courts must “interpret [a contract] provision Z 16 || in the context of the agreement as a whole”
How later courts described this case
- courts must “interpret [a contract] provision Z 16 || in the context of the agreement as a whole”
- challenges to individual 21 provisions of arbitration agreements may be permitted if statutory rights are at issue
- distinguishing the statutory phrase “any damage” from 17 “actual damages”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4
5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6 FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
8 AJA BECKFORD, et al., Case No. 24-cv-06468-CRB
9 Plaintiffs,
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO
10 v.
DISMISS
11 THE CHILDREN'S GROUP, INC.,
12 Defendant.
13 This case arises in an unusual procedural posture. Plaintiffs, a group of California
14 consumers, all brought arbitration demands against The Children’s Place (or TCP) for
15 running an alleged fake-discount scheme. JAMS, the arbitrator, terminated arbitration
16 after TCP refused to consent to arbitration in California. But this case is not at all about
17 TCP’s alleged fake-discount scheme. Instead it raises a different question: If a company
18 sets out an arbitration agreement on which consumers rely, and then prevents that
19 arbitration from going forward, what remedies are available to those consumers?
20 Plaintiffs bring this purported class action against TCP and allege that TCP
21 unlawfully drafted and amended its Terms and Conditions so as to unilaterally deprive
22 Plaintiffs of their ability to pursue their claims in arbitration, which the Terms promised as
23 an available remedy. Plaintiffs contend that TCP violated California’s Consumer Legal
24 Remedies Act (1) by representing that certain remedies are available to consumers even
25 though those remedies do not exist and (2) by inserting unconscionable provisions in its
26 Terms. Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief, declaratory relief, and damages. TCP now moves
27 to dismiss, raising a slew of challenges to Plaintiffs’ claims. None of TCP’s arguments
I. BACKGROUND
1
A. The Parties
2
Plaintiffs Aja Beckford, Zachary Cubas, Christina Labajo, and Alexus Wallace are
3
California residents, all of whom purchased products from TCP. First Am. Compl.
4
(dkt. 21) ¶¶ 16–19, 33–37. Beckford purchased products from TCP’s website in July
5
2023, Cubas in February 2023, Labajo in December 2022, and Wallace in November 2022.
6
Id. ¶¶ 34–37. TCP is a national retailer of children’s clothes that is incorporated in
7
Delaware and that has its principal place of business in New Jersey. Id. ¶ 20. TCP does
8
business in California, including by operating a retail store in Alameda County. Beckford
9
Decl. (dkt. 21-10) ¶ 3.
10
B. Proceedings Before JAMS
11
Plaintiffs all filed arbitration demands against TCP with JAMS in California. FAC
12
¶¶ 30–31. Plaintiffs Cubas and Wallace (and over 1,000 other consumers) filed their
13
demands on August 15, 2023, and Plaintiffs Beckford and Labajo (and over 1,000 others)
14
filed their demands on May 1, 2024. Id. ¶¶ 41–42. In their demands, Plaintiffs alleged
15
that TCP was engaged in a “false discount” scheme, which basically consists of marketing
16
products with inflated prices and then using so-called sales to convince customers that they
17
are getting a deal. Id. ¶ 32.
18
All four Plaintiffs (and the many others) filed arbitration demands rather than filing
19
suit in state or federal court. They did so pursuant to TCP’s Terms and Conditions, which
20
at the time Plaintiffs purchased their products stated as follows:
21
To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all
22 controversies, disputes, demands, counts, claims, or causes of
action … between you and [TCP] shall exclusively be settled
23 through binding and confidential arbitration, except that you or
[TCP] may take claims to small claims court if the dispute
24 qualifies … .
25 The arbitration shall be conducted by [JAMS] pursuant to the
JAMS Streamlined Arbitration Rules & Procedures effective
26 July 1, 2014 (the “JAMS Rules”) and as modified by this
agreement to arbitrate. The JAMS Rules, including
27 instructions for bringing arbitration, are available at its website
at [hyperlink]. The Minimum Standards are available at
1 2022 Terms (dkt. 21-2) at 6; see also 2017 Terms (dkt. 21-3) at 4–5. In September 2023
2 TCP amended its Terms and Conditions to add an Arbitral Venue Provision, stating that
3 any arbitration would take place in Hudson County, New Jersey. FAC ¶ 29; 2023 Terms
4 (dkt. 21-1) at 6. At this point, Plaintiffs Cubas and Wallace had already filed their
5 arbitration demands in California. FAC ¶ 41. Yet TCP notified JAMS of its 2023 Terms,
6 asserted that those Terms—and in particular, the Arbitral Venue Provision—applied to
