In Re Petition of Kent County Treasurer for Foreclosure

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

In re PETITION OF KENT COUNTY

TREASURER FOR FORECLOSURE.

KENT COUNTY TREASURER, FOR PUBLICATION

March 21, 2025

Petitioner-Appellee, 12:04 PM

v No. 363463

Kent Circuit Court

ROBERT BROTT, JOSEPH GRZESZAK, LC No. 20-003864-CZ

BRANDON HARRIS, and MARKETTA HASSEN,

Personal Representative of the ESTATE OF ALEX

HASSEN,

Claimants-Appellants.

In re PETITION OF OCEANA COUNTY

TREASURER FOR FORECLOSURE.

OCEANA COUNTY TREASURER,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v No. 363766

Oceana Circuit Court

ELIZABETH HEWITT, Personal Representative of LC No. 2020-014141-CZ

the ESTATE OF HELEN JEANETTE MALDA,

Respondent-Appellant.

In re PETITION OF KALAMAZOO COUNTY

TREASURER FOR FORECLOSURE.

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KALAMAZOO COUNTY TREASURER,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v No. 363808

Kalamazoo Circuit Court

CHRISTINA L. HOLDEMAN, and PAMELA LC No. 2020-000188-CZ

POWELL, Personal Representative of the ESTATE

OF ROGER L. HAMACHER,

Respondents-Appellants.

In re PETITION OF CASS COUNTY

TREASURER FOR FORECLOSURE.

CASS COUNTY TREASURER,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v No. 364114

Cass Circuit Court

ANNETTE O. SHAW, LC No. 2020-000182-CH

Respondent-Appellant.

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and BORRELLO and RICK, JJ.

BORRELLO, J.

These consolidated appeals involve claims for the distribution of proceeds remaining from

the tax-foreclosure sales of properties after the satisfaction of delinquent property taxes, interest,

penalties, and fees (collectively, the tax debt). In Docket No. 363463, claimants Robert Brott,

Joseph Grzeszak, Brandon Harris, and the Estate of Alex Hassen (the Hassen Estate), by Marketta

Hassen, personal representative, appeal by delayed leave granted1 the Kent Circuit Court order

denying their motions to disburse remaining proceeds. In Docket No. 363766, respondent Estate

1

In re Petition of Kent Co Treasurer for Foreclosure, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,

entered March 14, 2023 (Docket No. 363463).

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of Helen Jeanette Malda (the Malda Estate), by Elizabeth Hewitt, personal representative, appeals

by delayed leave granted2 the Oceana Circuit Court order denying the Estate’s motion to disburse

remaining proceeds. In Docket No. 363808, respondents Christina L. Holdeman and the Estate of

Roger L. Hamacher (the Hamacher Estate), by Pamela Powell, personal representative, appeal by

delayed leave granted3 the Kalamazoo Circuit Court orders denying their motions to disburse

remaining proceeds. Lastly, in Docket No. 364114, respondent Annette O. Shaw appeals by

delayed leave granted4 the Cass Circuit Court order denying Shaw’s motion to disburse remaining

proceeds. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. LEGAL BACKGROUND

The Michigan Supreme Court held in Rafaeli, LLC v Oakland Co, 505 Mich 429, 483-484;

952 NW2d 434 (2020), that former owners of properties sold at tax-foreclosure sales for more than

what was owed in delinquent real-property taxes, interest, penalties, and fees had “a cognizable,

vested property right to the surplus proceeds resulting from the tax-foreclosure sale of their

properties.” This right continued to exist after fee simple title to the properties vested with the

foreclosing governmental unit (FGU). Id. at 484. The FGU’s “retention and subsequent transfer

of those proceeds into the county general fund amounted to a taking of plaintiffs’ properties under

Article 10, § 2 of [Const 1963],” and the former owners were entitled to just compensation in the

form of the return of the surplus proceeds. Id. at 484-485.

Before our Supreme Court decided Rafaeli, the General Property Tax Act (GPTA),

MCL 211.1 et seq., did not provide former property owners a right to claim surplus proceeds from

a tax foreclosure sale. Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 447-448. Hence, when our Supreme Court announced

in Rafaeli that the GPTA was “unconstitutional as applied to former property owners whose

properties were sold at a tax-foreclosure sale for more than the amount owed in unpaid taxes,

interest, penalties, and fees related to the forfeiture, foreclosure, and sale of their properties” to the

extent the GPTA permitted FGUs to retain those surplus proceeds, Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 474-475,

there was no mechanism in the GPTA “by which former property owners could recover their

surplus proceeds,” In re Petition of Muskegon Co Treasurer for Foreclosure, ___ Mich App ___,

___; ___ NW3d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 363764); slip op at 2.

In response to Rafaeli, the Michigan Legislature passed 2020 PA 255 and 2020 PA 256,

which were given immediate effect, on December 22, 2020. These acts were “intended to codify

and give full effect to the right of a former holder of a legal interest in property to any remaining

proceeds resulting from the foreclosure and sale of the property to satisfy delinquent real property

taxes under the [GPTA] . . . as recognized by the Michigan supreme court in Rafaeli, LLC v

2

In re Petition of Oceana Co Treasurer for Foreclosure, unpublished order of the Court of

Appeals, entered March 29, 2023 (Docket No. 363766).

3

In re Petition of Kalamazoo Co Treasurer for Foreclosure, unpublished order of the Court of

Appeal, entered March 29, 2023 (Docket No. 363808).

4

In re Petition of Cass Co Treasurer for Foreclosure, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals,

entered April 7, 2023 (Docket No. 364114).

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Oakland County . . . .” Enacting Section 3 of 2020 PA 255; Enacting Section 3 of 2020 PA 256.

At issue in the current appeal is MCL 211.78t, a provision added to the GPTA by 2020 PA 256.

Section 78t provides the means for former owners to claim and receive any applicable remaining

proceeds from the tax-foreclosure sales of their former properties. Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich

App at ___; slip op at 2.

