State of New Jersey v. Rodger L. Purvis

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-3064-22

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

RODGER L. PURVIS, a/k/a

RODGER LEWIS PURVIS,

ROGER L. PURVIS, SHAKE

PURVIS, RODGE L. PUURVIS,

RODGER LANE PURVIS,

ROGER LANE PURVIS,

SNAKE PURVIS and

RODGER L. PUURVIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

___________________________

Submitted November 6, 2024 – Decided February 21, 2025

Before Judges Sumners and Susswein.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law

Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 21-05-0548.

Jennifer N. Sellitti, Public Defender, attorney for

appellant (Samuel Carrigan, Assistant Deputy Public

Defender, of counsel and on the brief).

Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney General, attorney for

respondent (Liza B. Fleming and Leslie-Ann M. Justus,

Deputy Attorneys General, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

Defendant Rodger L. Purvis appeals from his jury trial convictions for

unlawful possession of a firearm and a large-capacity ammunition magazine and

from his contemporaneous guilty-plea conviction for possession of a firearm by

a previously convicted person. He contends the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress the handgun and ammunition clip found during an

automobile-exception search following a traffic stop. He also argues, for the

first time on appeal, that his firearms convictions violate the Second

Amendment. After carefully reviewing the record in light of the parties'

arguments and governing legal principles, we affirm the denial of defendant's

suppression motion substantially for the same reasons set forth in Judge Gary

N. Wilcox's cogent written opinion. We note that defendant failed to preserve

his Second Amendment claim when he pled guilty to the certain persons offense.

But even assuming his newly-minted Second Amendment claim is properly

before us, we would reject it on the grounds that a defendant cannot challenge

the constitutionality of New Jersey's firearm permit system without first

applying for a permit. Furthermore, defendant has no Second Amendment right

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to carry firearms given his prior convictions, which include crimes involving

violent and assaultive behavior.

I.

We discern the following facts and procedural history from the record.

On January 28, 2021 at around 10:30 p.m., Rochelle Park Patrol Police Officer

Christopher Kiszka observed a car with a broken headlight driving in the left

lane on Route 17. Kiszka activated his lights and sirens to effectuate a stop. He

approached the passenger side of defendant's vehicle and immediately smelled

the odor of marijuana emanating through the open front passenger window. 1

Kiszka also observed numerous suspected marijuana buds scattered throughout

the vehicle.

Once backup arrived, Kiszka approached the driver's side of the vehicle,

opened the driver's side door, and asked defendant to exit. Kiszka saw a

handgun ammunition magazine between the driver's seat and door, causing him

to believe a handgun "was in close proximity" to the magazine. He asked

1

The stop in this case occurred when possession of marijuana was unlawful.

The New Jersey Cannabis Regulatory, Enforcement Assistance, and

Marketplace Modernization Act (CREAMMA), N.J.S.A. 24:6I-31 to -56, now

precludes police from using the odor of marijuana to establish probable cause to

search. See N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(b)(1) ("The odor of marijuana . . . shall not

constitute reasonable articulable suspicion to initiate a search of a person to

determine a violation.").

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3

defendant to exit the vehicle multiple times, to which defendant repeatedly asked

why. Defendant finally exited the vehicle and was placed in handcuffs.

The ensuing search of the vehicle revealed a loaded black Taurus 9-mm

handgun. The officers also found two additional rounds of ammunition in the

driver's door, a package of cigars "commonly used to smoke CDS marijuana,"

two Ziploc bags of suspected marijuana, and a digital scale. Kiszka

acknowledged that he did not collect the loose buds or take photographs of the

interior of defendant's car.

In May 2021, defendant was charged by indictment with second-degree

unlawful possession of a handgun without a permit, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b)(1);

fourth-degree unlawful possession of a large capacity ammunition magazine,

N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(j); and second-degree certain persons not to possess a weapon,

N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b)(1).

Defendant moved to suppress the physical evidence seized from his car

and statements he made to police. On February 3 and March 9, 2022, Judge

Wilcox convened hearings on defendant's motions. On April 8, Judge Wilcox

issued a written opinion suppressing defendant's statements taken by law

enforcement after his arrest and at police headquarters but denying the motion

to suppress the physical evidence.