7 Plaintiffs’ arbitration, and refused to waive venue. Id. ¶¶ 43–45; TCP Letter (dkt. 21-4).
8 JAMS terminated arbitration for all Plaintiffs. See JAMS Letter (dkt. 21-5). JAMS
9 gave two reasons: First, JAMS explained that “the parties disagree over whether an
10 arbitration agreement exists as to any Claimant” and that “[a] facial review of the
11 documents submitted to date sheds no light on the issue.” Id. at 2. Second, JAMS stated
12 that the Arbitral Venue Provision’s “requirement to hold the arbitration in Hudson County,
13 New Jersey, violates the 2009 Minimum Standards for all Claimants who do not reside in
14 Hudson County, New Jersey, and it potentially violates the 2024 Minimum Standards for
15 the same set of Claimants.”1 Id. at 3. JAMS continued: “Where the Minimum Standards
16 apply and the company refuses to abide by the Minimum Standards, JAMS will decline to
17 administer the arbitration unless the consumer agrees to waive the Standard(s) in question.
18 The parties should bear this in mind notwithstanding the issue of contract formation.” Id.
19 C. Procedural History
20 Plaintiffs bring two claims against TCP, both under the Consumer Legal Remedies
21 Act. First, Plaintiffs assert that TCP violated California Civil Code section 1770(a)(14),
22 which prohibits “[r]epresenting that a transaction confers or involves rights, remedies, or
23 obligations that it does not have or involve, or that are prohibited by law,” when it
24 represented in the 2022 Terms that consumers would be able to arbitrate their claims
25 before JAMS. FAC ¶¶ 78–83. Second, Plaintiffs assert that TCP violated Civil Code
26
1 The 2009 Minimum Standards state that a “consumer must have a right to an in-person
27
hearing in his or her hometown area.” JAMS Letter at 3. The 2024 Minimum Standards
1 section 1770(a)(19), which prohibits “[i]nserting an unconscionable provision in the
2 contract,” by unilaterally amending the Terms and Conditions to add the Arbitral Venue
3 Provision. Id. ¶¶ 65–77. TCP now moves to dismiss both counts of Plaintiffs’ complaint.
4 II. LEGAL STANDARD
5 To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “a
6 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief
7 that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell
8 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The Court must “accept the plaintiffs’
9 allegations as true and construe them in the light most favorable to plaintiffs,” but it need
10 not accept as true “allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact,
11 or unreasonable inferences.” In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir.
12 2008) (citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
13 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
14 Claims that sound in fraud must meet the heightened pleading standard of Federal
15 Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires a party “alleging fraud or mistake” to “state
16 with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Rule 9(b) requires “an
17 account of the time, place, and specific content of the false representations as well as the
18 identities of the parties to the misrepresentations.” Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756,
19 764 (9th Cir. 2007) (cleaned up). Thus, “averments of fraud must be accompanied by the
20 ‘who, what, when, where, and how’ of the misconduct charged.” In re Google Assistant
21 Priv. Litig., 546 F. Supp. 3d 945, 955 (N.D. Cal. 2021) (cleaned up) (citation omitted).2
22 III. DISCUSSION
23 Plaintiffs allege that TCP violated two provisions of the California Consumer Legal
24 Remedies Act: California Civil Code sections 1770(a)(14) and 1770(a)(19). TCP offers
25
26
2 The parties disagree as to (1) whether TCP adequately raised Rule 9(b)’s applicability in
its opening brief and (2) whether Rule 9(b) applies to Plaintiffs’ section 1770(a)(14) claim.
27
For purposes of this motion, the Court assumes without deciding that Rule 9(b) applies to
1 three arguments that it believes warrant dismissal of both of Plaintiff’s claims. First, TCP
2 asserts that the Court lacks jurisdiction over this case because Plaintiffs seek to overrule
3 the arbitrator’s decision as to venue. Second, TCP contends that Plaintiffs lack standing to
4 bring their claims. Third, TCP argues (for the first time in its reply brief) that the litigation
5 privilege requires dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims. TCP then makes claim-specific
6 arguments attacking each of Plaintiffs’ claims.
7 A. Jurisdiction over Arbitrator’s Decision
8 TCP’s first argument for dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims is that Plaintiffs seek to
9 override an arbitrator’s decision—specifically, JAMS’s decision as to the enforceability of
10 the Arbitral Venue Provision. As TCP sees it, when JAMS terminated the arbitration
11 proceedings, it actually decided the validity of the Arbitral Venue Provision. TCP thus
12 argues that Plaintiffs’ present effort to challenge that provision under the Consumer Legal
13 Remedies Act would unlawfully disturb JAMS’s decision. Mot. (dkt. 27) at 7 (“JAMS’s
14 decision on the venue question is final and cannot be reviewed by this Court—either
15 through a direct appeal of the decision, an action seeking to modify or vacate the award, or
16 as here, a collateral action seeking to retroactively undermine the relevant provision of the
17 arbitration agreement itself.”). Though this argument may have initial appeal, it does not
18 hold water as applied to this case.
