The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 MEGAN WAGGENER VAN METER, Case No. 24-cv-00565-AMO
8 Plaintiff,
AMENDED1 ORDER GRANTING
9 v. MOTION TO TRANSFER
10 MONDELEZ INTERNATIONAL, INC., Re: Dkt. No. 53
Defendant.
11
12
13 Before the Court are Defendant Mondelez International, Inc.’s motions to transfer and
14 dismiss and Plaintiff Megan Waggener van Meter’s motion to strike. ECF 27, 49, 53. The
15 motions are fully briefed and suitable for decision without oral argument. See Civil L.R. 7-6.
16 Having carefully reviewed the parties’ papers and the relevant legal authority, the Court GRANTS
17 Mondelez’s motion to transfer the case to the Northern District of Illinois for the reasons set forth
18 below. Accordingly, Mondelez’s motion to dismiss and Waggener van Meter’s motion to strike
19 are DENIED AS MOOT.
20 I. BACKGROUND
21 On January 30, 2024, Waggener van Meter filed this putative class action against
22 Mondelez, alleging the snack food and chocolate company engages in deceptive labeling that
23 misleads consumers into believing its products are procured in accordance with environmentally
24 and socially responsible standards. Compl. (ECF 1) ¶ 4. Waggener van Meter is a California
25 citizen and Alameda County resident who “regularly purchased Mondelez’s products, including
26
27
1 This Amended Order supersedes the Order at ECF 64, which should have stated that the motions
1 but not limited to Gluten Free Oreos and Toblerone bars” at least once a month for over four
2 years. Compl. ¶ 62. These products were labeled with statements such as “100%
3 SUSTAINABLY SOURCED COCOA” and “through our partnership with Cocoa Life we help
4 support sustainable farming.” Compl. ¶ 62. Waggener van Meter would not have bought the
5 products bearing those labels had she known the products were not sourced from sustainable
6 farming practices. Compl. ¶¶ 4, 64. She would like to buy the products in the future if and when
7 they are produced as advertised. Compl. ¶ 10.
8 Waggener van Meter’s complaint alleges violations of the California Consumers Legal
9 Remedies Act (Count 1) and Unfair Competition Law (Count 2) as well as unjust enrichment
10 (Count 3), and she seeks to represent a class defined as “[a]ll United States residents who
11 purchased Mondelez Products marked with the ‘Cocoa Life’ seal, ‘sustainably sourced,’ ‘100%
12 sustainable,’ ‘improv[ing] the lives of farmers,’ or any other false sustainability claims within the
13 United States during the four-year period preceding the filing of the instant Complaint to the date
14 of judgment.” Compl. ¶¶ 65, 77-116. On April 1, 2024, Mondelez moved to dismiss the
15 complaint. ECF 27. On June 24, 2024, Mondelez filed a statement of recent decision, ECF 48,
16 which Waggener van Meter moved to strike, ECF 49. On September 13, 2024, Mondelez moved
17 to transfer the case to the Northern District of Illinois. ECF 53.
18 II. LEGAL STANDARD
19 A motion to transfer an action to another district under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) lies within the
20 district court’s broad discretion and must be determined on an individualized basis. Jones v. GNC
21 Franchising, Inc., 211 F.3d 495, 498 (9th Cir. 2000). “Section 1404(a) requires the court to make
22 a threshold determination of whether the case could have been brought where the transfer is
23 sought. If venue is appropriate in the alternative venue, the court must weigh the convenience of
24 the parties, the convenience of the witnesses, and the interest of justice.” State v. Bureau of Land
25 Mgmt., 286 F. Supp. 3d 1054, 1059 (N.D. Cal. 2018). The moving party must make a “strong
26 showing of inconvenience to warrant upsetting the plaintiff’s choice of forum” by showing private
27 factors relating to “the convenience of parties and witnesses” and public factors relating to “the
1 834, 843 (9th Cir. 1986). The public and private factors courts should consider include:
2 (1) plaintiff’s choice of forum, (2) convenience of the parties, (3) convenience of the
witnesses, (4) ease of access to the evidence, (5) familiarity of each forum with the
3
applicable law, (6) feasibility of consolidation of other claims, (7) any local interest in the
4 controversy, and (8) the relative court congestion and time of trial in each forum.
Williams v. Bowman, 157 F. Supp. 2d 1103, 1106 (N.D. Cal. 2001); see also Jones, 211 F.3d at
5
498-99.
6
III. DISCUSSION
7
Mondelez moves to transfer this case to the Northern District of Illinois in light of a similar
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case currently pending in that district, Gollogly v. Mondelez Int’l, Inc., No. 24-cv-7368 (N.D. Ill.
