“[T]he work- 17 product privilege may be waived by disclosure to third parties which results in disclosure to an 18 adversary party.”
How later courts described this case
- “[T]he work- 17 product privilege may be waived by disclosure to third parties which results in disclosure to an 18 adversary party.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6 SAN JOSE DIVISION
7
8 TERRY GROSS, Case No. 24-cv-02069-EJD (VKD)
9 Plaintiff,
ORDER RE MARCH 10, 2025
10 v. DISCOVERY DISPUTE RE BREEN
REPORT; DENYING
11 SCOTTSDALE INSURANCE COMPANY, ADMINISTRATIVE MOTION TO
et al., SEAL
12
Defendants. Re: Dkt. No. 26, 27
13
14 The parties ask the Court to resolve their dispute regarding whether the attorney-client
15 privilege and the attorney work product doctrine protect from disclosure a report prepared by
16 attorney Joseph Breen and preclude questioning of Mr. Breen about his work leading up to the
17 report.1 Dkt. No. 26. The Court finds this dispute suitable for resolution without oral argument.
18 Civil L.R. 7-1(b).
19 As explained below, the Court concludes that the Breen report is not entitled to protection
20 as a privileged communication due to waiver. The Court directs further proceedings on the
21 question of whether Mr. Breen’s work leading up to the report is protected by the work product
22 doctrine.
23 I. BACKGROUND
24 This action arises from an insurance coverage dispute. Plaintiff Terry Gross asserts claims
25 for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and bad faith
26
1 It is not entirely clear that Scottsdale asserts work product protection in addition to attorney-
27
client privilege for the Breen report. Scottsdale’s portion of the discovery dispute letter focuses
1 denial of an insurance claim against defendant Scottsdale Insurance Company (“Scottsdale”)
2 based on Scottsdale’s alleged breach of an obligation to defend and indemnify two former
3 directors of a now-defunct company, Flora Biosciences, Inc. (“Flora”), in connection with a state
4 court lawsuit, Gross v. Alderete, et al. (“the Underlying Action”). See Dkt. No. 1-1. According to
5 the operative complaint, Flora was a Delaware corporation formerly doing business in California,
6 with its former principal place of business in Santa Clara County, California. Id. at 3, ¶ 1.
7 In December 2018, counsel for Mr. Gross (a Flora shareholder) sent a letter to Flora’s
8 board of directors demanding that the company pursue legal action against Flora’s former CEO
9 John Alderete. Dkt. No. 26 at 1, 4; see also Dkt. No. 1-1 at 58-63. Flora tendered the demand
10 letter to Scottsdale, its insurer. Dkt. No. 26 at 1, 4. In March 2019, Scottsdale retained an
11 attorney, Joseph Breen of the law firm Gordon & Rees, to conduct an investigation on behalf of
12 Flora regarding the demand letter. Id.; see also Dkt. No. 1-1 at 74 (“Scottsdale’s right and duty to
13 defend [Flora] includes the right to appoint defense counsel. Toward this end, Scottsdale has
14 assigned the law firm Gordon & Rees . . . to represent the company for purposes of investigating
15 the allegations against Dr. Alderete contained in the Demand Letter.”). Mr. Breen conducted an
16 investigation and provided a report (“Breen report”) to Scottsdale and Flora’s board of directors on
17 May 21, 2019. Dkt. No. 26 at 4.
18 Mr. Gross became a member of Flora’s board of directors on May 22, 2019, but resigned
19 three weeks later on June 12, 2019. Id. At some point after he resigned, another former member
20 of Flora’s board, Mr. Verges, shared the Breen report with Mr. Gross. Id. Mr. Gross contends
21 that a representative of Scottsdale advised Mr. Verges in writing that Scottsdale “are in no way
22 telling you not to disclose the [Breen] report to Terry Gross if he indeed has a lawful right or duty
23 to view it.” Id. at 2.
24 During Mr. Breen’s deposition on February 13, 2025, Mr. Gross’s attorney attempted to
25 use the Breen report as an exhibit and to ask Mr. Breen questions about it. See Dkt. No. 26, Ex. 2.
26 Scottsdale’s counsel objected to use of the report and questioning about it, asserting both attorney-
27 client privilege and work product protection. Id.
1 II. LEGAL STANDARD
2 A. Attorney-Client Privilege
3 Because the sole basis for federal jurisdiction in this case is diversity jurisdiction,
4 California state law supplies the rule of decision in this action and California state law governs
5 application of the attorney-client privilege. Fed. R. Evid. 501; In re California Pub. Utilities
6 Comm'n, 892 F.2d 778, 781 (9th Cir. 1989); Lawson v. GrubHub, Inc., No. 15-cv-05128-JSC,
7 2017 WL 1684964, at *1 (N.D. Cal. May 3, 2017).