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Judge Wilcox explained that Officer Kiszka's smell of marijuana and

observation of marijuana buds provided probable cause to believe there was

contraband in the car. The judge further found the circumstances giving rise to

probable cause were unforeseeable and spontaneous. The judge thus found the

search of defendant's vehicle was lawful under the automobile exception to the

warrant requirement. Judge Wilcox rejected defendant's argument that

CREAMMA should be applied retroactively.

In March 2023, a jury trial was conducted before a different judge. The

jury returned guilty verdicts on the counts charging unlawful possession of a

weapon and possession of a large-capacity magazine. Defendant thereupon pled

guilty to the remaining certain persons offense, admitting that he was previously

convicted in 1994 of a crime in Virginia comparable to aggravated assault under

New Jersey law.

On May 5, 2023, the trial judge sentenced defendant to an eight-year term

of imprisonment with a four-year period of parole ineligibility on the conviction

for unlawful possession of a firearm, an eighteen-month term of imprisonment

on the conviction for possession of prohibited weapons and devices

(specifically, a large capacity magazine), and a five-year term of imprisonment

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5

with a five-year period of parole ineligibility for certain persons not to possess

a weapons charge. The judge ordered the sentences to run concurrently.

Defendant raises the following contentions for our consideration on

appeal:

POINT I

THE [TRIAL] COURT ERRED WHEN IT DID NOT

SUPPRESS THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE

SEARCH OF THE VEHICLE DESPITE THE

STATE'S FAILURE TO PRESERVE THE EVIDENCE

THAT PURPORTEDLY GAVE RISE TO PROBABLE

CAUSE.

A. The trial court erred when it determined the

State carried its burden at the suppression

motion despite the State's failure to present

critical evidence directly bearing on the

objective reasonableness of the search.

B. The [trial] court erred in declining to apply the

state's ameliorative marijuana laws

retroactively.

POINT II

THE PROVISIONS OF NEW JERSEY'S FIREARM

REGULATIONS CATEGORICALLY DENYING

THE RIGHT TO CARRY A HANDGUN FOR SELF-

DEFENSE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH PRIOR

FELONY CONVICTIONS ARE

UNCONSTITUTIONAL AS APPLIED TO

[DEFENDANT]. (Not raised [at the trial court].)

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A. Bruen places the burden on the State to prove

that the firearms provisions in question are

consistent with the [n]ation's historical

tradition of firearm regulation.

B. The State cannot meet its burden because it

cannot satisfy either of the two analytic steps

required by Bruen; the felon-disarmament

provisions underlying the certain persons

conviction are not analogous to any historical

statute, making them unconstitutional as

applied to [defendant].

C. [Defendant] has standing to challenge the

permitting scheme because his felony

conviction would have rendered any

application futile, and those provisions are

also unconstitutional as applied to him.

D. Invalidating the permitting and felon-

disarmament provisions as applied to

[defendant] will not prevent the State from

enforcing the remaining valid provisions of

New Jersey's firearms regulations.

II.

We first address defendant's contention Judge Wilcox erred in denying the

motion to suppress evidence seized from the vehicle. As a general matter, "[o]ur

standard of review on a motion to suppress is deferential." State v. Nyema, 249

N.J. 509, 526 (2022). "[A]n appellate court reviewing a motion to suppress must

uphold the factual findings underlying the trial court's decision so long as those

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findings are supported by sufficient credible evidence in the record." State v.

Ahmad, 246 N.J. 592, 609 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 243 (2007)). We "defer[ ] to those findings in recognition

of the trial court's 'opportunity to hear and see the witnesses and to have the

"feel" of the case, which a reviewing court cannot enjoy.'" Nyema, 249 N.J. at

526 (quoting Elders, 192 N.J. at 244); see also State v. Smart, 253 N.J. 156, 164

(2023). Accordingly, "[w]e will set aside a trial court's findings of fact only

when such findings 'are clearly mistaken.'" State v. Dunbar, 229 N.J. 521, 538

(2017) (quoting State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 262 (2015)). "We accord no

deference, however, to a trial court's interpretation of law, which we review de

novo." Ibid.