9
Aug. 16, 2024). Gollogly asserts breach of express warranty and unjust enrichment claims, as well
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as claims under the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act and the Illinois
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Deceptive Trade Practices Act, on behalf of a nationwide class for Mondelez’s allegedly
12
misleading labeling regarding its sourcing and sustainability practices. Mondelez argues Gollogly
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and the instant action are “mirror images of each other” that should not be allowed to proceed
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simultaneously in two different districts. ECF 57 at 8.2
15
The threshold determination is easily made. As Mondelez’s principal place of business is
16
Chicago, which lies in the Northern District of Illinois, this action could have been filed there in
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the first instance. Waggener van Meter does not dispute this, and thus concedes the issue. See
18
Ardente, Inc. v. Shanley, No. C-07-4479-MHP, 2010 WL 546485, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2010)
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(“Plaintiff fails to respond to this argument and therefore concedes it through silence.”).
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The Court thus proceeds to weigh the private and public factors, beginning with the
21
plaintiff’s choice of forum. “Although it is not a statutory requirement, the Supreme Court has
22
placed a strong emphasis on the plaintiff’s choice of forum.” Bureau of Land Mgmt., 286 F. Supp.
23
3d at 1063; see Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 255 (1981) (“[T]here is ordinarily a
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25
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2 On September 27, 2024, Waggener van Meter filed a motion to intervene in the Gollogly action
and stay those proceedings pursuant to the first-to-file rule. Gollogly opposed the motion, and
27
Mondelez opposed the motion to stay, but took no position as to whether Waggener van Meter
1 strong presumption in favor of the plaintiff’s choice of forum, which may be overcome only when
2 the private and public interest factors clearly point towards trial in the alternative forum.”).
3 However, “when an individual brings a derivative suit or represents a class, the named plaintiff’s
4 choice of forum is given less weight.” Lou v. Belzberg, 834 F.2d 730, 739 (9th Cir. 1987)
5 (citations omitted). Moreover, “[i]f the operative facts have not occurred within the forum and the
6 forum has no interest in the parties or subject matter, [the plaintiff’s] choice is entitled to only
7 minimal consideration.” Id.; see Burgess v. HP, Inc., No. 16-CV-04784-LHK, 2017 WL 467845,
8 at *6 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2017) (“[D]eference is substantially diminished in several circumstances,
9 including where . . . the conduct giving rise to the claims occurred in a different forum [or where]
10 . . . the plaintiff sues on behalf of a putative class.”). Here, Waggener van Meter’s choice of
11 forum is afforded less weight because the case is a putative class action regarding Mondelez’s
12 mislabeling, which did not occur in this District. Consequently, this factor weighs against
13 transfer, but only minimally so. See Reyes v. Bakery & Confectionery Union & Indus. Int’l
14 Pension Fund, No. 14-CV-05596-JST, 2015 WL 1738269, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 9, 2015)
15 (affording plaintiff’s choice of forum less weight in class action where plaintiff filed suit in the
16 district where he resided); see also Brown v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., No. 4:13-CV-05205-YGR,
17 2014 WL 715082, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2014) (reducing deference given to plaintiff’s choice
18 of forum in putative class action where plaintiff did not reside in the district and the majority of
19 the activities alleged in the complaint did not occur in the district).
20 Second, the Court considers the convenience of the parties. Mondelez argues the Northern
21 District of Illinois is a more convenient venue for the parties, as Mondelez is headquartered in
22 Chicago, and its counsel and Waggener van Meter’s counsel are based there. ECF 53 at 17.
23 “Transfer ‘should not be granted if the effect is simply to shift the inconvenience to the plaintiff,’ ”
24 Halcon v. Hain Celestial Grp., Inc., 21-CV-02156-JST, 2021 WL 11701387, at *3 (N.D. Cal.
25 Nov. 19, 2021) (citing Adobe Sys. Inc. v. Childers, 10-CV-03571-JR-HRL, 2011 WL 566812, at
26 *9 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2011)), and Mondelez undoubtedly is “better situated to bear the costs of
27 travel and production than” Waggener van Meter, Clarke v. Kraft Heinz Co., No. 21-CV-2437-RS,
1 Waggener van Meter’s deposition remotely or in California if it is inconvenient for her to travel to
2 Chicago, ECF 53 at 17, which would “reduce the burden placed on [her] by transfer,” Halcon,
3 2021 WL 11703287, at *3. Thus, accounting for “the relative means of the parties,” Williams, 157
4 F. Supp. 2d at 1107, the convenience of parties is a neutral factor. See Halcon, 2021 WL
5 11703287, at *3 (finding this factor neutral where defendant agreed to take plaintiffs’ depositions
6 in California, and where most witnesses and all documentary evidence were in the transferee state,
7 so “overall litigation costs would be reduced” by transfer).