Property owners whose properties sold at tax-foreclosure sales after July 17, 2020, the date

the Rafaeli decision was issued, and who intend to recover any surplus proceeds from the sale are

required to notify the FGU of their intent by submitting a “Notice of Intention to Claim Interest in

Foreclosure Sales Proceeds” (Treasury Department Form 5743) by the July 1 immediately

following the effective date of the foreclosure of their properties. MCL 211.78t(2); Muskegon

Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 2. Form 5743 must be notarized and filed with the

FGU “by personal service acknowledged by the [FGU] or by certified mail, return receipt

requested.” MCL 211.78t(2). Property owners who satisfy these requirements are “claimants.”

Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 2.

In the January immediately following the sale or transfer of foreclosed properties, the FGU

notifies claimants about the total amount of remaining proceeds or the amount of shortfall in

proceeds, among other things. MCL 211.78t(3)(i). The notice also instructs claimants that they

must file a motion in the circuit court in the foreclosure proceeding to recover any remaining

proceeds payable to them. MCL 211.78t(3)(k). This motion must be filed between February 1

and May 15 of the year immediately following the tax-foreclosure sale. MCL 211.78t(4).

At the end of this claim period, the FGU responds by verifying that claimants timely filed

Form 5743 and identifying any remaining proceeds.5 MCL 211.78t(5)(i). The circuit court then

holds a hearing to determine the relative priority and value of the claimants’ interests in any

remaining proceeds. MCL 211.78t(9). After requiring the payment of a sales commission to the

FGU of 5% of the amount for which the property was sold, the trial court then allocates any

remaining proceeds based on its determination of priority, and orders the FGU to pay the remaining

proceeds to claimants in accordance with the trial court’s determination. MCL 211.78t(9). The

FGU has 21 days to pay the amounts ordered by the trial court. MCL 211.78t(10).

II. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

The appeals presented pertain to foreclosure proceedings initiated under the GPTA

concerning overdue property taxes. While the underlying facts of the case are not in dispute, the

parties involved differ in their interpretations of the legal implications stemming from these factual

circumstances.

5

Specifically, the FGU files with the circuit court proof of service of the notice that the FGU

mailed to claimants in January, along with additional information identifying the property and the

details of its sale, including the amount of any remaining proceeds or shortfall in proceeds.

MCL 211.78t(5).

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Respondents6 were property owners who had defaulted on their property tax obligations.

In response, the petitioners, acting as the FGUs for their respective counties, initiated foreclosure

proceedings on March 31, 2021. This action established July 1, 2021, as the cutoff date for the

submission of Form 5743. However, none of the respondents complied with this requirement by

the designated deadline. Subsequently, each property was auctioned off for amounts that surpassed

the delinquent taxes and associated costs owed by the respective property owners.

Respondents moved in the respective circuit courts for disbursement of the remaining

proceeds in April or May 2022. The circuit courts denied these motions, and these appeals ensued.

III. ANALYSIS

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review questions of constitutional law, including the constitutionality of a statute,

de novo. Bonner v Brighton, 495 Mich 209, 221; 848 NW2d 380 (2014); Whitman v Lake Diane

Corp, 267 Mich App 176, 179; 704 NW2d 468 (2005). We also review de novo whether the trial

court properly interpreted and applied relevant statutes. Makowski v Governor, 317 Mich App

434, 441; 894 NW2d 753 (2016).

“In reviewing the circuit court’s resolution of a motion under MCL 211.78t, this Court

reviews factual findings for clear error”, but “questions of law—including the interpretation and

application of constitutional provisions and statutes—” are still reviewed de novo. Muskegon

Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 3.

B. INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF MCL 211.78t

Respondents contend that the trial court erred in denying their motions for the excess

proceeds of the tax foreclosure sales, citing numerous reasons that can be categorized under two

primary claims. First, they argue that MCL 211.78t does not serve as the exclusive mechanism for

claiming these surplus proceeds. Therefore, they assert that the failure to meet the requirements

outlined in the statute does not prohibit them from recovering those proceeds, as they believe there

are alternative paths for relief. Second, respondents maintain that even if MCL 211.78t is deemed

the exclusive mechanism, it is unconstitutional for several reasons. We will examine these

arguments and sub-arguments accordingly.

1. EXCLUSIVITY

Respondents first argue that MCL 211.78t is not the exclusive procedure for the recovery

of tax-foreclosure proceeds.

In stark contrast to respondents’ argument on this issue, this Court held in Muskegon

Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4-5, 7-12, that our Legislature intended MCL 211.78t

6

In Docket No. 363463, the appellants are designated as claimants rather than respondents;

however, for ease of reference, we will refer to all appellants collectively as “respondents.”

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as the exclusive mechanism for recovering proceeds remaining after a tax-foreclosure sale and the

satisfaction of the former owner’s tax debt, and we are bound to follow this holding in the present

case. See MCR 7.215(C)(2) and (J)(1); see also Pew v Mich State Univ, 307 Mich App 328, 334;

859 NW2d 246 (2014) (“Principles of stare decisis require us to reach the same result in a case

that presents the same or substantially similar issues as a case that another panel of this Court has

decided.”). The Legislature stated in MCL 211.78t(11) that § 78t “is the exclusive mechanism for

a claimant to claim and receive any applicable remaining proceeds under the laws of this state.”

(Emphasis added.) Legislative intent can hardly be more clearly expressed.

Respondents point to several purported ambiguities that they view as evidence of an

alternate means of recovering excess proceeds. They contend that the use of “surplus proceeds”

in Rafaeli and “remaining proceeds” in MCL 211.78t suggested that, even if § 78t were the

exclusive means of recovering remaining proceeds, it would not be the exclusive mechanism of

recovering surplus proceeds. Respondents also contend that the existence of an alternate means

of recovering surplus proceeds is supported by § 78t(1)’s statement that “[a] claimant may submit”

Form 5743 and by the fact that § 78t(12)(a) defined “claimant” to be a subset of foreclosed

property owners, i.e., those who elected to recover remaining proceeds under § 78t. This Court

addressed and rejected each of these arguments in Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___;

slip op at 4-5, and we do so again here for the same reasons, which we need not reiterate.