Turning to substantive legal principles, under New Jersey law, the

warrantless search of an automobile is permitted if the police "have probable

cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence of an offense

and the circumstances giving rise to probable cause are unforeseeable and

spontaneous." State v. Witt, 223 N.J. 409, 447 (2015). Probable cause "requires

'a practical, common[-]sense determination whether, given all of the

circumstances, "there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime

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will be found."'" State v. Myers, 442 N.J. Super. 287, 301 (App. Div. 2015)

(quoting State v. Moore, 181 N.J. 40, 46 (2004)).

In his written opinion, Judge Wilcox found:

Regarding the constitutionality of the search, the

court finds that the officer satisfied the standard

developed in Witt and was therefore permitted to

conduct a warrantless search of the automobile. As

discussed previously, a warrantless search of an

automobile is valid as long as it is "(1) based on

probable cause and (2) arising from unforeseeable and

spontaneous circumstances." Witt, 223 N.J. at 450. For

the first prong, upon legally stopping the car, the officer

smelt marijuana emanating from the vehicle.

Furthermore, the officer also spotted loose marijuana

buds scattered throughout the vehicle. Based on the

foregoing, it was objectively reasonable for the officer

to believe that there would have been more marijuana

located in the car. As such, based on the standard set

forth in Witt, the officer had probable cause to believe

that there was marijuana in the vehicle, satisfying the

first prong.

For the second prong, the court also finds that the

circumstances were unforeseeable and spontaneous.

The officer (1) was on a routine patrol; (2) spotted a

vehicle with a valid reasonable suspicion that defendant

was violating N.J.S.A. 39:3-66 and N.J.S.A. 39:3-74;

and (3) was not searching for this specific defendant nor

this specific vehicle. The officer's search of the vehicle

was not premeditated nor pretextual, and therefore, the

search satisfies both prongs of Witt, the officer's search

was proper under the automobile exception to the

warrant requirement. As such, the court finds that the

search of a vehicle is valid, and the evidence obtained

from that search will not be suppressed.

A-3064-22

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These finding are amply supported by the record. Prior to the legalization

of marijuana, it was well-settled "that the smell of marijuana itself constitutes

probable cause 'that a criminal offense ha[s] been committed and that additional

contraband might be present.'" State v. Walker, 213 N.J. 281, 290 (2013)

(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Nishina, 175 N.J. 502, 515-16 (2003)).

So too it is clear that the probable cause arose spontaneously and unexpectedly

during the course of an unplanned traffic stop for an observed motor vehicle

infraction. See Witt, 223 N.J. at 447.

We are unpersuaded by defendant's argument that "[t]he State made an

incomplete showing at the suppression hearing because it did not preserve the

evidence that would have established whether the officer had an objectively

reasonable basis to search [defendant's] vehicle." Although the State did not

preserve the marijuana buds that Kiszka observed while standing outside the

vehicle, we see no abuse of discretion in the motion judge accrediting the

officer's testimony regarding the smell of marijuana and his visual observation

of marijuana. See Nyema, 249 N.J. at 526.

Nor are we persuaded by defendant's contention that the motion judge

"erred in declining to apply the state's ameliorative marijuana laws

retroactively." In his opinion, Judge Wilcox noted:

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Addressing defendant's argument for retroactivity first,

N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(12)(b)(i) states that "the odor of

marijuana or hashish, or burnt marijuana or hashish,

shall not constitute reasonable articulable suspicion to

initiate a search of a person. . . ." N.J.S.A. 2C:35-

5(b)(12)(b) clearly states this section of the statute,

concerns conduct which occurred "[o]n and after the

effective date of []L. 2021, c. 19 (2C:35-23.1 et al.)."

Thus, it is clear the [L]egislature intended for these new

marijuana statutes to apply prospectively after the

effective date of this particular bill. Because the bill

was enacted February 22, 2021, the new statute would

not apply to defendant . . . who violated the prior statute

on January 28, 2021. Furthermore, because the

[L]egislature specifically enacted legislation

preventing the smell of marijuana as a basis to search,

the fact alone directly counters defendant's argument

that the legislature intended to prevent law enforcement

from using smell as a basis to search at the enactment

of the [c]onstitutional [a]mendment.

As such, the court finds no merit in these

arguments and finds further that the smell of marijuana

would give cause to search the vehicle.

We agree with Judge Wilcox's legal analysis. In any event, in State v.

