Talley v. United States of America (INMATE 2)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

NORTHERN DIVISION

JAMES CALVIN TALLEY, JR., )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) CASE NO. 2:21-CV-694-SLB-CWB

)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )

)

Respondent. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This case is pending on Petitioner James Talley’s pro se motion to vacate, set aside,

or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Doc. 1.1 Talley asserts (1) his trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to request a continuance of his sentencing to a date after

the First Step Act was passed, (2) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the

life sentence imposed on Count 1 on the basis that the sentence exceeded the statutory

maximum, and (3) appellate counsel was also ineffective for failing to challenge the life

sentence on Count 1. See Docs. 1, 2. The government responded to Talley’s motion, arguing

that the first ground in his motion is meritless but conceding that Talley is entitled to relief

on his second and third grounds. Doc. 14. Talley filed a reply to the government’s response

(Doc. 20) and, almost a year later, filed a document labeled as an “amendment” to his

1 References to “Doc.” refer to the Clerk’s docketing numbers in this action. References to “Crim. Doc.”

refer to the Clerk’s docketing numbers in Talley’s underlying criminal case in the U.S. District Court for

the Middle District of Alabama, Case No. 17-CR-100-SLB.

motion (Doc. 21), which the court will construe as a motion for leave to amend his 2255

motion.

For the reasons below, the court finds Talley’s § 2255 motion is due to be DENIED

in part and GRANTED in part and that the construed motion to amend is due to be

DENIED.

I. BACKGROUND

In Talley’s underlying criminal case, docketed in this court as Case No. 17-CR-100-

SLB, a grand jury charged him in a second superseding indictment with five counts: Count

1 – possession with intent to distribute marijuana; Count 2 – possession with intent to

distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine; Count 3 – possession of a firearm as a

convicted felon; Count 4 – possession of a firearm in furtherance of the drug trafficking

crime charged in Count 1; and Count 8 – use of a communication facility to facilitate the

offense in Count 1.2 Crim Doc. 90 at 1–3. When Talley went to trial in February 2018, the

government dismissed Count 4 after the close of its evidence, and the jury found Talley

guilty on the remaining counts. See Crim. Doc. 179 (jury verdict) and Crim. Doc. 265 at 2

(trial transcript). The court set sentencing for June 26, 2018. Crim. Doc. 194. On June 24,

Talley moved to continue his sentencing for seven days to permit family members to attend,

but the court denied the motion. Crim. Docs. 206, 207.

In its response to Talley’s § 2255 motion, the government summarized the offense

conduct from the final Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) as follows:

2 Only five counts appear in the second superseding indictment, but they are numbered Counts 1, 2, 3, 4,

and 8.

On December 2, 2016, law enforcement arrested a subject in Texas

with 100 pounds of marijuana. The subject was en route to deliver the

marijuana to Talley in Verbena, Alabama, and he agreed to participate in a

controlled buy, using a telephone to arrange the meeting. On December 3,

2016, law enforcement traveled with the subject and observed his controlled

delivery, via a rental car, to Talley’s house. They followed Talley, who drove

the rental car with the drugs to Richie Murphy’s house, parked, and opened

the trunk. When agents activated their blue lights, Talley fled into the house

through the front door. Agents entered and caught him at the back door. They

located 3.5 pounds of crystal methamphetamine, marijuana, $22,526 in U.S.

currency, two firearms, ammunition, and drug paraphernalia. Agents also

searched Talley’s residence, where they found marijuana, $50,912 in U.S.

currency, two handguns, ammunition, a digital scale, two cellphones, and a

currency counter. A Drug Enforcement Administration laboratory analyzed

the methamphetamine and found that it was 97% pure and weighed 1,335

grams, while the total weight of marijuana was 3,177 grams. The total

marijuana equivalency assigned to Talley was 26,703.18 kilograms.

Using the 2016 Guidelines Manual, the PSR assigned a base offense

level of 34 for the drug weight, added 2 points for the possession of a

dangerous weapon, and added 2 points for Talley’s role as a leader/organizer.

Based on Talley’s status as a career offender, however, his offense level was

42. Based on his convictions, his initial criminal history category was IV, but

because of his status as a career offender, it became VI.

Doc. 14 at 3–4; Doc. 14-2 ¶¶ 12–18, 33, 35-40, 41, 55.

The original PSR in Talley’s criminal case attributed the following drug amounts to

him: 5.33 kilograms of methamphetamine (“ice”), 20.87 kilograms of methamphetamine,

5 kilograms of cocaine, 329.76 kilograms of marijuana, and 105 grams of Fentanyl. Doc.