19 As to the general legal principle that federal courts usually cannot vacate, overrule,
20 or otherwise reject arbitration awards, TCP is correct. Parties may not turn to the courts to
21 challenge an arbitrator’s decision on the grounds that the decision was “arbitrary, harsh[,]
22 inequitable,” or “contrary to law.” Griffith Co. v. San Diego Coll. for Women, 45 Cal. 2d
23 501, 510 (1955). Federal and state statutes permit limited judicial review of arbitration
24 awards—for instance, “where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue
25 means.” 9 U.S.C. §§ 10 (grounds to vacate arbitration awards), 11 (grounds to modify
26 arbitration awards); accord Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 1286.2. Judicial review is usually only
27 available to challenge an “entire contract or transaction,” rather than to challenge “a single
1 that parties may challenge “only a portion of [an] underlying contract” if “granting finality
2 to an arbitrator’s decision would be inconsistent with the protection of a party’s statutory
3 rights.” Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase, 3 Cal. 4th 1, 32 (1992). On the whole, these
4 restrictions on judicial review of arbitration awards ensure that the parties receive the
5 benefit of their agreement to arbitrate by protecting arbitral finality. See id. at 10;
6 Lindholm v. Galvin, 95 Cal. App. 3d 443, 450–51 (1979).
7 On the other hand, it is also clear that plaintiffs can collaterally challenge an
8 arbitration agreement when doing so would not directly overturn an arbitrator’s decision.
9 Such collateral attacks are permissible so long as they are consistent with traditional rules
10 of contract law. It is a “fundamental principle that arbitration is a matter of contract,” and
11 “arbitration agreements [are] on an equal footing with other contracts.” Coinbase, Inc. v.
12 Suski, 602 U.S. 143, 147–48 (2024) (citations omitted); accord Ramirez v. Charter
13 Commc’ns, Inc., 16 Cal. 5th 478, 492 (2024) (California law). So “‘generally applicable
14 contract defenses’ like fraud or unconscionability” apply equally to arbitration agreements.
15 Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana, 596 U.S. 539, 650 (2022). And California law
16 makes clear that actions brought under the Consumer Legal Remedies Act, which are by
17 their nature collateral to the underlying contracts, are generally applicable:
18 “The Consumers Legal Remedies Act, enacted in 1970,
‘established a nonexclusive statutory remedy for “unfair
19 methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or
practices undertaken by any person in a transaction intended to
20 result or which results in the sale or lease of goods or services
to any consumer.”’” “The self-declared purposes of the act are
21 ‘to protect consumers against unfair and deceptive business
practices and to provide efficient and economical procedures to
22 secure such protection.’” The Consumers Legal Remedies Act
is supplemental to remedies available under other statutory and
23 case law; moreover, actions brought under the act are governed
exclusively by its own provisions. Any consumer who suffers
24 any damage as a result of the use or employment by any person
of a method, act or practice declared to be unlawful by Civil
25 Code section 1770 may bring an action against that person to
recover actual damages, injunctive relief, restitution of
26 property, punitive damages, and any other relief the court
deems proper.
27
1 (cleaned up) (citations omitted). It follows, then, that arbitration agreements and the
2 provisions therein are subject to the Consumer Legal Remedies Act just like any other
3 contract—even if that might jeopardize the general principle of arbitral finality.
4 TCP thus fails to bridge the gap from arbitral finality as a background rule to its
5 argument that Plaintiffs’ claims in this case are not viable. TCP does not plausibly assert
6 that JAMS has decided the questions at issue in this case—whether TCP’s Arbitral Venue
7 Provision violates California Civil Code sections 1770(a)(14) and 1770(a)(19). So there is
8 no risk that a judicial decision on Plaintiffs’ claims would overrule anything JAMS did.
9 That alone distinguishes the cases on which TCP relies. For instance, in Wallrich v.
10 Samsung Electronics America, Inc., the Seventh Circuit held that parties cannot ask a court
11 to compel arbitration when the arbitrator terminates arbitration proceedings. 106 F.4th
12 609, 613 (7th Cir. 2024). The plaintiffs in Wallrich sought to directly overturn the
13 arbitrator’s decision to terminate arbitration. Plaintiffs in this case seek no such remedy.
14 TCP’s other authorities—Lifescan, Inc. v. Premier Diabetic Services, Inc., 363 F.3d 1010
15 (9th Cir. 2004), and Bernal v. Kohl’s Corp., No. 23-cv-1542, 2024 WL 4337452 (E.D.
16 Wisc. Sept. 13, 2024)—are distinguishable for the same reason, as both involved efforts to
17 compel arbitration and, in doing so, risked directly overturning arbitrators’ decisions to
18 terminate arbitration. Lifescan, 363 F.3d at 1013; Bernal, 2024 WL 4337452, at *4.
19 Moreover, in none of these three cases was there a statutory right at issue analogous to the
20 Consumer Legal Remedies Act. See Moncharsh, 3 Cal. 4th at 32 (challenges to individual
21 provisions of arbitration agreements may be permitted if statutory rights are at issue).