Cohen, our Supreme Court recently held that CREAMMA does not apply

retroactively. 254 N.J. 308, 328 (2023). We have no basis upon which to reach

a contrary conclusion nor the authority to do so. See State v. Wilson, 478 N.J.

Super. 564, 570 n.1 (App. Div. 2024), appeal denied, 258 N.J. 434 (2024).

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III.

We next address defendant's Second Amendment arguments. Defendant

maintains the felon-disarmament provisions of New Jersey's gun permitting

scheme are unconstitutional as applied to him. Specifically, he challenges

N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(1)'s prohibition on issuing carry permits to convicted

felons, and N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b)(1)'s prohibition on possession of firearms by

certain persons convicted of enumerated crimes.

As we have noted, defendant did not raise these arguments to the trial

court. Furthermore, defendant did not preserve these issues for appellate review

when he pled guilty to the certain persons firearms offense. We note that within

the plea agreement form defendant signed, there is a section that explicitly

provides, "[d]o you further understand that by pleading guilty you are waiving

your right to appeal the denial of all other pretrial motions except the following:"

which is thereafter left bank. (Emphasis in original). The law is well-settled

that "[g]enerally, a guilty plea constitutes a waiver of all issues which were or

could have been addressed by the trial judge before the guilty plea." State v.

Robinson, 224 N.J. Super. 495, 498 (App. Div. 1988); see also State v. J.M.,

182 N.J. 402, 410 (2005) (noting that "the failure to enter a conditional plea

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under Rule 3:9-3(f) generally bars appellate review of non-Fourth Amendment

constitutional issues").

But even putting aside that defendant did not preserve this issue for our

review, we are satisfied he has no standing to challenge New Jerey's gun

permitting scheme. Our decision in State v. Wade, 476 N.J. Super. 490 (App.

Div. 2023), provides guidance on this point.

The circumstances in Wade are strikingly similar to the facts in this

matter. In Wade, police stopped a vehicle and smelled marijuana coming from

within. Id. at 496. The ensuing search revealed two handguns which neither the

driver nor the passenger had a permit to carry. Id. at 496-97. Consequently, the

driver and passenger were charged with second-degree unlawful possession of

a handgun without a permit. Id. at 497.

After the United States Supreme Court issued it groundbreaking decision

in New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n., Inc. v. Bruen, 579 U.S. 1 (2022), the

defendants in Wade "moved to dismiss [their] criminal charges, arguing that the

version of the gun-carry permit statute in effect at the time of their arrest,

N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4 (2018), was facially unconstitutional under Bruen." Id. at 495.

The passenger-defendant argued that:

[He] "had never been convicted of any indictable

offense or disorderly persons offense involving

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an act of domestic violence" and "had not been

adjudicated delinquent for any offense that, if

committed by an adult, would constitute a crime

(a) enumerated in . . . the []No Early Release

Act[] or (b) that involved the unlawful use or

possession of a weapon, explosive or destructive

device."

[Id. at 497.]

A certification in support of the passenger's motion also asserted that he was not

subject to any disabilities under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c). Ibid.

We rejected the defendants' Second Amendment claims, explaining:

Generally, to establish standing to challenge an

allegedly unconstitutional permit statute, the challenger

must have applied for a permit or license under the

statute. See, e.g., United States v. Decastro, 682 F.3d

160, 164 (2d Cir. 2012); Westfall v. Miller, 77 F.3d

868, 872-73 (5th Cir. 1996); Kendrick v. Bruck, 586 F.

Supp. 3d 300, 308 (D.N.J. 2022). Nevertheless, there

is a recognized exception to the submission

requirement if the challenger can "make a substantial

showing that submitting to the government policy

would [have been] futile." Bruck, 586 F. Supp. 3d at

308 (citing Ellison v. Am. Bd. of Orthopaedic Surgery,

11 F.4th 200, 206 (3d Cir. 2021)); see also Decastro,

682 F.3d at 164; Jackson-Bey v. Hanslmaier, 115 F.3d

1091, 1096 (2d Cir. 1997).

Neither defendant in these appeals applied for a

permit to carry a gun. [The passenger's] counsel

submitted a certification representing that [the

passenger] had no other disqualifying factors and that

he would have qualified to receive a permit but for the

justifiable need requirement. [The driver] and his

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counsel did not submit a certification concerning [the

driver's] qualifications for a permit.