14-2 ¶ 29. It also included the following statutory minimum and maximum terms of

imprisonment and supervised release:

Count 1: Minimum of 10 years and maximum of life with 8 years of supervised

release

Count 2: Mandatory life without release with 10 years of supervised release

Count 3: Maximum of 10 years with 1 to 3 years of supervised release

Count 8: Maximum of 8 years with 1 to 3 years of supervised release

Doc. 14 at 4; Doc. 14-2 ¶¶ 90, 94.

At sentencing, this court declined to attribute the entire drug amounts in the original

PSR to Talley and, instead, attributed only the amounts found during the law enforcement

operation, which included 1.34 kilograms of methamphetamine and 3.177 kilograms of

marijuana. Crim. Doc. 247 at 15–20. The final PSR adopted by the court reflects the court’s

findings on drug amounts but does not reflect change in the statutory minimum and

maximum for Count 1. See Doc. 14-2 and Crim. Doc. 213 at ¶¶ 29, 90. The court

determined that Talley’s offense level was 42 because he was a career offender and that his

criminal history category was VI, resulting in a guideline range of life imprisonment. Crim.

Doc. 257 at 25, 27. Talley was sentenced to life imprisonment on Counts 1 and 2, 120

months on Count 3, and 96 months on Count 8, followed by supervised release of 8 years

on Count 1, 10 years on Count 2, and 3 years on Counts 3 and 8. Crim. Doc. 211.

Talley filed a timely direct appeal asserting seven issues: the district court erred by

(1) failing to instruct the jury that it could only find him guilty of being a felon in possession

of a firearm if he knew he was a felon, as required by United States v. Rehaif, 139 S. Ct.

2191 (2019); (2) denying his motion for judgment of acquittal on Count 3 (felon in

possession); (3) failing to exclude an agent’s testimony about his wife’s statement that the

guns were his, in violation of the Confrontation Clause; (4) failing to exclude an agent’s

testimony about the identity of Talley’s source of methamphetamine, in violation of the

Confrontation Clause; (5) giving the jury the Allen charge; (6) imposing a mandatory life

sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) when the jury did not find beyond a reasonable

doubt that he had been convicted of two prior drug felonies; and (7) applying improper

enhancements when calculating his advisory guideline range. Crim. Doc. 281 at 11. The

Eleventh Circuit affirmed Talley’s convictions and sentences, and the mandate issued on

February 9, 2021. Id.; Crim. Doc. 282.

As relevant here, a § 2255 motion must be filed within one year from “the date on

which the judgment of conviction becomes final.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). When an inmate

appeals his convictions and sentences but does not petition the U.S. Supreme Court for

relief, his judgment becomes final when the time for filing a petition for certiorari from the

appellate court’s affirmation of his conviction expires. Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522,

525 (2003). Under U.S. Supreme Court Rule 13, a petition for writ of certiorari to review

the judgment of a United States Court of Appeals in a criminal case must be filed within

90 days after the judgment is entered. Thus, Talley’s one-year statute of limitations began

running on May 10, 2021, and he filed his § 2255 motion on October 18, 2021. Therefore,

his original § 2255 motion is timely.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

After a defendant is convicted and sentenced, § 2255 allows a federal prisoner to

file a motion in the sentencing court to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence on the basis

“that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States,

or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was

in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack.”

28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). A federal prisoner seeking relief under § 2255 bears the burden of

proving his claims. See Beeman v. United States, 871 F.3d 1215, 1221 (11th Cir. 2017)

(stating, in examining claims under Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591 (2015), that

“like any other § 2255 movant, a Johnson § 2255 claimant must prove his claim”). Where

a prisoner seeks an evidentiary hearing, “a federal court must consider whether such a

hearing could enable an applicant to prove the petition’s factual allegations, which, if true,

would entitle the applicant to federal habeas relief.” Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465

(2007). But “if the record refutes the applicant’s factual allegations or otherwise precludes

habeas relief, a district court is not required to hold an evidentiary hearing.” Id.

The three grounds in Talley’s § 2255 motion are claims based on ineffective

assistance of counsel. To succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a petitioner

must demonstrate that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient such that the

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) he suffered

prejudice as a result of that deficiency. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 668, 694

(1984). To prove prejudice, the “defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Id. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence

in the outcome” of the proceeding. Id. “Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel are governed by the same [Strickland] standards applied to trial counsel.” Philmore

v. McNeil, 575 F.3d 1251, 1264 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing Heath v. Jones, 941 F.2d 1126,

1130 (11th Cir. 1991)).

