under ERISA and to the ESOP as a minority shareholder of
19 OCC. But they did not do so.” (Id. ¶ 155.)
20 Even taking the Plaintiffs’ arguments as true, the factual allegations in the
21 Complaint are insufficient to state a claim as to Defendant Alerus, as Plaintiffs do not
22 connect the May 2019 transaction to any specific failed fiduciary duty owed by
23 Defendant Alerus. Similarly, Plaintiffs fail to specify what fiduciary duties Defendant
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3Under the incorporation by reference doctrine, the Court is permitted to consider documents “whose
25 contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not
physically attached to the [plaintiff’s] pleading. Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005).
26 Incorporation by reference is a “judicially created doctrine that treats certain documents as though they
are part of the complaint itself.” Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir.
27 2018). Plaintiffs referenced The ESOP Plan in the Complaint. (See Compl. ¶¶ 106, 117.) The document
was then provided by Defendant Alerus and is referenced by both parties in their briefing. (See Alerus
28 Reply, Ex. A.) Thus, the Court will incorporate the ESOP Plan document and its contents by reference.
1 Alerus breached when redeeming the ESOP’s shares on December 31, 2020. While
2 Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Alerus had certain fiduciary duties outlined in the
3 ESOP Plan Document and Independent Trustee Engagement Agreement, it is unclear
4 from the Complaint which of these duties Plaintiffs alleged Defendant Alerus
5 breached and by what actions.
6 Moreover, there is a lack of clarity as to whether Paragraphs 153 through 155 of
7 the Complaint refer to the May 2019 transaction or the redemption of the ESOP’s
8 shares in December of 2020. Thus, it is unclear whether the fiduciary duties outlined
9 in the ESOP Plan Document or the Independent Trustee Engagement Agreement
10 apply as the Trustee Engagement Agreement was signed after the May 2019
11 transaction.
12 To the extent that these paragraphs apply to the May 2019 transaction, Plaintiffs
13 have not alleged any facts that show Defendant Alerus approved of the sale or had
14 any authority to do so as paragraph 153 of the Complaint suggests. While paragraph
15 154 of the Complaint mentions legal enforcement actions that should have taken
16 place in relation to the Board Defendants and Committee Defendants, it fails to relate
17 this to any duty owed by specifically the Trustee, Defendant Alerus. As noted, the
18 ESOP Plan Document lays out certain fiduciary duties owed by Alerus, but the
19 Complaint does not identify the fiduciary duty that Defendant Alerus violated.
20 Further, paragraph 155 suggests that Defendants should have sought clarification of
21 their fiduciary duties, but failure to clarify a fiduciary duty is not, by itself, a breach of a
22 fiduciary duty outlined in the ESOP Plan Document. Moreover, Plaintiffs have not
23 identified any specific fiduciary duty that Defendant Alerus breached for which it
24 could have obtained clarification.
25 To the extent that paragraphs 153 through 155 apply to the redemption of
26 ESOP’s shares in December of 2020, Plaintiffs have still not alleged what fiduciary
27 duties Defendant Alerus breached under the Independent Trustee Engagement
28 Agreement. While under that Agreement Defendant Alerus agreed to expanded
1 fiduciary duties, Plaintiffs do not state identify any specific agreed-upon expanded
2 duty that was breached when the ESOP’s shares were redeemed in the Complaint.
3 Plaintiff has not identified any other duties that Defendant Alerus had outside the
4 agreement that were violated by Defendant Alerus’s actions.
5 In sum, Plaintiffs have not identified what fiduciary duty Defendant Alerus owed
6 to the ESOP during the May 2019 transaction, nor what fiduciary duty was breached
7 when the ESOP’s shares in December of 2020 were redeemed. As a result, Plaintiffs
8 have not alleged sufficient facts to state a breach of fiduciary duty claim against
9 Defendant Alerus, and the Motion to Dismiss is granted as to the first cause of action
10 against Defendant Alerus, with leave to amend.
11 II. Breach of Co-Fiduciary Duty Regarding Defendant Alerus (Cause of
12 Action Two)
13 The Court also agrees that Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that Alerus
14 breached a co-fiduciary duty. Under ERISA, a fiduciary with respect to a plan is liable
15 for the breach “of another fiduciary” for the same plan if “he participates knowingly in,
16 or knowingly undertakes to conceal, an act or omissions of such other fiduciary,
17 knowing such act or omissions is a breach,” 29 U.S.C. § 1105 (a)(1), or if, “by his failure
18 to comply with [his fiduciary duties] in the administration of his specific responsibilities
19 which give rise to his status as a fiduciary, he has enabled such other fiduciary to
20 commit a breach,” 29 U.S.C. § 1105 (a)(2), or if “he has knowledge of a breach by such
21 other fiduciary, unless he makes reasonable efforts under the circumstances to
22 remedy the breach.” 29 U.S.C. § 1105 (a)(3).
23 Plaintiffs’ factual allegations are insufficient largely for the same reasons
24 identified above. Plaintiffs do not provide factual allegations to show how Defendant
25 failed to abide by 29 U.S.C. § 1105. Specifically, Plaintiffs do not allege facts that
26 establish Defendant Alerus had knowledge of the breach of another fiduciary. Nor do
27 Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that Defendant Alerus failed to take reasonable efforts to
28 remedy the breach of another fiduciary. All allegations regarding these components
1 are conclusory without factual support. Plaintiffs have thus not alleged sufficient facts
2 to state a breach of co-fiduciary duty claim against Defendant Alerus and Defendant
3 Alerus’ Motion will be granted as to this claim with leave to amend.
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5 Defendant Wray’s Motion to Dismiss
6 I. Breach of Fiduciary Duty Regarding Defendant Wray (Cause of Action
7 One)
8 Plaintiffs contend that Defendant Wray also breached his fiduciary duty. As
9 discussed previously, Plaintiffs must allege that (1) the defendant was an ERISA
10 fiduciary under the plan, (2) the defendant breached its ERISA-imposed fiduciary duty,
11 and (3) the breach caused harm to the plaintiff. See supra Defendant Alerus’s Motion
12 to Dismiss Section I. By virtue of an individual’s membership on an ESOP Committee,
13 which is a fiduciary of an ESOP, one is a “named fiduciary” of an ESOP plan. Solis v.