22 TCP contends that the procedural posture of its authorities does not matter because
23 they stand for the broad proposition, which TCP would have this Court endorse, that any
24 collateral action that would “retroactively undermine” or “unwind” provisions of
25 arbitration agreements is forbidden. Mot. at 7; Reply (dkt. 32) at 6. That stretches
26 Wallrich, Lifescan, and Bernal beyond recognition. Nothing in those cases suggests, let
27 alone holds, that collateral attacks on arbitration agreements are not viable merely because
1 The absence of any such authority makes sense. As already explained, California
2 law expressly contemplates collateral attacks on contracts that effectuate “unfair and
3 deceptive business practices.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1770(a); see also Bardin, 136 Cal. App.
4 4th at 1275 (“Any consumer who suffers any damage as a result of the use or employment
5 by any person of a method, act or practice declared to be unlawful by Civil Code section
6 1770 may bring an action against that person.”). In practice this may serve to limit arbitral
7 finality, of course, just as it puts guardrails on parties’ freedom to contract. But
8 “protection against unconscionable contracts[] has never been thought incompatible with a
9 free and competitive market.” Perdue v. Crocker Nat’l Bank, 38 Cal. 3d 913, 943 (1985).
10 Nor does the Consumer Legal Remedies Act conflict with the high-level ideal of arbitral
11 finality.
12 In short, the Consumer Legal Remedies Act applies generally to all contracts, and
13 the mere fact that some actions brought under it (including this one) might affect
14 arbitration agreements and undermine arbitrators’ decisions does not justify dismissal.
15 B. Statutory Standing
16 TCP next challenges Plaintiffs’ statutory standing to bring their Consumer Legal
17 Remedies Act claims. In support, TCP raises two main arguments: (1) that TCP’s addition
18 of the Arbitral Venue Provision did not cause Plaintiffs’ harm, either because Plaintiffs had
19 failed to establish the existence of an underlying arbitration agreement or because
20 Plaintiffs’ arbitration demands facially violated the terms of the arbitration agreement, and
21 (2) that being deprived of the ability to arbitrate is not a cognizable harm under the statute.
22 Mot. at 8–9. TCP then raises a third, tangential challenge to Plaintiffs’ statutory
23 standing—that Plaintiffs did not each file a separate affidavit asserting that TCP does
24 business in Alameda County. Id. at 9–10. TCP’s standing arguments all fail.
25 1. Causation
26 Causation is a requirement for a Consumer Legal Remedies Act claim. Plaintiffs
27 must allege that they have “‘suffer[ed] any damage as a result of the use or employment’
1 App. 4th 798, 809 (2007) (emphasis in original) (quoting Cal. Civ. Code § 1780(a)),
2 disapproved of on other grounds by Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal. 4th 310, 337
3 (2011). Thus, plaintiffs must “show not only that a defendant’s conduct was deceptive but
4 that the deception caused them harm.” Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Superior Court, 97 Cal.
5 App. 4th 1282, 1292 (2002).
6 TCP asserts that causation is lacking because JAMS was unable to establish the
7 existence of an arbitration agreement at all and, relatedly, because Plaintiffs’ lawyers
8 brought an arbitration demand that facially violated the terms of the parties’ arbitration
9 agreement. TCP contends that these reasons, not the Arbitral Venue Provision, are why
10 Plaintiffs were unable to pursue their claims in arbitration.
11 But TCP misapprehends the full scope of Plaintiffs’ alleged injury. Plaintiffs allege
12 that they have been harmed by being forced to spend time and money to arbitrate in a
13 forum that TCP never intended to participate in—indeed, a forum that TCP unilaterally
14 deprived Plaintiffs access to. The California Supreme Court clearly holds that “a
15 consumer who has had to expend transaction costs in order to avoid [an] unconscionable
16 term has suffered ‘damage’ … and therefore has standing to sue.” Meyer v. Sprint
17 Spectrum L.P., 45 Cal. 4th 634, 636 (2009). Plaintiffs allege that they were harmed by
18 spending time and money in arbitration to challenge the Arbitral Venue Provision, FAC
19 ¶¶ 75, 82; they would not have had to do so without the provision itself.3 That is sufficient
20 to survive a motion to dismiss.