8 In California, the attorney-client privilege is described in the Evidence Code § 950 et seq.
9 According to that code, a client has the privilege “to refuse to disclose, and to prevent another
10 from disclosing, a confidential communication between client and lawyer.” Cal. Evid. Code
11 § 954. A “confidential communication” is:
12 information transmitted between a client and his or her lawyer in the
course of that relationship and in confidence by a means which, so
13
far as the client is aware, discloses the information to no third
14 persons other that those who are present to further the interest of the
client in the consultation or those to whom disclosure is reasonably
15 necessary for the transmission of the information or the
accomplishment of the purpose for which the lawyer is consulted,
16 and includes a legal opinion formed and the advice given by the
lawyer in the course of that relationship.
17
18 Cal. Evid. Code § 952. “If a ‘confidential communication between client and lawyer’ exists, the
19 client has a privilege protecting against disclosure (§ 954), and the attorney has an obligation to
20 refuse disclosure unless otherwise instructed by the client (§ 955).” Scripps Health v. Super. Ct.,
21 109 Cal. App. 4th 529, 533 (Ct. App. 2003).
22 In the insurance context, California recognizes a “tripartite relationship” among insured,
23 insurer, and defense counsel retained by the insurer for the insured. Gafcon, Inc. v. Ponsor &
24 Assocs., 98 Cal.App.4th 1388, 1406-07 (2002). That is, “absent a conflict of interest, an attorney
25 retained by an insurance company to defend its insured under the insurer’s contractual obligation
26 to do so represents and owes a fiduciary duty to both the insurer and insured.” Id. at 1406; Am.
27 Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Superior Ct., 38 Cal. App. 3d 579, 591–92 (Ct. App. 1974).
1 establishing that the privilege applies to the Breen report. Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Superior
2 Court, 47 Cal. 4th 725, 733 (2009).
3 B. Attorney Work Product Doctrine
4 In contrast to the attorney-client privilege, a district court applies federal law to resolve
5 work product disputes, even where the only claims in the action arise under state law. See Baker
6 v. Gen. Motors Corp., 209 F.3d 1051, 1053 (8th Cir. 2000); In re Powerhouse Licensing, LLC,
7 441 F.3d 467, 472 (6th Cir. 2006); Frontier Refining, Inc. v. Gorman–Rupp Co., Inc., 136 F.3d
8 695, 702-03 (10th Cir. 1998); United Coal Cos. v. Powell Construction Co., 839 F.2d 958, 966 (3d
9 Cir. 1988); Anderson v. SeaWorld Parks & Ent., Inc., 329 F.R.D. 628, 635 (N.D. Cal. 2019).
10 Rule 26(b)(3) shields from discovery documents that fall within the scope of the attorney
11 work product doctrine, unless certain exceptions apply. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). The attorney
12 work product doctrine protects from discovery materials that are prepared by or for a party or its
13 representative in anticipation of litigation. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3). The doctrine provides
14 qualified protection against discovery of the legal strategies and mental impressions of a party’s
15 counsel. Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 508–10 (1947); Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S.
16 383, 390–91 (1981). It does not protect facts from disclosure unless disclosure of those facts
17 would inherently reveal an attorney’s strategies or mental impressions. See, e.g., O'Toole v. City
18 of Antioch, No. 11-cv-01502-PJH (MEJ), 2015 WL 1848134, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2015);
19 Hamilton v. RadioShack Corp., No. 11-cv-00888 LB, 2012 WL 2327191, at *4–5 (N.D. Cal. June
20 18, 2012).
21 As the party asserting the attorney work product doctrine, Scottsdale bears the burden of
22 establishing that the protection applies. See, e.g., United States v. Ruehle, 583 F.3d 600, 607-608
23 (9th Cir. 2009); Insight Global, LLC v. Beacon Hill Staffing Grp., LLC, No. 17-cv-00309-BLF
24 (VKD), 2018 WL 6573081, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2018).
25 C. Waiver of Privilege or Protection
26 Both the attorney-client privilege and work product protection may be waived. The
27 question of waiver is governed by federal law. Fed. R. Evid. 502(f). Rule 502(b) of the Federal
[T]he disclosure [of a communication or information covered by
1
attorney-client privilege or work-product protection] does not
2 operate as a waiver in a federal or state proceeding if:
(1) the disclosure is inadvertent;
3 (2) the holder of the privilege or protection took reasonable steps
to prevent disclosure; and
4 (3) the holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error,
including (if applicable) following Federal Rule of Civil
5
Procedure 26(b)(5)(B).