III. DISCUSSION

As mentioned above, Talley’s motion asserts that (1) trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to request a continuance of his sentencing to a date after the First Step Act was

enacted; (2) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the life sentence imposed

on Count 1 on the basis that the sentence exceeded the statutory maximum; and (3)

appellate counsel was also ineffective for failing to challenge the life sentence on Count 1.

A. Ground One: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Based on a Failure to

Continue Sentencing until Enactment of the First Step Act

Talley is entitled to no relief on his claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing

to request a continuance of sentencing until the First Step Act was enacted.

Talley was sentenced on June 26, 2018. The First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-

391, § 401, was enacted six months later on December 21, 2018.3 The Eleventh Circuit has

“a wall of binding precedent that shuts out any contention that an attorney’s failure to

anticipate a change in the law constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.” Pineda v.

Warden, Calhoun State Prison, 802 F.3d 1198, 1204 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States

v. Ardley, 273 F.3d 991, 993 (11th Cir. 2001)). The Eleventh Circuit has “held many times

that reasonably effective representation cannot and does not include a [r]equirement to

make arguments based on predictions of how the law may develop.” Rambaran v. Sec’y,

Dep’t of Corr., 821 F.3d 1325, 1334 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Spaziano v. Singletary, 36

F.3d 1028, 1039 (11th Cir. 1994) (quotation marks omitted) (second alteration in original));

see also Sullivan v. Wainwright, 695 F.2d 1306, 1309 (11th Cir. 1983) (holding that counsel

is not ineffective for failing to “divine [a] judicial development”). Because it would be

3 The First Step Act amended the prior conviction enhancement to apply only where a defendant has a prior

“serious drug felony” conviction for which the defendant served at least one year of incarceration. 21 U.S.C.

§ 802(57)(A). “Serious drug felony” means an offense described in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2), which defines a

“serious drug offense” as “an offense under State law, involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing

with intent to manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled

Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802)), for which a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more is

prescribed by law.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(ii).

unreasonable to require attorneys to predict the future, Talley’s counsel was not ineffective

for failing to make decisions or seek a continuance based on a change in the law that had

yet to occur. See Spaziano, 36 F.3d at 1039; United States v. Finley, 805 F. App’x 823, 826–

27 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[t]his Court’s precedent clearly forecloses an ineffective-assistance-

of-counsel claim based on failure to raise an objection that would not succeed under current

law, but which could succeed depending on a forthcoming Supreme Court decision”)

(citation omitted). Accordingly, Talley cannot establish the deficiency prong of his first

ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

Even if Talley could establish the deficiency prong, this claim would still fail

because he cannot establish the prejudice prong, as he has failed to show a reasonable

probability that this court would have granted a motion to continue sentencing until after

the First Step Act was enacted. Talley’s trial counsel filed a motion for a seven-day

continuance of his sentencing so family members could attend, and that motion was denied.

At the time Talley was sentenced, the First Step Act had passed in the Senate but had not

yet passed in the House, and neither Talley’s attorney nor the court could have known how

long it would take for the bill to pass in the House and become law.4 Talley has presented

nothing indicating this court, which refused his request for a brief one-week continuance,

would have put sentencing on hold indefinitely to await enactment of the First Step Act.

Therefore, Talley is entitled to no relief on this claim.

4 See https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/756/all-actions (last visited March 7, 2025).

B. Grounds Two and Three: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Based on

Errors in Sentencing on Count 1

Talley argues his trial and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to raise an

error in his sentencing on Count 1. Talley was sentenced to life imprisonment on Counts 1

and 2, but Talley argues the sentence on Count 1 exceeded the applicable statutory

maximum under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(D). The Government agrees. Doc. 14 at 10–11.

As detailed above, the original PSR in Talley’s criminal case attributed 329.76

kilograms of marijuana to Talley and, as a result, reported a minimum sentence of 10 years’

imprisonment and a maximum of life under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B). Doc. 14-3 ¶¶ 29, 90.

When the court declined to attribute this entire drug amount to Talley and instead attributed

only the 3.177 kilograms of marijuana found during the law enforcement operation (Doc.

247 at 15–20), the new drug amount reduced the sentence range on Count 1 to a maximum

of “not more than ten years” in prison under §841(b)(1)(D). The final PSR incorporated

the court’s amendments to the drug amounts attributable to Talley but did not reflect a

change in the statutory minimum and maximum for Count 1. Doc. 14-2 and Crim Doc. 213

¶¶ 29, 35, 90. Talley was then sentenced to life imprisonment on Count 1, and neither party

objected. Because Talley’s sentence would have been different if the court had known the

applicable statutory maximum for Count 1, Talley is entitled to relief on grounds two and

three of his § 2255 motion.