21 That said, Plaintiffs’ alleged harm of being deprived of the right to arbitrate would
22 survive a causation challenge in any case. To be sure, JAMS did explain that it was
23 terminating arbitration in part because there was an unresolved dispute “over whether an
24 arbitration agreement exists as to any Claimant.” JAMS Letter at 2. In context, though,
25
3 TCP’s remark that any “costs were almost certainly undertaken by [Plaintiffs’] attorneys,
26
who almost certainly did not bill [Plaintiffs] for the arbitration fees and related attorney
fees,” Reply at 7, is speculative and likely irrelevant. Neither Meyer nor any other
27
California authority contemplates such an argument. And it would be bizarre, to say the
1 this dispute arose because TCP argued to JAMS that Plaintiffs had not established that they
2 had made a purchase on TCP’s website (where they would have assented to an arbitration
3 agreement). Id. JAMS found that “a facial review of the documents submitted to date
4 sheds no light on the issue” but clarified that it would “resume administration” of the
5 arbitration if the parties agreed or if a court ordered them to arbitrate. Id. This matters for
6 Plaintiffs’ statutory standing because Plaintiffs allege that they did, in fact, purchase
7 products from TCP’s website. See FAC ¶¶ 33–37. At this stage, the Court must accept
8 Plaintiffs’ well-pleaded allegations as true. In doing so, the Court assumes that Plaintiffs
9 can show the existence of a valid arbitration agreement and thereby establish that the
10 Arbitral Venue Provision—not any other dispute about arbitrability—was the sole relevant
11 barrier to their effort to arbitrate before JAMS.4
12 2. Cognizable Harm
13 TCP’s next argument is targeted at Plaintiffs’ claim that they have been harmed by
14 being deprived the ability to arbitrate. TCP contends that this claim is not viable because
15 “[h]aving to bring claims in court instead of arbitration is not a ‘harm.’” Mot. at 9.
16 Indeed, TCP accuses Plaintiffs of “essentially arguing that the state and federal courts are
17 incapable of administering justice and only arbitrations are capable of doing so, and only
18 where conducted en masse such that the merits of the claims are vastly overshadowed by
19 ruinous arbitration fees being imposed upon the defendant.” Id. at 9 n.7; see also Reply at
20 8 (“Plaintiffs cannot be harmed by having the ability to go back and file a lawsuit.”).
21 TCP’s argument fundamentally misunderstands Plaintiffs’ claim, the role of
22 arbitration in today’s legal society, and the Consumer Legal Remedies Act. Plaintiffs do
23 not allege that they are harmed by needing to go to court; they allege that they are harmed
24 by being deprived of a remedy that TCP purported to offer—arbitration. See FAC ¶¶ 75,
25 82 (“Plaintiffs and members of the Class were harmed … because they have been deprived
26
4 TCP’s attempt to blame Plaintiffs for not establishing the existence of a valid arbitration
27
agreement, see Mot. at 9, does not land for the same reasons. And to the extent TCP
1 of the ability to arbitrate their claims with JAMS, which [TCP] represented they had a right
2 to do.”). The benefits of arbitration over litigation in court are well established: “lower
3 costs, greater efficiency and speed, and the ability to choose expert adjudicators to resolve
4 specialized disputes.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 348 (2011)
5 (citation omitted); see also Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 584 U.S. 497, 505 (2018)
6 (advantages of arbitration include “the promise of quicker, more informal, and often
7 cheaper resolutions for everyone involved”). Plaintiffs and TCP contractually agreed to a
8 conflict-resolution framework that would offer these benefits, and Plaintiffs adequately
9 allege that TCP has refused to hold up its end of the bargain. The final piece of all this is
10 that, in passing the Consumer Legal Remedies Act, California recognized that the
11 deprivation of “rights, remedies, or obligations” that were promised as part of a transaction
12 is an “unfair or deceptive act[] or practice[]” that consumers are entitled to relief against.
13 Cal. Civ. Code § 1770(a)(14); see also id. § 1780(a) (granting private cause of action to
14 “[a]ny consumer who suffers any damage as a result of the use or employment by any
15 person of a method, act, or practice declared to be unlawful by section 1770” (emphasis
16 added)); Meyer, 45 Cal. 4th at 640 (distinguishing the statutory phrase “any damage” from
17 “actual damages”). Arbitration is surely a “remedy” under the statutory text.
18 None of this remotely means or even implies that federal and state courts are
19 incapable of fairly adjudicating disputes like Plaintiffs’. TCP’s impassioned defense of the
20 judicial system is nothing more than tilting at windmills. Plaintiffs’ harm is not that they
21 must go to court; it is that they have been deprived of arbitration—a forum which the
22 California legislature, federal and state courts, and Plaintiffs all recognize provides certain
23 benefits over litigation. If Plaintiffs’ allegations are correct that TCP falsely represented
24 that Plaintiffs could avail themselves of those benefits, they have standing to sue.
25 3. Transactional Facts
26 TCP’s final standing-related argument is that Plaintiffs failed to file an affidavit
27 stating that the action was commenced in a proper county—that is, a county in which TCP
1 transaction or a substantial portion thereof occurred. Mot. at 9 (citing Cal. Civ. Code
2 § 1780(d). Though one plaintiff, Aja Beckford, filed such an affidavit, see Beckford Decl.,
3 TCP contends that “affidavits are required from each Plaintiff.” Mot. at 10. TCP appears
4 to have conjured that requirement from thin air. Plus, Beckford’s affidavit establishes that
5 venue in the Northern District is proper both because Beckford purchased goods from TCP
6 online for pick-up in Alameda County and because TCP operates a retail store in Alameda
7 County. Beckford Decl. ¶ 4. Beckford’s affidavit thus satisfies section 1780(d) for all
8 Plaintiffs, as it establishes that TCP “is doing business” in Alameda County.
9 C. Litigation Privilege
10 TCP’s third challenge to Plaintiffs’ entire complaint comes for the first time in its
11 reply brief. TCP contends that the litigation privilege, see Cal. Civ. Code § 47(b), requires
12 dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims. But because this argument was raised for the first time in
13 TCP’s reply brief, it is waived for purposes of this motion. See Zamani v. Carnes, 491
14 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007).