6 Fed. R. Evid. 502(b).
7 As a general matter, the attorney-client privilege is waived when a party discloses
8 privileged information to a third party who is not bound by the privilege, or otherwise shows
9 disregard for the privilege. Bittaker v. Woodford, 331 F.3d 715, 719 (9th Cir. 2003); AdTrader,
10 Inc. v. Google LLC, 405 F. Supp. 3d 862, 866–67 (N.D. Cal. 2019). By contrast, a voluntary
11 disclosure of work product to a third party does not always waive work product protection. Such a
12 disclosure waives the protection where it is made to an adversary in litigation or where it is made
13 in a manner that substantially increases the opportunities for potential adversaries to obtain the
14 work product. United States v. Sanmina Corp., 968 F.3d 1107, 1121 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing 8
15 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2024 (3d ed. 2020));
16 see also Nidec Corp. v. Victor Co. of Japan, 249 F.R.D. 575, 578 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (“[T]he work-
17 product privilege may be waived by disclosure to third parties which results in disclosure to an
18 adversary party.”).
19 III. DISCUSSION
20 Mr. Gross argues that the Breen report is not privileged or protected, at least as to him,
21 because, as a shareholder, he was entitled to see the report under Delaware law. Dkt. No. 26 at 3-
22 4. Separately, Mr. Gross argues the Breen report is not privileged because it reflects only a factual
23 investigation, and not legal advice. Id. at 2-3. Scottsdale responds that under California law, the
24 Breen report is privileged because Mr. Breen was retained to provide legal advice. Id. at 4.
25 Scottsdale acknowledges that Mr. Gross obtained a copy of the Breen report in 2019, but contends
26 that, even under Delaware law, Mr. Gross was never entitled to receive it. Id. at 5-6. Finally,
27 Scottsdale argues that it has never waived the attorney-client privilege (or work product
1 about it. Id. at 6.
2 A. The Breen Report
3 The Court first considers whether the Breen report is a privileged communication under
4 California law. Scottsdale has shown that the report was prepared by an attorney who was
5 specifically retained on Flora’s behalf to investigate the allegations in Mr. Gross’s demand letter
6 and to provide legal advice to Flora’s board. Mr. Gross’s argument that the report is purely
7 factual—and no different than what a non-lawyer claims adjuster might prepare—is unsupported.2
8 Scottsdale has also shown that at the time of the report’s preparation and delivery to Flora’s board
9 of directors, Mr. Breen, Flora, and Scottsdale had a “tripartite relationship,” such that disclosure of
10 the Breen report to Scottsdale, as Flora’s insurer, was within the scope of § 952 of the California
11 Evidence Code. Accordingly, Scottsdale has shown that, absent waiver, the Breen report is
12 entitled to protection as a privileged communication.
13 The Court next considers the question of waiver under Rule 502(b). There is no dispute
14 that the Breen report was disclosed subsequently to at least two shareholders whom, Scottsdale
15 contends, were not entitled to have it—Mr. Verges and Mr. Gross. Id. at 5. While the parties
16 disagree about whether Delaware law applies and, if it does, whether Mr. Gross “properly”
17 received the Breen report under Delaware law, compare id. at 3 with id. at 5, it is undisputed that
18 both Mr. Verges and Mr. Gross have had the Breen report since mid-2019. See id. at 4. Rule
19 502(b) requires the Court to consider whether the privilege holder (i.e. Scottsdale and/or Flora)
20 “promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error.” Scottsdale does not identify any steps that it
21 or Flora took to retrieve the report from either Mr. Verges or Mr. Gross at any time since,
22 including during the pendency of this litigation.
23 Although it is not entirely clear when Flora or Scottsdale first learned that the Breen report
24 had been disclosed to Mr. Gross, the record reflects that Scottsdale should have known of this
25 disclosure no later than December 15, 2023 when Mr. Gross filed and served his complaint against
26 Scottsdale in this case. Paragraph 17 of that complaint refers to the Breen report as follows:
27
In a written report dated May 21, 2019 (“G&R Report”), Gordon &
1
Rees concluded that Alderete’s conduct created potential liability for
2 Flora and a shareholder derivative action would likely be successful
in proving liability and damages. The report noted that Flora failed
3 to provide all documents necessary to complete the investigation,
despite repeated requests to Alderete, Stoll and another former Flora
4 director and officer, Phoebe Wall Howard (“Howard”), who co-
founded Flora with Alderete. The report stated that Flora's Board
5
concluded that initiating litigation against Alderete was not in the
6 Company’s best interests at the time.
7 Dkt. No. 1-1 at 7, ¶ 17. Not only does this paragraph reveal that Mr. Gross was in possession of
8 the report, but it also publicly discloses the contents of the report, including Mr. Breen’s
9 conclusions and legal advice. Moreover, when Scottsdale removed this action from state court to
10 federal court on April 4, 2024, this paragraph was included in the complaint attached as Exhibit A
11 to Scottsdale’s own publicly filed notice of removal. See id.