Initially, we point out that neither [the driver] nor

[the passenger] has established the factual basis for

challenging New Jersey's gun-permit statutes. [The

driver] has provided no factual basis whatsoever. The

certification submitted by [the passenger's] counsel is

not based on counsel's personal knowledge; rather, it is

based on information received from his client and,

therefore, is insufficient to establish facts in dispute.

See R. 1:6-6; see also Decastro, 682 F.3d at 164

(explaining that defendant's reliance on the "hearsay

statement of an unidentified police desk officer" was

insufficient to make a substantial showing of futility).

Even if we accept the certification of [the

passenger's] counsel, it does not establish that [the

passenger] would have qualified for a gun-carry permit

excluding the justifiable need requirement. To receive

a permit, [the passenger] would have been required to

demonstrate that he was "thoroughly familiar with the

safe handling and use of handguns." N.J.S.A. 2C:58-

4(c) (2018). Moreover, he would have had to submit

certifications from "three reputable persons who ha[d]

known [him] for at least three years" and who certified

that he was "a person of good moral character and

behavior." N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(b) (2018). Nothing in the

record establishes that [the passenger] would have been

able to comply with those requirements. Consequently,

the record does not reflect that it would have been futile

for [the passenger] to have applied for a permit even in

the absence of the justifiable need provision.

[Id. at 505-07.]

We continued to state that:

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The insufficient record supporting defendants'

constitutional challenge illustrates why a motion to

dismiss criminal charges is not the proper venue for

demonstrating that defendants would have been granted

a gun-carry permit but for the justifiable need

requirement. If defendants had applied for gun-carry

permits, there would be a complete record of why they

were not granted the permits. In other words, we would

not be left to speculate that defendants were denied the

permits because of the justifiable needs requirement.

[Id. at 507.]

Finally, we added that "[n]o New Jersey decision or federal decision addressing

New Jersey's gun-permit statutes has held that a defendant has standing to

challenge the permit statutes without first having applied for a permit." Id. at

508.

We embrace our colleagues' well-reasoned rationale and apply it to

defendant, who likewise did not apply for a permit to carry a handgun.

Defendant nonetheless argues that he should be excused from the obligation of

applying for a permit, claiming that any such application would have been futile.

Defendant asserts:

Here, [his] plea to the certain persons weapon offense

included, as a part of its factual basis,

acknowledgement of his felony conviction for

Virginia's equivalent of aggravated assault in 1996.

The carry-permit statute, both at the time of the alleged

offense and now, gives no caveats to the disqualifying

factor of prior felony convictions. N.J.S.A. 2C:58-4(c)

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(2018) and (2022); N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c) (2019) and

(2023). There are no exceptions, methods for having

the disability lifted, or room to consider if the felony-

equivalent conviction was nonviolent or did not involve

weapons. See generally C. Kevin Marshall, Why Can't

Martha Stewart Have A Gun?, 32 Harv. J.L. & Pub.

Pol'y 695, 695-698 (2009) (discussing similar

permanent disarmament scheme under federal law).

Accordingly, any application from [him] made since his

felony conviction in the 1990s would have been futile.

We note in the interest of completeness that N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c) has other

disqualifiers, not just for felony convictions, and defendant has not presented

evidence that he would have vaulted the other disqualifying circumstances. For

example, in Wade, we noted that the defendant's certification "[did] not establish

that [the passenger] would have qualified for a gun-carry permit excluding the

justifiable need requirement." Id. at 506. Accordingly, we concluded the

defendant did not have standing to challenge N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(1).

We reach the same conclusion in the present matter. We add that we are

at a loss to understand how defendant's claim he has a Second Amendment right

to carry a firearm is somehow bolstered by the uncontroverted fact that he has a

history of violent felony convictions. That circumstance hardly advances his

claim that this prosecution violated his Second Amendment rights. Indeed, it

would be perversely ironic if his extensive felony history were deemed to be the

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circumstance that grants him standing to challenge a handgun permitting scheme

which he disregarded.

To the extent we have not addressed them, any remaining arguments

raised by defendant lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).

Affirmed.

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