14 Webb, 931 F. Supp. 2d 936, 947 (N.D. Cal. 2012). “[T]herefore, [the ESOP committee
15 members] ha[ve] a fiduciary duty to ensure that the ESOP’s acquisition of employer
16 securities is transacted for adequate consideration.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).
17 Plaintiffs sufficiently allege Defendant Wray was a fiduciary of the ESOP at the
18 time of the May 2019 transaction. Plaintiffs have alleged that Defendant Wray was a
19 member of the ESOP committee, having been to the ESOP committee when the
20 committee was originally established in 2011 and remaining until the time of the
21 ESOP committee’s termination. (Compl. ¶¶ 27, 37–39). While Defendant Wray
22 argues this factual allegation is contradicted by the ESOP Plan Document (Wray Mot.
23 to Dismiss at 3), that plan does not in fact name the specific individuals who were
24 appointed to the Committee, and the Court must accept the allegations that he was as
25 true at this stage in the proceedings. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have established the
26 existence of a fiduciary duty.
27 As to alleging a breach, Plaintiffs further allege that “[a]s fiduciaries of the ESOP,
28 the Fiduciary Defendants knew or should have known that the sale of OCC’s assets to
1 TAK was not fair to the ESOP from a financial point of view, and had ERISA fiduciary
2 duties to act in the ESOP’s interest and to protect the ESOP’s interest, including the
3 sale of OCC’s assets. (Compl. ¶ 153). They then state that a fiduciary has “an
4 obligation to take action to prevent unfair diminution of trust assets (here, the value of
5 the ESOP’s shares of OCC) including bringing legal claims… .” (Id. ¶ 154). In this
6 instance, Plaintiffs have minimally alleged that Defendant Wray was not only was a
7 fiduciary of the Plan, but that Defendant Wray breached a fiduciary duty he owed.
8 These allegations are minimally sufficient to state a claim for breach of fiduciary
9 duty against Defendant Wray.4 Accordingly, Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts to
10 state a breach of fiduciary duty claim against Defendant Wray, and Defendants’
11 Motion will be denied as to this claim.
12 II. Breach of Co-Fiduciary Duty Regarding Defendant Wray (Cause of
13 Action Two)
14 Plaintiffs contend that Defendant Wray also breached his co-fiduciary duty. The
15 same elements of this cause of action apply to Defendant Wray. See supra Defendant
16 Alerus’s Motion to Dismiss Section II. As with Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant
17 Alerus, Plaintiffs do not provide factual allegations that establish Defendant Wray had
18 knowledge of another fiduciary that breached their fiduciary duty, nor do Plaintiffs
19 sufficiently allege that Defendant Wray failed to take reasonable efforts to remedy the
20 breach of another fiduciary. All the allegations made under this cause of action are
21 conclusory in nature.
22 Because Plaintiffs have not established facts in the Complaint to bring a breach
23 of co-fiduciary claim forward against Defendant Wray, Defendant Wray’s Motion will
24 be granted as to this claim.
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26 4 In opposing Defendant Wray’s Motion, Plaintiffs include statements and evidence that is not included
in the Complaint. The Court has not considered this information in reaching this decision. Given that
27 the Court has determined that Plaintiff will be given leave to amend as to other claims, Plaintiffs may
provide additional factual allegations and further clarify the scope and nature of their claims their First
28 Amended Complaint.
1 III. Leave to Amend
2 A court granting a motion to dismiss a complaint must also decide whether to
3 grant leave to amend. “In general, leave to amend is only denied if it is clear that
4 amendment would be futile and that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be
5 cured by amendment.” Cabo Distrib. Co. v. Brady, 821 F. Supp. 601, 608 (N.D. Cal.
6 1992) (cleaned up); see also Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en
7 banc) (“[A] district court should grant leave to amend ... unless it determines that the
8 pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.”) (citation
9 omitted). While Plaintiffs have not pled sufficient facts to support either of their claims
10 against Defendant Alerus or their co-fiduciary claim against Defendant Wray, it is
11 possible that the issues identified above can be cured in an amended complaint. As
12 such, permitting amendment would thus not be futile at this stage.
13 CONCLUSION
14 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
15 1. Defendant Alerus’ Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 29) is GRANTED and
16 Plaintiffs’ first and second causes of action are DISMISSED as to
17 Defendant Alerus.
18 2. Defendant Wray’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 47) is GRANTED in part
19 and DENIED in part as follows:
20 a. Defendant Wray’s Motion is granted as to Plaintiff’s cause of action
21 two; and
22 b. Defendant’s Motion is denied as to Plaintiff’s cause of action one.
23 3. Plaintiffs will be granted leave to amend. Within 21 days of this order
24 Plaintiffs shall give notice of their intent to proceed on their remaining
25 claims or file a Second Amended Complaint.
26 ////
27 ////
28 ////
1 4. Plaintiff's Motion for Extension of Tile to File Answer (ECF No. 45) is
2 DENIED AS MOOT in light of Defendant Wray’s later filed Motion to
3 Dismiss (ECF No. 47).
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5 IT IS SO ORDERED.
6 | Dated: _March 24, 2025 “Darel A CDbnetto
Hon. Daniel alabretta
/ UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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