8 Third, “[t]he convenience of the witnesses, particularly non-party witnesses, is often the
9 most important factor” in ruling on a motion to transfer under § 1404(a). Grossman v. Johnson &
10 Johnson, No. 14-CV-03557-VC, 2015 WL 1743116, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2015) (citing
11 Florens Container v. Cho Yang Shipping, 245 F. Supp. 2d 1086, 1092 (N.D. Cal. 2002)).
12 However, the “[c]onvenience of a litigant’s employee witnesses is entitled to little weight because
13 they can be compelled by their employers to testify regardless of venue.” Brown, 2014 WL
14 715082, at *4 (citing cases). To evaluate this factor, “courts must consider not only the number of
15 witnesses, but also the nature and quality of their testimony.” United States ex rel. Tutanes-Luster
16 v. Broker Sols., Inc., No. 17-CV-04384-JST, 2019 WL 1024962, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2019)
17 (quoting Metz v. U.S. Life Ins. Co., 674 F. Supp. 2d 1141, 1147 (C.D. Cal. 2009)). “[T]he moving
18 party must name the witnesses, state their location, and explain their testimony and its relevance.”
19 Hendricks v. StarKist Co., No. 13-CV-729-YGR, 2014 WL 1245880, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 25,
20 2014) (quoting Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 472 F. Supp. 2d 1183, 1193 (S.D.
21 Cal. 2007)).
22 Mondelez argues that the Northern District of Illinois is more convenient than this District
23 for the likely witnesses in this case, as some of the Mondelez employees responsible for the
24 sustainability programs Waggener van Meter challenges live and work in or near Chicago. ECF
25 53 at 16. However, Mondelez fails to name the witnesses or explain the nature or quality of their
26 testimony, and Mondelez can compel its employees to testify regardless of their location, so the
27 Court gives less weight to this factor, Brown, 2014 WL 715082, at *4, particularly because
1 4079176, at *2. As Mondelez has not shown why the Northern District of Illinois would be
2 “much more convenient” for the likely witnesses, this factor is neutral.
3 Fourth, the Court considers the ease of access to evidence. Mondelez notes that the
4 relevant documentary evidence is in the Northern District of Illinois, while none is in this District.
5 ECF 53 at 17. Waggener van Meter argues that “[w]ith modern technology, the location of
6 documents is nearly irrelevant.” ECF 54 at 14. Indeed, “[t]he inconvenience of transferring
7 relevant evidence is . . . not dispositive where, in the digital age, ‘ease of access is neutral given
8 the portability of [electronic discovery].’ ” Clarke, 2021 WL 4079176, at *2 (citing Alul v. Am.
9 Honda Motor Co., Inc., No. 16-CV-4384-JST, 2016 WL 7116934, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 7, 2016)).
10 Nonetheless, courts have favored transfer to the case’s “center of gravity” – where the key
11 witnesses and documents are located – because of the overall reduction of litigation costs that
12 results. Halcon, 2021 WL 11701387, at *4. Because the Northern District of Illinois is the
13 “center of gravity” of this case, the fourth factor slightly favors transfer. See id.
14 Fifth, while Waggener van Meter’s complaint alleges violations of California law,
15 “[f]ederal courts have equal ability to address claims arising out of state law,” and accordingly
16 “this factor is neutral.” Bloom v. Express Servs. Inc., No. C-11-00009-CRB, 2011 WL 1481402,
17 at *5 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 19, 2011); see also Rabinowitz v. Samsung Elecs. Am. Inc., No. 14-CV-801,
18 2014 WL 5422576, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2014) (“[T]his factor is to be accorded little weight
19 . . . because federal courts are deemed capable of applying the substantive law of other states.”).
20 Sixth, Mondelez argues the Northern District of Illinois has an interest in adjudicating
21 disputes involving businesses headquartered within the District. ECF 53 at 14. Waggener van
22 Meter argues that California likewise “has an interest in regulating transactions within its borders,”
23 particularly as it is “often a leader on environmental and social justice issues.” ECF 54 at 14.
24 Waggener also argues that, as the most populous state, California likely has the most class
25 members, and is thus “likely the most interested state in adjudicating this dispute.” ECF 54 at 15.