Additionally, respondents argue that MCL 211.78t(6) contains an alternate, and later,

deadline for providing notice to the FGU through Form 5743 than the deadline contained in MCL

211.78t(2) and that at least some of the claimants met this later deadline. This argument is based

on a misreading of the statute. MCL 211.78t(1) provides:

(1) A claimant may submit a notice of intention to claim an interest in any

applicable remaining proceeds from the transfer or sale of foreclosed property

under section 78m, subject to the following:

(a) For foreclosed property transferred or sold under section 78m after July

17, 2020, the notice of intention must be submitted pursuant to subsection (2).

(b) For foreclosed property transferred or sold under section 78m before

July 18, 2020, both of the following:

(i) A claim may be made only if the Michigan supreme court orders that its

decision in Rafaeli, LLC v Oakland County, docket no. 156849, applies

retroactively.

(ii) Subject to subparagraph (i), the notice of intention must be submitted

pursuant to subsection (6).

In Schafer v Kent Co, ___ Mich ___, ___; ___ NW3d ___ (2024) (Docket No. 164975);

slip op at 3-4, our Supreme Court held that “Rafaeli applies retroactively to claims not yet final on

July 17, 2020, the date the opinion was issued” and that “MCL 211.78t, which establishes a

procedure for processing claims made under Rafaeli, applies retroactively to claims arising prior

to its enactment.”

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Here, it is undisputed that respondents’ properties were transferred or sold after July 17,

2020. Therefore, respondents’ notices of intention (Form 5743) “must [have been] submitted

pursuant to subsection (2).” MCL 711.28t(1)(a). Contrary to respondents’ argument, subsection

(6) is entirely inapplicable because their properties were not transferred or sold before July 18,

2020. MCL 711.28t(1)(b).

Additionally, respondents seemingly argue that they are still able to bring a direct takings

claim, as the claimants did in Rafaeli, regardless of whether respondents complied with MCL

211.78t. When Rafaeli was decided, the GPTA did “not provide for any disbursement of the

surplus proceeds to the former property owner, nor [did] it provide former owners a right to make

a claim for these surplus proceeds.” Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 447.

However, as previously discussed, the Legislature passed 2020 PA 255 and 2020 PA 256

in response to Rafaeli to add statutory procedures for property owners to obtain any surplus

proceeds that may result from tax-foreclosure sales. There is no compensable takings claim when

statutory procedures exist for property owners to recover surplus proceeds and a property owner’s

failure to follow those procedures results in a forfeiture of surplus proceeds. Muskegon Treasurer,

___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 10-11. Our Supreme Court’s decision in Rafaeli did not

“ ‘prevent[] the Legislature from enacting legislation that would require former property owners

to avail themselves of certain procedural avenues to recover surplus proceeds.’ ” Id. at ___; slip

op at 11, quoting Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 473 n 108. Respondents thus have not demonstrated that

MCL 211.78t is not the exclusive procedural mechanism for the recovery of tax-foreclosure

proceeds.

2. DUE PROCESS

Next, respondents raise several due-process arguments regarding the July 1 deadline for

submitting Form 5743 and the notice provisions in MCL 211.78t.

This Court provided the following due-process analysis in Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich

App at ___; slip op at 8:

Due process is not a one-size-fits-all concept. It is, rather, “flexible and calls

for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.” Mathews v

Eldridge, 424 US 319, 332, 334; 96 S Ct 893; 47 L Ed 2d 18 (1976). Courts

generally consider three factors to determine what is required by due process:

First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action;

second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through

the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or

substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s

interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and

administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural

requirement would entail. [Id. at 335.]

The private interest affected by an FGU’s compliance with MCL 211.78t is

a former property owner’s right to the proceeds remaining after the tax-foreclosure

sale and the satisfaction of tax debt and associated costs. If the procedures are

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followed, the risk of an erroneous deprivation is nil—when a former property owner

submits a timely and otherwise proper Form 5743, the FGU will be on notice that

the former owner intends to exercise the right to proceeds, and the FGU will be

required to notify that person of any proceeds remaining after satisfaction of the tax

delinquency as well as how to file a claim. MCL 211.78t(3). Finally, as for the

government interest involved, the FGU has an interest in having taxes paid in full

as well as clarifying within a reasonable time period who has the right to any surplus

from forfeited properties.

The statutory scheme set up by our Legislature and followed by petitioner

satisfies due process. The notices informed respondents of their right to claim any

excess proceeds and told them how to express their intent to exercise that right.

First, a former owner is given pre-deprivation notice of a foreclosure and sale to

satisfy unpaid taxes and associated costs. Second, the former owner is given several

months to file a form indicating an intent to seek the remaining proceeds (if any)

that might exist after the sale and satisfaction of taxes and related costs. If the

statutory scheme is followed by the former owner and FGU, there will be no

constitutional deprivation like the one in Rafaeli. This is all that due process

requires in this situation. [Bracketed citation in original.]

Integral to this Court’s conclusion in Muskegon Treasurer was the fact that the petitioner

followed the statutory scheme by providing the respondents with notices that adequately informed

them of “their right to claim any excess proceeds and told them how to express their intent to

exercise that right.” Id. This explanation is required by MCL 211.78i(7)(i), which requires that

mailed and posted notices of the show cause and judicial foreclosure hearings “must include . . .

[a]n explanation of the right of a person with an interest in the property at the time a judgment of

foreclosure of the property is effective . . . to claim that person’s interest in any remaining proceeds

pursuant to section 78t . . . .” Petitioners must include the same explanation in published notices,

see MCL 211.78i(8)(h), and certificates of forfeiture recorded with the register of deeds, see MCL

211.78g(2).7

In the present cases, however, respondents argue that the counties’ “foreclosure notices did

not satisfy due process with regard to the deprivation of proceeds from the tax sale” because the

“foreclosure notices did not give notice that the County was intending to confiscate the proceeds

of the tax sale.” Respondents clarify that, like the claimants in Rafaeli, they are not disputing the

validity of the foreclosures and that their argument is that they were deprived of due process—

7

We recognize that this specific statutory provision requiring notice of the right to surplus

proceeds to appear in the certificate of forfeiture recorded with the register of deeds may not have

been in effect that the certificates of forfeiture would have been required to have been recorded in

the present cases. However, this does not impact our analysis because our conclusions do not

depend on whether this notice was provided at that time in the manner outlined in the current form

of MCL 211.78g.