15 D. Civil Code Section 1770(a)(14)
16 TCP raises three challenges specifically against Plaintiffs’ section 1770(a)(14)
17 claim. This provision targets representations “that a transaction confers or involves rights,
18 remedies, or obligations that it does not have or involve, or that are prohibited by law.”
19 First, TCP argues that “no Plaintiff alleges they relied on the [Arbitral] Venue Provision
20 when purchasing from TCP.” Mot. at 10. Second, TCP contends that “Plaintiffs do not
21 allege the requisite collateral misrepresentation at odds with the Terms of the parties’
22 agreement outside the Terms’ four corners.” Id. at 11. Third, TCP asserts that “Plaintiffs
23 fail to allege that any existing law prohibits the [Arbitral] Venue Provision.” Id. None of
24 these is reason to dismiss Plaintiffs’ section 1770(a)(14) claim.
25 Reliance. TCP takes too narrow a view of reliance. Of course a plaintiff bringing
26 suit under the Consumer Legal Remedies Act must allege “reliance on [a]
27 misrepresentation.” In re Sony PS3 Other OS Litig., 551 F. App’x 916, 920 (9th Cir.
1 2009)). But reliance means only “that without the misrepresentation [the plaintiff] would
2 not have acted as she did,” not necessarily that reliance caused the underlying transaction.
3 Marolda, 672 F. Supp. 2d at 1003 (citing Caro v. Proctor & Gamble Co., 18 Cal. App. 4th
4 644, 668 (1993)). Here, for instance, Plaintiffs allege that when they brought arbitration
5 demands before JAMS, they did so in reliance on TCP’s representation that their
6 “transactions would be governed by the Terms, including its arbitration agreement
7 designating JAMS as the forum for resolving any claims by Plaintiffs and members of the
8 Class relating to those transactions.” FAC ¶ 80; see also 2022 Terms at 6. That is
9 sufficient to allege reliance.
10 TCP attempts to paint Plaintiffs and their counsel as wrongheaded for relying on “a
11 general impression they got from the arbitration agreement instead of its plain language”
12 when bringing their arbitration demands. Reply at 9. But TCP does not convincingly
13 explain how the plain language of the 2022 Terms to which Plaintiffs agreed prohibited
14 them from pursuing arbitration in the manner they did. To the contrary, the 2022 Terms
15 support Plaintiffs’ reading. See, e.g., 2022 Terms at 6 (“To the fullest extent permitted by
16 applicable law, any and all controversies, disputes, demands, counts, claims, or causes of
17 action … between you and [TCP] shall exclusively be settled through binding and
18 confidential arbitration … ”). TCP’s reliance on the fact that the Terms stated that JAMS
19 would conduct arbitration “as modified by this agreement to arbitrate,” 2022 Terms at 6, is
20 irrelevant because no other provision in those Terms states or suggests that they modified
21 JAMS’s procedures to preclude Plaintiffs’ efforts to arbitrate. TCP tries to have its cake
22 and eat it too—incorporating arbitration agreements into its Terms but insisting that the
23 same provisions do not mean what they say as applied to TCP. That it cannot do.
24 Plaintiffs have adequately alleged reliance on TCP’s representations in its 2022 Terms.
25 Collateral misrepresentation and contrary law. TCP’s remaining challenges to
26 Plaintiffs’ section 1770(a)(14) claim invent legal requirements that do not, in fact, exist.
27 TCP points to a California appellate court decision, Gray v. Dignity Health, which rejected
1 signed with the hospital did not state that the hospital would bill him an additional
2 emergency room charge. 70 Cal. App. 5th 225, 235, 245 (2021). TCP reads Gray as
3 establishing that a plaintiff must “allege [a] collateral oral misrepresentation … that is at
4 odds with the terms” of the parties’ contract and “allege that [the contract] contains [a]
5 term prohibited by law.” Id. at 245. Not so. Gray simply stands for the proposition that,
6 where a plaintiff does not allege a misrepresentation in the terms of the contract itself, they
7 must allege some other misrepresentation or basis for liability under section 1770(a)(14).
8 That is unsurprising: the statute prohibits any representation “that a transaction confers or
9 involves rights, remedies, or obligations that it does not have or involve, or that are
10 prohibited by law.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1770(a)(14). Because Plaintiffs allege a
11 misrepresentation that is part of the express Terms they agreed to, they have adequately
12 alleged a claim under the statute and do not need to allege additional misrepresentations.