If a court finds a petitioner is entitled to relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, it has

discretion to “correct the sentence as may appear appropriate.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b);

United States v. Haynes, 764 F.3d 1304, 1310 (11th Cir. 2014) (finding no error when court

on collateral review found the sentence on one charge to be illegal and vacated only that

particular sentence) (citing United States v. Willis, 649 F.3d 1248, 1256 (11th Cir. 2011)

(“The district court rejected [the defendant’s arguments] regarding those issues and had no

reason to relitigate what had, in its view, been decided without error.”) and United States

v. Bryant, 246 F.3d 650, 654 (6th Cir. 2001) (“When a district court orders a resentencing

the court has the power to determine the appropriate scope of the resentencing.”)). To

correct a sentencing error, a court must resentence the inmate, which is analogous to

beginning the sentencing process again, or correct his sentence to respond to a specific

error. United States v. Thomason, 940 F.3d 1166, 1171 (11th Cir. 2019).

Talley’s motion requests vacatur of both life sentences (Counts 1 and 2) and a full

resentencing under the First Step Act, but his arguments regarding the First Step Act relate

only to Count 2 (see Doc. 2 at 14–16). The court has found that Talley is entitled to no

relief on that claim. Accordingly, the sentencing error on Count 1 has no bearing on the

sentence of life imprisonment imposed on Count 2.

As for Count 1, a “district court need not conduct a full resentencing when

correcting the error does not change the guideline range and the district court does not

make the sentence more onerous.” Thomason, 940 F.3d at 1172 (citing United States v.

Brown, 879 F.3d 1231, 1239–40 (11th Cir. 2018)). Additionally, although a defendant has

a right to be present at any “critical” stage of a criminal proceeding, a defendant does not

have a right to be present when a court takes action to modify his sentence:

For example, a defendant does not have a right to be present when the district

court corrects or reduces his sentence because of an arithmetical error or

based on a motion for substantial assistance, Fed. R. Crim. P. 35, or for

extraordinary reasons, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). Fed. R. Crim. P. 43(b)(4). After

all, the defendant has a right to be present only if the modification to the

sentence constitutes a critical stage where “his presence would contribute to

the fairness of the procedure,” Stincer, 482 U.S. at 745, 107 S.Ct. 2658, and

many minor modifications to sentences do not satisfy that requirement.

Thomason, 940 F.3d at 1171–72. Two factors determine whether a sentence correction is

critical and requires the defendant’s presence: (1) whether the sentencing error undermines

the sentence as a whole and (2) whether the court will exercise “significant discretion in

modifying the defendant’s sentence, perhaps on questions the court was not called upon to

consider at the original sentencing.” Id. at 1172.

The statutory minimum for Talley’s sentence on Count 2 was life imprisonment, so

the sentencing error on Count 1 does not change Talley’s guideline range. Regardless of

any correction to the sentence on Count 1, Talley’s life sentence on Count 2 will remain

unchanged. Therefore, the sentencing error on Count 1 does not undermine Talley’s

sentence as a whole. Additionally, this court can correct the sentencing error without

exercising significant discretion or addressing questions not considered at the original

sentencing. The exercise of “significant” discretion “may occur, for example, if the district

court vacates a mandatory-minimum sentence and then is able to consider the statutory

sentencing factors for the first time. . . . But, ‘[a]t the other end of the spectrum,’ a district

court does not exercise its discretion when it vacates and reimposes the ‘exact same

sentence’ to allow a defendant ‘to file an out-of-time direct appeal.’” Id. at 1173 (citations

omitted). This court has already considered all factors bearing on Talley’s sentence and

correcting the sentencing error on Count 1 will not require the court to consider new factors

or address new questions.

Accordingly, correction of the sentencing error on Count 1 does not require a full

resentencing hearing that would constitute a critical stage where Talley’s presence would

be required. See United States v. Jackson, 923 F.2d 1494, 1495–97 (11th Cir. 1991) (holding

district court not required to hold hearing before lowering defendant’s sentence under

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35 after concluding that sentences for some counts

were too long). The court will grant Talley’s § 2255 motion with respect to grounds two

and three, vacate his sentence on Count 1, and enter a separate order in his criminal case

correcting the sentence error on Count 1.