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specifically notice—with respect specifically to the surplus proceeds from the tax-foreclosure

sales. This Court held in Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 8, that the

“statutory scheme set up by our Legislature . . . satisfies due process” and that “[i]f the statutory

scheme is followed by the former owner and FGU, there will be no constitutional deprivation like

the one in Rafaeli.” Respondents’ argument in the present cases raises the question whether due

process has been provided if an FGU does not comply with the statutory requirements, which is a

question that was not addressed in Muskegon Treasurer.8

The inquiry at hand necessitates an examination of both the statutory provisions outlined

in the GPTA and relevant constitutional principles. It is important to clarify that a breach of a

statutory provision within the GPTA does not inherently contravene procedural due process.

Accordingly, while we will explore the pertinent sections of the statutory framework established

by the GPTA, this analysis should not be misconstrued as a comprehensive delineation of all

constitutional requirements. Subsequently, we will address constitutional principles to determine

whether adequate notice, as mandated by constitutional standards, necessitates informing a former

property owner of their right to surplus proceeds prior to any deprivation of their ability to claim

such proceeds from a tax-foreclosure sale.

Section 78i(1) of the GPTA requires the FGU, “[n]ot later than May 1 immediately

succeeding the forfeiture of property to the county treasurer under section 78g,” to “initiate a search

of records identified in subsection (6) to identify the persons with a property interest in the property

entitled to notice under this section of the show cause hearing under section 78j and the foreclosure

hearing under section 78k.” MCL 211.78i(1). After conducting that records search, the FGU (or

its authorized representative) “shall determine the address reasonably calculated to apprise each

person with a property interest in a forfeited property of the show cause hearing under section 78j

and the foreclosure hearing under section 78k and shall send notice of the show cause hearing

under section 78j and the foreclosure hearing under section 78k to those persons, and to a person

entitled to notice of the return of delinquent taxes under section 78a(4), by certified mail, return

receipt requested, not less than 30 days before the show cause hearing.” MCL 211.78i(2).

Furthermore, the FGU (or its authorized agent) must “make a personal visit” to each

forfeited property to determine whether the property is occupied. MCL 211.78i(3). If the property

appears to be occupied, the FGU must attempt to personally serve the occupant with notice of the

show cause and foreclosure hearings, as well as verbally inform a personally served occupant of

the impending foreclosure. MCL 211.78i(3)(a) and (b). However,

[i]f the foreclosing governmental unit or its authorized representative does not

personally meet with the occupant, the foreclosing governmental unit or its

authorized representative shall place in a conspicuous location on the property a

notice that explains, in plain English, that the property will be foreclosed unless

forfeited unpaid delinquent taxes, interest, penalties, and fees owed on the property

are paid, the time within which forfeited unpaid delinquent taxes, interest,

8

To the extent respondents in the present cases maintain that the statutory procedures now included

in the GPTA relative to surplus proceeds violate procedural due process, that argument must be

rejected based on our holding in Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 8.

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penalties, and fees must be paid, and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers

of agencies or other resources that may be available to assist a person with an

interest in the property with avoiding the loss of the property interest and any equity

associated with the property interest. . . . The notice also must include an

explanation of the right of a person with an interest in the property at the time a

judgment of foreclosure of the property is effective under section 78k to claim that

person’s interest in any remaining proceeds pursuant to section 78t after a sale or

transfer of the property under section 78m. [MCL 211.78i(3)(d) (emphasis added).]

“If the foreclosing governmental unit or its authorized representative is unable to ascertain

an address reasonably calculated to apprise a person with a property interest entitled to notice

under this section, or is unable to notify a person with a property interest under subsection (2), the

foreclosing governmental unit shall provide notice by publication as provided in this subsection

and section 78s.” MCL 211.78i(5).

Of crucial importance to the instant matter is MCL 211.78i(7), which provides in relevant

part that the “notice required under subsections (2) and (3) must include all of the following:

(a) The date on which the property was forfeited to the county treasurer.

(b) A statement that the person notified may lose that person’s interest in

the property and any equity associated with that property interest as a result of the

foreclosure proceeding under section 78k.

(c) A legal description or parcel number of the property and, if available,

the street address of the property.

(d) The person to whom the notice is addressed.

(e) The total taxes, interest, penalties, and fees due on the property.

(f) The date and time of the show cause hearing under section 78j.

(g) The date and time of the hearing on the petition for foreclosure under

section 78k, and a statement that unless the forfeited unpaid delinquent taxes,

interest, penalties, and fees are paid on or before the March 31 immediately

succeeding the entry of a judgment foreclosing the property under section 78k, or

in a contested case within 21 days of the entry of a judgment foreclosing the

property under section 78k, the title to the property will vest absolutely in the

foreclosing governmental unit . . .

* * *

(h) An explanation of the person’s rights of redemption and notice that the

rights of redemption will expire on the March 31 immediately succeeding the entry

of a judgment foreclosing the property under section 78k, or in a contested case 21

days after the entry of a judgment foreclosing the property under section 78k.

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(i) An explanation of the right of a person with an interest in the property

at the time a judgment of foreclosure of the property is effective under section 78k

to claim that person’s interest in any remaining proceeds pursuant to section 78t

after a sale or transfer of the property under section 78m.

(j) The internet website address for the legal resource and referral center of

the state bar of Michigan and the toll-free telephone number for the state bar of

Michigan’s lawyer referral service. [Emphasis added.]

The published notice required under MCL 211.78i(5) must also include, in addition to

much of the same information set forth in MCL 211.78i(7), an “explanation of the right of a person

with an interest in the property at the time a judgment of foreclosure of the property is effective

under section 78k to claim that person’s interest in any remaining proceeds pursuant to section 78t

after a sale or transfer of the property under section 78m.” MCL 211.78i(8)(h).