13 E. Civil Code Section 1770(a)(19)
14 TCP next challenges Plaintiffs’ 1770(a)(19) claim, which alleges that TCP inserted
15 an unconscionable provision (namely, the Arbitral Venue Provision) into its Terms.
16 California law requires that a provision be “both procedurally and substantively
17 unconscionable.” Kilgore v. KeyBank, Nat’l Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2013)
18 (citing Almendariz v. Found. Health Psychare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 89 (2000)).
19 “[T]he more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural
20 unconscionability is required … and vice versa.” Almendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 114. “In
21 evaluating an unconscionability challenge to a [] provision under California law, a court
22 must be able to interpret that provision in the context of the agreement as a whole.”
23 Bielski v. Coinbase, Inc., 87 F.4th 1003, 1012 (9th Cir. 2023).
24 TCP charges that Plaintiffs fail to allege either procedural or substantive
25 unconscionability. But Plaintiffs have adequately alleged both, so dismissal of Plaintiffs’
26 section 1770(a)(19) claim is not warranted.
27 1. Procedural Unconscionability
1 negotiation of the agreement due to unequal bargaining power.” Fierro v. Cap. One, N.A.,
2 656 F. Supp. 3d 1121, 1130 (S.D. Cal. 2023). Plaintiffs allege that the Arbitral Venue
3 Provision is procedurally unconscionable for two reasons: (1) it is an adhesion contract and
4 (2) it “is surprising that [TCP] would designate JAMS as its chosen arbitral forum and then
5 include a provision that is supposedly material to the company which violates JAMS’s
6 Consumer Minimum Standards.” FAC ¶ 71. And as Plaintiffs point out, the Arbitral
7 Venue Provision was added to TCP’s Terms only after they made their purchases. Opp.
8 (dkt. 30) at 13–14.
9 TCP offers two main reasons why the Arbitral Venue Provision is not procedurally
10 unconscionable. First, they point out that for “non-essential recreational goods” like
11 children’s clothes, particularly where alternative sources are available, California courts
12 hold that contracts of adhesion are not procedurally unconscionable. Mot. at 12–13.
13 Second, they argue that the 2023 Terms clearly disclose that they modify JAMS’s
14 Consumer Minimum Standards. Id. Neither argument is sound.
15 Regarding TCP’s first argument, about how children’s clothes are non-essential and
16 can be purchased elsewhere, TCP misses the mark.5 Consider Belton v. Comcast Cable
17 Holdings, LLC, where the court explained procedural unconscionability as follows: “The
18 availability of alternative sources from which to obtain the desired service defeats any
19 claim of oppression, because the consumer has a meaningful choice. Moreover, when the
20 challenged term is in a contract concerning a nonessential recreational activity, the
21 consumer always has the option of simply forgoing the activity.” 151 Cal. App. 4th 1224,
22 1245 (2007) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Here, though, TCP added the Arbitral
23
24
5 TCP also overstates California law. Although some federal courts have held that
contracts for non-essential recreational goods or services can never be procedurally
25
unconscionable, see e.g., Pokrass v. The DirecTV Grp., Inc., No. 07-cv-423-VAP, 2008
WL 2897084, at *6–8 (C.D. Cal. July 14, 2008), California courts are clear that whether a
26
consumer can obtain goods or services elsewhere—or whether goods or services are
essential as opposed to recreational—is only part of the analysis. See Lhotka v.
27
Geographic Expeditions, Inc., 181 Cal. App. 4th 816, 822–24 (2010) (“While the
1 Venue Provision to its Terms after Plaintiffs had already purchased TCP’s products.
2 Plaintiffs, who do not appear to be time travelers, could not unwind that transaction to
3 avoid an unconscionable contract provision added after the fact. In other words, Plaintiffs
4 had no meaningful choice—either to choose to buy from a competitor or to forgo the
5 purchase altogether.
6 To be sure, courts must evaluate “whether a contract is unconscionable [at] the
7 moment when it is entered into by both parties—not whether it is unconscionable in light
8 of subsequent events.” Am. Software, Inc. v. Ali, 46 Cal. App. 4th 1386, 1391 (1996).
9 TCP argues that this precludes liability, because the Terms were amended after Plaintiffs
10 made their purchases. But Plaintiffs allege that the 2023 Terms—which incorporate the
11 Arbitral Venue Provision for the first time—were unconscionable when drafted. Opp. at
12 14 (“the element of surprise was TCP’s unilateral decision to modify its terms and add the
13 Arbitral Venue Provision”). A party cannot skirt unconscionability by drafting a legally
14 sound contract and then unilaterally amending the contract to add a new, unconscionable
15 term.