12 In other words, Scottsdale (and Flora) have known for over a year at least that Mr. Gross
13 had a copy of the Breen report and that some portions of it had been publicly disclosed as well,
14 and they took no action. Scottsdale does not explain how it can now properly assert that the Breen
15 report is entitled to protection as a privileged communication in these circumstances. See Doe 1 v.
16 McAleenan, No. 18-cv-02349-BLF (VKD), 2019 WL 4963196, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 8, 2019)
17 (applying Rule 502(b) and finding waiver where privilege holder delayed asserting a claim of
18 privilege until after plaintiffs had highlighted the importance of the document, discussed it with
19 defendants, used it in a discovery dispute submission, and discussed it in open court); Luna
20 Gaming-San Diego, LLC v. Dorsey & Whitney, LLP, No. 06-cv-2804-BTM (WMc), 2010 WL
21 275083 at *4-6 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 2010) (finding waiver where producing party failed to raise
22 privilege claim promptly after documents were used in deposition and summary judgment
23 motions); cf. Datel Holdings Ltd. v. Microsoft Corp., No. 09-cv-5535-EDL, 2011 WL 866993 at
24 *4-*5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 2011) (declining to find waiver where producing party immediately
25 investigated email exchange used in deposition and raised privilege claim after discovering that
26 exchange originated with a request from counsel). Merely objecting to the disclosure now is not
27 sufficient.
1 protection as an attorney-client privileged communication due to waiver. There is no need for the
2 Court to reach the other issues briefed by the parties regarding the applicability and/or proper
3 application of Delaware law.
4 B. Questioning of Mr. Breen about the Breen Report
5 Even if the Breen report is not entitled to protection as an attorney-client privileged
6 communication, a question remains whether and to what extent Mr. Breen may be asked in
7 deposition about his work leading up to the report. As noted above, application of the work
8 product doctrine is governed by federal law. Neither party adequately addresses whether work
9 product protection might apply here, and if so, whether the protection has also been waived.
10 Accordingly, the Court orders the parties to confer further on this point. If they disagree,
11 they may file a further discovery dispute letter on this limited issue as directed below.
12 C. Related Motion to Seal
13 In conjunction with this discovery dispute, Mr. Gross filed an administrative motion to
14 consider whether another party’s material should be sealed and provisionally filed the Breen report
15 (Exhibit 1 to the discovery dispute letter) under seal. Dkt. No. 27. Mr. Gross states that he “does
16 not agree that the document is privileged or that it must be filed under seal, but has complied with
17 this request to allow Scottsdale the opportunity to request that the document be sealed pursuant to
18 Rule 79-5(f).” Id. Under Civil Local Rule 79-5(f), Scottsdale was required to file “a statement
19 and/or declaration” in support of sealing the document within seven days of the filing of the
20 administrative motion. Scottsdale has not done so. The Court may therefore deny sealing on this
21 basis alone.
22 Furthermore, in the context of a discovery dispute, a party seeking to seal documents or
23 information must generally meet the “good cause” standard set out in Federal Rule of Procedure
24 26(c). Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Chrysler Group, LLC, 809 F.3d 1092, 1098-99 (9th Cir. 2016). As
25 noted above, the Court does not rely on Exhibit 1 in resolving the discovery dispute. However,
26 the Court finds no basis for good cause to maintain the Breen report under seal as material
27 portions of the report have already been publicly disclosed in Mr. Gross’s complaint.
1 advise the Court that he withdraws the report entirely no earlier than 14 days after the date of this
2 || order.
3 || IV. CONCLUSION
4 The Breen report is not entitled to protection as an attorney-client privileged
5 communication due to waiver. Any remaining dispute regarding whether the work product
6 || doctrine applies to Mr. Breen’s testimony about his work leading up to the report must be
7 addressed in a further discovery dispute letter to be filed no later than April 3, 2025.
8 IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 Dated: March 21, 2025
10
11
Virginia K. DeMarchi
12 United States Magistrate Judge
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