Finally, MCL 211.78i(10) provides that the

failure of the foreclosing governmental unit to comply with any provision of this

section does not invalidate any proceeding under this act if the person with a

property interest is notified of the show cause hearing under section 78j and the

foreclosure hearing under section 78k consistent with the minimum due process

required under the state constitution of 1963 and the Constitution of the United

States. [Emphasis added.]

Our Supreme Court has held that the Legislature cannot create a statutory scheme in the

GPTA that allows a property owner to be deprived of property without due process of law, and

due process of law includes the necessity of providing “constitutionally adequate notice.” In re

Treasurer of Wayne Co for Foreclosure, 478 Mich 1, 10-11; 732 NW2d 458 (2007) (Perfecting

Church). In that case, the county foreclosed on a parcel of property owned by Perfecting Church,

but the church had never received any notice of the foreclosure proceedings because the county

had failed to comply with the notice provisions of the GPTA. Id. at 4-5. The county treasurer had

sent the statutorily required notice to the parcel’s previous owner instead of the church and did not

post a notice on the parcel. Id. at 5. The Supreme Court held that the county had therefore deprived

the church of its property without providing due process because “the county completely failed to

comply with the notice provisions in the GPTA” and that the church was entitled to have its title

to the property restored. Id. at 11.

However, the Court clarified that the emphasis is on whether the FGU provided

“constitutionally adequate notice” and not merely on whether there was a statutory violation of the

GPTA; the Court explained, “Because the notice provisions [in the GPTA] provide more notice

than is required to satisfy due process, the constitution does not require strict compliance with all

the statutory notice requirements.” Id. at 10 n 19. Nonetheless, the Court explained that it would

be “patently unconstitutional” for the statute to permit an FGU to “ignore completely the

mandatory notice provisions of the GPTA, seize absolute title to a taxpayer’s property, and sell

the property, leaving the circuit court impotent to provide a remedy for the blatant deprivation of

due process.” Id. at 10.

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“Proceedings that seek to take property from its owner must comport with due process.”

Sidun v Wayne Co Treasurer, 481 Mich 503, 509; 751 NW2d 453 (2008). There is no proper

governmental interest “in taking a person’s property for nonpayment of taxes without proper notice

and opportunity for a hearing at which the person can contest the [FGU’s] right to foreclose and

cure any default determined.” Id. at 503 n 3 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “A

fundamental requirement of due process in such proceedings is ‘notice reasonably calculated,

under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford

them an opportunity to present their objections.’ ” Id. at 509, quoting Mullane v Central Hanover

Bank & Trust Co, 339 US 306, 314; 70 S Ct 652; 94 L Ed 865 (1950). The Court in Sidun explained

the nature of the notice requirement as follows:

Interested parties are “entitled to have the [government] employ such means ‘as

one desirous of actually informing [them] might reasonably adopt’ to notify [them]

of the pendency of the proceedings.” That is, the means employed to notify

interested parties must be more than a mere gesture; they must be means that one

who actually desires to inform the interested parties might reasonably employ to

accomplish actual notice. However, “[d]ue process does not require that a property

owner receive actual notice before the government may take his property.” [Sidun,

481 Mich at 509 (citations omitted; alterations in original).]

Moreover, “the notice required will vary with [the] circumstances and conditions.” Id. at

511 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

There is no question that a person with a property interest in a subject property “has a

constitutional right to due process of law before the government takes title to the property.” Id. at

509 (emphasis added). However, the matter currently before the Court concerns the property

interest of a former owner in any surplus proceeds resulting from a tax foreclosure sale of their

property. This issue prompts an examination of whether the government is obligated to provide

specific notice regarding the potential forfeiture of such surplus proceeds prior to stripping the

former owner of their entitlement.

As discussed, our Supreme Court held in Rafaeli that “former property owners whose

properties were foreclosed and sold to satisfy delinquent real-property taxes, have a cognizable,

vested property right to the surplus proceeds resulting from the tax-foreclosure sale of their

properties” and this “right continue[s] to exist even after fee simple title to plaintiffs’ properties

vested with [the FGU] . . . .” Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 484. The Rafaeli Court described this vested

property right to surplus proceeds as “a separate property right that survives the foreclosure

process,” id. at 476, and that “is as much an interest in property as our kitchen tables; television

sets; and . . . our cattle and farming utensils,” id. at 471. The Court also reasoned that the

“fundamental principles—that the government shall not collect more taxes than are owed, nor shall

it take more property than is necessary to serve the public—protect taxpayers and property owners

alike from government overreach” and that these “principles have remained a staple in this state’s

jurisprudence well after the most recent ratification of our Constitution in 1963.” Id. at 468.

Crucially, the Rafaeli Court explained that former property owners have

a cognizable, vested property right to collect those surplus proceeds. This vested

right did not simply “vanish[ ] into thin air.” In the same way that the foreclosure

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process does not eliminate the former property owner’s interest in the personal

property that sits on the foreclosed land, the vesting of fee simple title to the real

property does not extinguish the property owner’s right to collect the surplus

proceeds of the sale. This is a separate property right that survives the foreclosure

process. [Id. at 475-476 (citation omitted).]

Consequently, our Supreme Court held that the FGU in Rafaeli was required to return the

surplus proceeds to the former property owners in that case, even though the former property

owners had received constitutionally adequate notice of the foreclosure proceedings and even

though the foreclosure, vesting of fee-simple title to the real property in the FGU, and the

subsequent sale of the real property were valid. Id. at 452-453, 476, 484-485.

“The United States and Michigan Constitutions dictate that before the government may

take property for unpaid taxes, it must provide the property owner sufficient notice of the

delinquency and foreclosure proceedings as well as an opportunity to contest those proceedings.”

Id. at 451. The “common knowledge that property may become subject to government taking

when taxes are not paid does not excuse the government from complying with its constitutional

obligation of notice before taking private property.” Sidun, 481 Mich at 517 (quotation marks and

citation omitted). Likewise, a property owner’s knowledge of a tax delinquency is not equivalent

to notice of foreclosure proceedings or a pending tax sale. Id.; Ligon v City of Detroit, 276 Mich

App 120, 126; 739 NW2d 900 (2007).