26 However, as Mondelez notes, “this would suggest that California always has a greater interest in
27 adjudicating mislabeling cases than any other state,” ECF 57 at 9-10, and Waggener van Meter
1 Ultimately, both venues have an interest in adjudicating this dispute. “On one hand,
2 California has a strong interest in enforcing its laws to protect its residents” like Waggener van
3 Meter. Clarke, 2021 WL 4079176, at *3. On the other, “Illinois has a countervailing interest in
4 adjudicating disputes involving companies headquartered there” like Mondelez. Id. Because both
5 states have an interest in this dispute, this factor is neutral. See id. (finding California and
6 Illinois’s interests offset each other, as Illinois was capable of interpreting California’s laws to
7 protect California citizens, while Illinois’s territorial interests were lessened by the fact that the
8 plaintiffs lived and purchased the relevant products in California); see also Halcon, 2021 WL
9 11701387, at *4 (“Given the local interests in both districts, this factor is neutral.”).
10 Seventh, the Court considers the feasibility of consolidation of the cases, which is “a
11 significant factor in a transfer decision.” A. J. Indus., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court for Cent. Dist. of
12 Cal., 503 F.2d 384, 389 (9th Cir. 1974) (citing Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 644 (1964)).
13 Both cases arise from the same operative facts, which Waggener does not contest. See ECF 54 at
14 8 (“There is no dispute that Gollogly constitutes a duplicative action.”). Thus, transfer of this case
15 to the Northern District of Illinois would make consolidation of the two actions feasible. In fact,
16 the Gollogly action could not be transferred to this District, as Gollogly and Mondelez are both
17 Illinois citizens and the events at issue took place in Illinois, and courts considering transfer
18 determine whether “venue is proper in the transferee district.” Snider v. Heartland Beef, Inc., No.
19 1:19-CV-07386, 2020 WL 469382, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 29, 2020); see also Hirst v. SkyWest, Inc.,
20 405 F. Supp. 3d 771, 776 (N.D. Ill. 2019) (“[W]here venue is improper in the transferee court, the
21 action may not be transferred even if the interest of justice and convenience of the parties and
22 witnesses would favor transfer.”). As Gollogly could not have been filed in California, if the two
23 actions are to be consolidated, this action must be transferred to Illinois.
24 Waggener van Meter argues that the possibility for the Illinois court to stay Gollogly
25 pending proceedings in this case “undermines Mondelez’s argument that it is seeking to transfer
26 this case to increase efficiency.” ECF 54 at 11 (“If Mondelez genuinely cared about efficiency, it
27 would have moved to stay or transfer Gollogly instead of trying to erase eight months of progress
1 in this case.”).> Other procedural options Mondelez might have pursued are not a factor relevant
2 || to the Court’s decision, nor does Waggener van Meter cite any authority for the Court to weigh
3 || this in its determination. “[T]he pertinent question is not simply whether this action would be
4 || more conveniently litigated in [Illinois] than California, but whether it would be more convenient
5 || to litigate the California and [Illinois] actions separately or in a coordinated fashion.” See Elecs.
6 || for Imaging, Inc. v. Tesseron, Ltd., No. C-O7-5534-CRB, 2008 WL 276567 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 29,
7 2008). The Court finds it would be more convenient to litigate the cases in a coordinated manner
8 || “to prevent duplicative and unnecessary efforts,” id., and consequently determines this factor
9 weighs strongly in favor of transfer. See Ferens v. John Deere Co., 494 U.S. 516, 531 (1990)
10 || (‘To permit a situation in which two cases involving precisely the same issues are simultaneously
11 pending in different District Courts leads to the wastefulness of time, energy and money that §
12 1404(a) was designed to prevent.”’).
2 13 As the first factor weighs slightly against transfer, the fourth and seventh factors weigh in
v 14 favor of transfer, and the remaining factors are neutral,* the Court therefore finds transfer of the
©
15 || case is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Accordingly, Mondelez’s motion to transfer the instant
OQ 16 action to the Northern District of Illinois is GRANTED and Mondelez’s motion to dismiss and
3 17 || Waggener van Meter’s motion to strike are DENIED AS MOOT.
Z 18
19 IT IS SO ORDERED.
20 Dated: March 18, 2025
21 -
1.
22 .
CELI MARTINEZ-OLGUIN
23 United States District Judge
24
25 3 Although this case was filed in January 2024, it is still in its early stages. The parties have
26 || engaged in some preliminary discovery, but agreed to delay custodial document discovery, and the
Court has not issued a scheduling order. See ECF 53 at 9; ECF 54 at 7.
27 “ Neither party addresses the eighth factor, the relative court congestion and time of trial in each
28 forum. As it is Mondelez’s burden to show transfer is warranted, see Williams, 157 F. Supp. 2d
1103, 1109 (N.D. Cal. 2001), the Court does not analyze this factor.