C. Talley’s Motion for Leave to Amend

Talley’s “amendment” to his § 2255 motion, construed as a motion for leave to

amend, was filed on January 3, 2023. Doc. 21 at 37. Because his one-year statute of

limitations began to run on May 10, 2021, Talley filed his motion almost eight months after

the applicable statute of limitations expired. Nonetheless, the motion may be deemed

timely if the proposed amendment “relates back” to the original § 2255 motion under Rule

15(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

An amendment relates back if it “arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence

set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(2). The

untimely claims in the amendment “must have more in common with the timely filed claim

than the mere fact that they arose out of the same trial and sentencing proceedings.”

Davenport v. United States, 217 F.3d 1341, 1344 (11th Cir. 2000). Talley argues the claims

in his proposed amendment relate back to his original filing because both filings allege that

he was denied effective assistance of counsel.5 Doc. 25 at 2.

In his proposed amendment, Talley claims his trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to file a motion in limine or object to the AUSA’s reading of his prior felony

convictions to the jury, failing to object to the AUSA’s eliciting of hearsay testimony, and

failing to investigate whether the government’s witness was his cellmate. He claims his

appellate counsel was ineffective because he failed to communicate and consult with him

regarding issues to raise on appeal and failed to file a reply brief to address evidentiary

issues and the sentencing enhancement he received for his leadership role in the drug

conspiracy.6 Doc. 21 at 22–37.

The court finds these claims have no relation to Talley’s original § 2255 motion,

which raised only the failure to seek a continuance of sentencing and the excessive sentence

on Count 1. The proposed amendment “does not merely provide specifics” to his previous

claims but, instead, raises all new claims based on separate conduct than what is alleged in

his original motion. See Pruitt v. United States, 274 F.3d 1315, 1319 (11th Cir. 2001)

(finding inmate’s amended claims did not relate back because original petition addressed

only sentencing errors but amendment addressed trial errors such as ineffective assistance

5 Talley also argues that the COVID-19 pandemic constituted an impediment warranting equitable tolling

of the statute of limitations; however, Talley filed a motion for an audio CD of trial proceedings in his

criminal case in July 2021, his original § 2255 motion in October 2021, and a reply to the government’s

response in this action in February 2022. Because Talley was able to file these documents and has offered

no factual details demonstrating how he was prevented from filing the motion to amend before the statute

of limitations expired on May 10, 2022, the Court finds this argument unpersuasive.

6 He further alleges that the Assistant U.S. attorney in his case engaged in misconduct by informing the jury

of his prior felony convictions and eliciting inadmissible hearsay, but this alleged conduct by the prosecutor

obviously does not relate to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his original § 2255 motion.

of counsel and prosecutorial misconduct”); Davenport v. United States, 217 F.3d 1341,

1346 (11th Cir. 2000) (finding claims in amendment did not relate back when original

claims dealt with chemical makeup of drugs but amended claims addressed relationship

between drug transactions, counsel’s reliance on lab summary instead of full report, and

failure to advise of possible plea agreement); Espinosa v. United States, 330 F. App’x 889,

892 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (finding no relation back because initial § 2255 motion

involved alleged deficiencies “during specific moments of the trial and at sentencing” but

amended claims involved pretrial claims about counsel’s preparation and investigation, so

claims did not arise from “a common core of operative facts”); Mabry v. United States, 336

F. App'x 961, 964 (11th Cir. 2009) (finding claim that counsel was ineffective at sentencing

by failing to assist court in computing correct guideline level did not relate back to original

claim of ineffective assistance at sentencing based on failure to explain defendant’s

substantial assistance; even though “both claims involve[d] counsel’s performance at

sentencing, they involve[d] very different aspects of counsel’s performance”).

Accordingly, Talley’s construed motion to amend is untimely and is due to be

denied.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, Talley’s Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, Set

Aside, or Correct Sentence (Doc. 1) is due to be DENIED as to ground one and GRANTED

as to grounds two and three. Talley’s motion to amend is due to be DENIED as untimely.

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings provides, “[t]he district

court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order adverse

to the applicant.” An applicant for Section 2255 relief “cannot take an appeal unless a

circuit justice or a circuit or district judge issues a certificate of appealability under 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c).” Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(1). And, the “certificate of appealability may issue

[. . .| only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2) (emphasis added). To make a substantial showing of the

denial of a constitutional right, the applicant must show “that reasonable jurists could

debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a

different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to

proceed further.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003) (citations and internal

quotations omitted).

In this case, ground one of Talley’s motion is meritless, and reasonable jurists could

not disagree. He has not demonstrated that the issue is reasonably debatable and/or

deserves encouragement to proceed further. Therefore, issuance of a certificate of

appealability 1s not warranted in this case.

An Order in accordance with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered.

DONE this 21st day of March, 2025.

haven Lovelace Flackbum

SHARON LOVELACE BLACKBURN

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

15