Given our Supreme Court’s acknowledgment in Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 484, that a former

property owner’s right to surplus proceeds from a tax sale is a constitutionally protected right,

distinct from the owner’s interest in the real property and survives the foreclosure process, we

conclude that the former property owner is also constitutionally entitled to receive notice from the

FGU regarding the right to claim any surplus proceeds. This notice must be provided before the

FGU can deprive the property owner of these surplus proceeds. Vested property interests are

protected by due process, and “a former property owner has ‘a cognizable, vested property right

to the surplus proceeds resulting from the tax-foreclosure sale of their properties.’ ” Muskegon

Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 7, quoting Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 484.

We recognize that a notice of foreclosure proceedings alone fails to adequately inform

property owners regarding the potential loss of any surplus funds. Moreover, such notices do not

convey the necessary steps for property owners to safeguard their claims to these surplus proceeds.

To rectify this issue, we hold that it is imperative to provide explicit notifications that detail the

right to claim any remaining proceeds, as outlined in MCL 211.78i, and the procedures specified

in MCL 211.78t. These statutes enacted following Rafaeli ensure that property owners receive the

minimum constitutionally sufficient notice prior to the withholding of any remaining or surplus

funds. This approach aligns with our findings in Muskegon Treasurer, where we concluded that

the legislative framework established to protect the rights affirmed in Rafaeli comports with the

minimal requirements of due process.

We must next address the practical effect of this holding in the cases presently before us.

The “remedy for being deprived of property without due process of law is the return of the

property,” Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 452, which in this case would be the return of the tax-sale proceeds

exceeding the amount of the tax debt. However, the specific issue whether the counties were

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constitutionally required to provide notice specifically related to the right to claim surplus proceeds

does not appear to have been squarely addressed by any of the circuit courts in these cases. 9 We

believe these decisions should be made in the first instance by the circuit courts, applying the

proper legal framework that we have set forth in this opinion, in order to provide a proper record

for adequate appellate review. Lehman Inv Co, LLC v City of Village of Clarkston, 347 Mich App

736, 754; ___ NW3d ___ (2023).

On remand, the circuit courts shall make specific findings whether the FGU’s provided

respondents with constitutionally adequate notice of their right to claim surplus proceeds in

accordance with MCL 211.78t. If a respondent was provided with constitutionally adequate notice

in this respect, then due process was not violated by treating that right as forfeited based on the

respondent’s failure to comply with the July 1 deadline for filing Form 5743 required under MCL

211.78t(2). Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 12. However, if a court finds

that constitutionally adequate notice of this right was not provided to a former property owner,

then the former property owner is entitled to the surplus proceeds in accordance with Rafaeli and

MCL 211.78t because the respondent would otherwise be deprived of the vested right to surplus

proceeds without due process of law. Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 452; Perfecting Church, 478 Mich at

10-11.

We now briefly address respondents’ remaining due-process arguments, most of which

were analyzed and rejected in Muskegon Treasurer. Respondents contend that notifying

individuals about their right to claim the remaining proceeds was discretionary. This assertion is

incorrect. As previously articulated, the statutory framework mandates FGUs to inform every

individual with a vested interest in the forfeited property regarding a show-cause hearing, as

outlined in MCL 211.78j, and a foreclosure hearing, as specified in MCL 211.78k. Furthermore,

these notifications are required to include a detailed explanation of their right to claim the

remaining proceeds, as dictated by MCL 211.78i(7). See Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App

at ___; slip op at 8.

Respondents also contend that the notices called for by the statutory scheme are inadequate

because they do not identify the amount of surplus proceeds. As this Court explained in Muskegon

Treasurer, this argument arises from a faulty interpretation of Rafaeli as holding that a former

property owner’s right to recover remaining proceeds arises only after the tax-foreclosure sale

when, in fact, “the right to collect excess proceeds existed before the tax-foreclosure sale,” even if

it was not compensable at that time. Id. at ___; slip op at 9.

Respondents argue that MCL 211.78t is unconstitutional, as it mandates that FGUs send

notifications solely to a designated group of former property owners identified as “claimants,”

rather than informing all former property owners. This perspective suggests that respondents are

9

To the extent this was because the issue was not squarely presented in the manner in which we

have resolved it on appeal, we have exercised our discretion to ignore the preservation

requirements because failure to consider this issue would result in manifest injustice and

consideration of this issue is necessary for a proper determination of these cases. Tolas Oil & Gas

Exploration Co v Bach Servs & Mfg, LLC, 347 Mich App 280, 289-290; 14 NW3d 472 (2023);

Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4.

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advocating for an alternative process, specifically, a post-sale procedure wherein FGUs would

notify all previous property owners regarding the outcomes of the tax-foreclosure sale and offer

them a means to claim any surplus proceeds, regardless of whether they have submitted Form 5743

in a timely manner. See id. at ___; slip op at 8. Although some states have adopted such systems,

Michigan has not. “So long as the statutory scheme adopted by our Legislature comports with due

process—as MCL 211.78t does—whether such a scheme makes sense or not, or whether a ‘better’

scheme could be devised, are policy questions for the Legislature, not legal ones for the Judiciary.”

Id. at ___; slip op at 9 (citation omitted). Respondent’s argument in this regard is thus without

merit.

Respondents also argue that MCL 211.78t violates their rights to substantive due process

because it impinges on their vested property interests in remaining proceeds and their rights to

recover the proceeds. However, as was the case in Muskegon Treasurer, respondents’ substantive

due-process theory merges with their takings claim under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

to the United States Constitution and under Const 1963, art 10, § 2. Id. If “ ‘a constitutional claim

is covered by a specific constitutional provision . . . the claim must be analyzed under the standard

appropriate to that specific provision, not under the rubric of substantive due process.’ ” Muskegon

Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 9, quoting United States v Lanier, 520 US 259, 272 n

17; 117 S Ct 1219; 137 L Ed 2d 432 (1997) (ellipsis in original).