16 Regarding TCP’s second argument, that the 2023 Terms clearly disclose that they
17 modify JAMS’s Consumer Minimum Standards, TCP overreaches. The 2023 Terms
18 actually state as follows:
19 The arbitration shall be conducted … pursuant to the JAMS
Streamlined Arbitration Rules & Procedures effective July 1,
20 2014 (the “JAMS Rules”) and as modified by this agreement to
arbitrate. The JAMS Rules, including instructions for bringing
21 arbitration, are available at its website … . The Minimum
Standards are available at [hyperlink] or by calling 1-800-352-
22 5267.
23 2023 Terms at 6. A perfectly fair reading of this provision is that the JAMS Rules and
24 Consumer Minimum Standards are different and that the 2023 terms amend the Rules, but
25 not the Minimum Standards. In other words, a conflict would remain between the Arbitral
26 Venue Provision and the JAMS Consumer Minimum Standards.
27 Because Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that the Arbitral Venue Provision was a
1 JAMS’s Consumer Minimum Standards under a viable reading of the 2023 Terms,
2 Plaintiffs have adequately alleged procedural unconscionability.
3 2. Substantive Unconscionability
4 “Substantive unconscionability focuses on the one-sidedness or overly harsh effect
5 of the contract term or clause.” Samaniego v. Empire Today LLC, 205 Cal. App. 4th
6 1138, 1147 (2012). Plaintiffs allege that the Arbitral Venue Provision is substantively
7 unconscionable “because it involves terms that are so one-sided that they shock the
8 conscience, and it imposes harsh and oppressive terms on consumers.” FAC ¶ 72. The
9 harshness of this provision, according to Plaintiffs, is both that JAMS changed the terms of
10 its arbitration agreement after Plaintiffs had already filed arbitration demands and that the
11 new provision would require Plaintiffs to travel from California to New Jersey to arbitrate
12 their claims. Opp. at 15.
13 TCP makes one main argument against substantive unconscionability—that its
14 deprivation of Plaintiffs’ ability to arbitrate their claims with JAMS is not an overly harsh
15 effect. Mot. at 14–15. But as explained above, this is not a case about whether arbitration
16 or the federal courts are a superior forum for resolving claims like those Plaintiffs brought.
17 Rather, the question is whether it is harsh, oppressive, or one-sided for TCP to unilaterally
18 add a new venue provision after Plaintiffs filed arbitration demands knowing full well that
19 the venue provision would require Plaintiffs to either abandon their arbitration demands or
20 travel across the country to pursue their claims.6
21 Though TCP offers several additional arguments, they are plainly meritless. First,
22 TCP contends that Plaintiffs do not even allege substantive unconscionability because
23
24
6 In its reply brief, TCP mentions that the JAMS Rules permit the arbitrator to permit an
arbitration hearing to take place entirely or in part virtually by way of a conference call,
25
videoconference, or other means. Reply at 14. But JAMS itself held that the “requirement
to hold the arbitration in Hudson County, New Jersey, violates the 2009 Minimum
26
Standards for all Claimants who do not reside in [that county], and it potentially violates
the 2024 Minimum Standards for the same set of Claimants.” JAMS Termination Letter at
27
3. JAMS’s conclusion as to the conflict between the Arbitral Venue Provision and its own
1 || venue provisions relate only to procedural unconscionability. Mot. at 14. Yet the very
2 || case it cites for this proposition states that “[s]ubstantive unconscionability may be shown”
3 || as to venue provisions. Murrey v. Superior Court, 87 Cal. App. 5th 1223, 1247 (2023)
4 || (citation omitted). Second, TCP asserts that the conflict between the Arbitral Venue
5 || Provision and the Consumer Minimum Standards is “a procedural modification permitted
6 || by the JAMS rules.” Mot. at 15. JAMS itself concluded otherwise, however. See JAMS
7 || Termination Letter at 3. Third, TCP argues that the Arbitral Venue Provision “applies
8 || equally to both TCP and consumers,” so there is no unilateral obligation. Plaintiffs have
9 || adequately alleged, though, that TCP wields its position as the drafting party with a self-
10 || described “right to unilaterally modify the Terms,” Reply at 13, to its benefit by pushing
11 ||} some parties into arbitration and pulling others out of it. See FAC 9-11 & n.1, 14. So
12 |} even though the Arbitral Venue Provision appears to impose bilateral requirements on TCP
13 || and Plaintiffs, the entirety of TCP’s Terms (and TCP’s course of conduct in this case)
14 || functionally grants TCP unilateral authority to decide which claims to arbitrate and which
15 |} claims not to. See Bielski, 87 F.4th at 1012 (courts must “interpret [a contract] provision
Z 16 || in the context of the agreement as a whole”).
5 17 Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that TCP’s addition of the Arbitral Venue
5 18 ||} Provision was substantively unconscionable because as enacted it imposes a harsh result
19 || on Plaintiffs and operates to the one-sided benefit of TCP.
20 || IV. CONCLUSION
21 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES TCP’s motion to dismiss
22 IT IS SO ORDERED. -
23 Dated: February 28, 2025
CHARLES R. BREYER
24 United States District Judge
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