Respondents further argue that MCL 211.78t(6)’s alternate deadline for submitting

Form 5743 shows that the July 1 deadline in § 78t(2) is arbitrary. It does not. The Legislature

provided different processes for property owners depending on whether their interests were

foreclosed before July 18, 2020, or after July 17, 2020, the date that our Supreme Court decided

Rafaeli. MCL 211.78t(1). MCL 211.78t(6) applies only to properties foreclosed or transferred

before July 18, 2020, MCL 211.78t(1)(b)(ii), and it allows claimants to submit Form 5743 by “the

March 31 at least 180 days after any qualified order.” Respondents’ properties were foreclosed

effective March 31, 2021; therefore, § 78t(6) is inapplicable to their properties.

3. TAKINGS CLAIM

Respondents next assert that the government’s retention of their remaining proceeds

constitutes a classic taking and requires compensation under Takings Clauses in state and federal

constitutions.

The Michigan Constitution’s Takings Clause prohibits the government from taking private

property for public use “without just compensation . . . being first made or secured in a manner

prescribed by law.” Const 1963, art 10, § 2. “Although the courts of this state have applied the

state and federal Takings Clauses coextensively in many situations, this Court has found that Const

1963, art 10, § 2 offers broader protection than do US Const, Ams V and XIV.” AFT Mich v

Michigan, 497 Mich 197, 217; 866 NW2d 782 (2015) (citation omitted). Respondents do not

appear to have advanced any cogently developed argument that Const 1963, art 10, § 2 somehow

offers them greater protections under these circumstances than the analogous provisions of the

federal constitution; therefore, we need “not inquire further whether it would be proper to do so.”

Id. at 218. Accordingly, we will consider the two clauses in tandem for purposes of this appeal.

See Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 10.

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When addressing virtually identical takings arguments in Muskegon Treasurer, this Court

found useful guidance in Nelson v City of New York, 352 US 103; 77 S Ct 195; 1 L Ed 2d 171

(1956), a decision in which the United States Supreme Court addressed a federal takings claim.

“The relevant issue in Nelson, 352 US at 109, was whether the City’s retention of surplus proceeds

that far exceeded the value of a property owner’s delinquent water charges constituted a taking of

private property without just compensation.” Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op

at 10. The City satisfied the statutory requirements to notify the property owner of the arrearages

and the pending foreclosure of the property, but the property owner did not timely take the steps

necessary to ensure that he would receive the surplus value of his property. Id., citing Nelson, 352

US at 106, 109-110. The United States Supreme Court held that “there was no compensable taking

when there was a statutory path for property owners to recover surplus proceeds, but the property

owners failed to avail themselves of that procedure.” Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___;

slip op at 10, citing Nelson, 352 US at 110.

Here, there now also exists a statutory path in Michigan for property owners to recover

surplus proceeds and there is no compensable takings claim if a former property owner is unable

to recover surplus proceeds as a result of the former property owner’s failure to comply with the

procedure. Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 10. However, if a circuit court

determines on remand that an FGU failed to provide constitutionally adequate notice to a

respondent regarding the right to obtain surplus proceeds, then the respondent will have established

a violation of procedural due process as previously explained. The Due Process Clause and

Takings Clause each “protect[] property owners against specific government action, offering

different remedies for distinct constitutional violations.” Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 452.

“The [Takings] Clause expressly requires compensation where government takes

private property for public use. It does not bar government from interfering with

property rights, but rather requires compensation in the event of otherwise proper

interference amounting to a taking. Conversely, if a government action is found to

be impermissible—for instance because it . . . is so arbitrary as to violate due

process—that is the end of the inquiry. No amount of compensation can authorize

such action.” [Id. (alteration and ellipsis in original; quotation marks and citation

omitted).]

Respondents opine that the 5% sales commission is a taking. However, because the trial

courts denied their motions for disbursement, respondents have not yet been subject to the sales

commission. Therefore, we need not consider this claim at this juncture because it is not ripe for

review. Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 11; see also Van Buren Charter

Twp v Visteon Corp, 319 Mich App 538, 554; 904 NW2d 192 (2017) (“The ripeness doctrine

requires that a party has sustained an actual injury to bring a claim.”).

C. HARSH-AND-UNREASONABLE CONSEQUENCES

Respondents next argue that the July 1 deadline for submitting Form 5743 should be set

aside because it unduly burdens claimants’ rights and results in unreasonably harsh consequences.

This Court rejected this argument in Muskegon Treasurer, and we do so again here.

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“The ‘harsh-and-unreasonable’ consequences exception has been applied to statutes of

limitations and notice requirements when the consequences of strictly enforcing a time period are

so harsh and unreasonable that it effectively divested plaintiffs of the access to the courts intended

by grant of the substantive right.” Id. at ___; slip op at 5-6 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

In Muskegon Treasurer, this Court contrasted Rusha v Dep’t of Corrections, 307 Mich App 300,

311; 859 NW2d 735 (2014), in which the exception was not applied, with Mays v Snyder, 323

Mich App 1, 24-25; 916 NW2d 227 (2018), in which it was applied. Muskegon Treasurer, ___

Mich App at ___; slip op at 5-7. In Mays, 323 Mich App at 35, this Court affirmed application of

the harsh-and-unreasonable-consequences exception to enforcement of the notice requirements in

MCL 600.6431 because, given the unique facts of the case, the plaintiffs would otherwise have

been deprived “of access to the courts and effectively divest[ed] . . . of the ability to vindicate the

constitutional violations alleged.” Significant to our decision in Mays was the plaintiffs’ allegation

that several state actors took affirmative actions to conceal “both the fact that the Flint River water

was contaminated and hazardous and the occurrence of any event that would trigger the running

of the six-month notice period.” Id. at 36.

The current cases differ from Mays. Here, there are no allegations that the petitioners

actively attempted to conceal important information from the respondents regarding how to claim

their remaining proceeds. Furthermore, even if it is determined that any petitioner deprived the

respondents of due process by failing to inform them of their right to claim remaining proceeds

under MCL 211.78t, the appropriate remedy for those respondents would lie in their respective

due process claims. However, the potential availability of this remedy is dependent on

respondents’ claim that petitioners failed to comply with the constitutionally required procedural

provisions in the statute and thereby deprived them of due process, not a claim that the process

provided by the statute produces a harsh and unreasonable result. The harsh-and-unreasonable

consequences doctrine is inapplicable under the circumstances presented.

D. STATUTORY EXCEPTIONS

Respondents the Malda Estate (Docket No. 363766), and the Hamacher Estate (Docket

No. 363808) argue that, because the former owners were deceased before the foreclosure and tax

sale occurred, MCL 600.5852 gave their subsequently appointed personal representatives two

years from the issuance of their Letters of Authority to comply with the provisions of MCL

211.78t. The estates maintain that their Form 5743 notices were therefore timely.

MCL 600.5852(1) provides as follows:

If a person dies before the period of limitations has run or within 30 days

after the period of limitations has run, an action that survives by law may be

commenced by the personal representative of the deceased person at any time

within 2 years after letters of authority are issued although the period of limitations

has run.

We addressed the same argument in In re Barry Co Treasurer for Foreclosure, ___ Mich

App ___, ___; ___ NW3d ___ (2024) (Docket No. 362316); slip op at 6-7. In that case, the

property owner did not pay the property taxes due on his property for the 2018 tax year. Id. at

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___; slip op at 2. The property owner died in June 2018. Id. The county treasurer foreclosed on

the property in 2021, and the property was sold at a tax-foreclosure sale for an amount exceeding

the amount owed in delinquent property taxes. Id. The decedent’s estate was opened by the

personal representative in April 2022, and the personal representative moved for entry of an order

requiring the county treasurer to distribute the surplus proceeds from the tax-foreclosure sale to

the estate. Id. The estate had not filed Form 5743 by the July 1 deadline prescribed by MCL

211.78t(2). Id. The circuit court denied the estate’s motion. Id.

On appeal, the estate argued that it timely filed Form 5743 pursuant to the savings provision

in MCL 600.5852(1). Id. at ___; slip op at 6. This Court concluded that MCL 600.5852(1) was

inapplicable under these circumstances. Id. at ___; slip op at 6-7. We first reasoned that “[e]ven

under the Estate’s approach, [the decedent] did not “die[ ] before the [July 1, 2021] period of

limitations ha[d] run or within 30 days after the period of limitations ha[d] run.” Id. at ___; slip

op at 6 (third, fourth, fifth, and sixth alterations in original). We also reasoned that “the

Legislature’s provision of an exception to the preclusive effect of MCL 211.78t(2) in MCL

211.78l(1) necessarily prohibits the application of any other exceptions, including the death-saving

provision.” Id. Furthermore, we explained that “the death-saving provision applies only to claims

that survive the decedent’s death by operation of law,” and “[a]ny claim to surplus proceeds

accrued after foreclosure of the property, so the claim was not in existence when [the decedent]

died.” Id. at ___; slip op at 7.

Here, in Docket No. 363766, Malda fell behind on her property taxes beginning in 2018,

and she died on August 27, 2019. In Docket No. 363808, Hamacher also fell behind on his

property taxes beginning in 2018, and he died on March 24, 2019. The foreclosures on each of

the respective properties were effective on March 31, 2021. These factual circumstances are

identical in material effect to those of Barry Treasurer, and MCL 600.5852(1) is therefore

inapplicable under the facts of the present cases for the same reasons discussed in Barry Treasurer.

Id. at ___; slip op at 6-7.

Next, respondent Shaw (Docket No. 364114), contends that MCL 600.5851 (the legal

disability saving provision) operates to provide her with additional time to comply with

MCL 211.78t. We need not address this issue because the trial court found, and respondent

conceded in her reply brief on appeal,10 that the record evidence was insufficient for the court to

make any findings about Shaw’s mental condition. Therefore, it cannot be said that the trial court

erred by declining to apply MCL 600.5851.

Shaw also asserts that MCL 600.2301 authorizes the trial court to disregard the July 1

deadline. MCL 600.2301 provides as follows:

The court in which any action or proceeding is pending, has power to amend

any process, pleading or proceeding in such action or proceeding, either in form or

substance, for the furtherance of justice, on such terms as are just, at any time before

10

The reply brief stated, “Shaw concedes that it is unlikely on this record she can demonstrate that

the court made an error of law in concluding there was insufficient evidence to support a finding

of disability at the time Shaw’s notice form was due.”

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judgment rendered therein. The court at every stage of the action or proceeding

shall disregard any error or defect in the proceedings which do not affect the

substantial rights of the parties.

Respondent cites no authority supporting the proposition that a trial court furthers justice

by disregarding the plain requirements of a duly enacted statute that passes constitutional muster.

The gravamen of Shaw’s argument is that enforcing the July 1 deadline for submitting Form 5743

results in a harsh consequence that does not further justice. This Court has already rejected this

argument under similar circumstances. See Muskegon Treasurer, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op

at 7.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Rafaeli Court held that former property owners possess a constitutional right to receive

the surplus proceeds from tax-foreclosure sales of their properties, once their tax liabilities and

associated costs have been settled Rafaeli, 505 Mich at 484. In response to this landmark decision,

our Legislature established a comprehensive statutory framework that empowers these former

property owners to assert their rights effectively. This framework serves as the sole legal avenue

for claiming surplus proceeds, fully aligning with constitutional requirements.

We further hold that due process is upheld when petitioners comply with this detailed

statutory process, enabling respondents to defend their constitutional rights through the safeguards

outlined within that process. Crucially, we assert that it is both statutorily and constitutionally

obligatory for FGUs to provide timely notice regarding the rights of individuals with an interest in

a property upon the issuance of a foreclosure judgment. This notice is vital for ensuring that former

property owners can successfully pursue any remaining proceeds as set forth in MCL 211.78t.

Therefore, we remand these cases to their respective circuit courts for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs are awarded to either party, a public question

being involved. MCR 7.216(A)(7) and MCR 7.219(A). City of Bay City v Bay County Treasurer,

292 Mich App 156, 172; 807 NW2d 892 (2011).

/s/ Stephen L. Borrello

/s/ Michael J. Kelly

/s/ Michelle M. Rick

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