The opinion
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 20 2025
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LONGINA PEREZ MONROY; DAVID No. 23-55793
MONROY, individually and as successors in
interest to the deceased, Jeffrey Alexander D.C. No.
Monroy, 5:21-cv-01278-MEMF-KK
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
MEMORANDUM*
v.
RUBEN PEREZ, Corporal, in his individual
capacity,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE, a municipal
entity; CHAD BIANCO, Sheriff, in his
individual capacity and official capacities,
Defendants.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 18, 2024
Pasadena, California
Before: RAWLINSON, CHRISTEN, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Longina Perez Monroy and David Monroy, (“Plaintiffs”) individually and as
successors in interest to Jeffrey Alexander Monroy (“Monroy”) brought this action
under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution
against County of Riverside, Sheriff Chad Bianco, and Corporal Ruben Perez
(“Perez,” and collectively, “Defendants”). In this timely appeal, Defendants
challenge the district court’s denial of summary judgment based on qualified
immunity. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and reviewing de novo
the district court’s order, Ames v. King County, 846 F.3d 340, 347 (9th Cir. 2017),
we affirm in part and reverse in part.
An officer may be denied summary judgment on the basis of qualified
immunity only if:
(1) the [evidence], taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting
injury, show[s] that the officer’s conduct violated a constitutional right, and
(2) the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the incident such
that a reasonable officer would have understood her conduct to be unlawful
in that situation.
Torres v. City of Madera, 648 F.3d 1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 2011).
1. Our case law clearly establishes that it is a violation of the Fourth
Amendment to use deadly force against a suspect who no longer poses an
immediate threat. See Zion v. County of Orange, 874 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir.
2017). And our case law clearly establishes that it is unreasonable to use deadly
force against suspects fleeing from the police unless they pose an immediate threat.
2
See Harris v. Roderick, 126 F.3d 1189, 1201 (9th Cir. 1997) (“Certain principles
are clearly established . . . . Law enforcement officers may not shoot to kill unless,
at a minimum, the suspect presents an immediate threat to the officer or others, or
is fleeing and his escape will result in a serious threat of injury to persons.” (citing
Curnow v. Ridgecrest Police, 952 F.2d 321, 325 (9th Cir. 1991))); Tennessee v.
Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11 (1985).1
Here, there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether a reasonable
officer would have perceived Monroy as running toward him or attempting to flee
while Perez fired a volley of nine shots. And there is a genuine dispute as to
whether a reasonable officer would have perceived Monroy as continuing to pose
an immediate threat after his initial attack of Officer Perez ended. Perez argues that
this case is distinguishable from Zion and Garner, because at the time of the
shooting Perez was worried that he might pass out as a result of Monroy’s attack.
But whether Perez subjectively believed he might faint requires a credibility
determination, and there is other evidence in the record from which a jury could
find this statement was insincere. This dispute of fact prevents us from determining
1
While the “general rules set forth in ‘Garner and Graham do not by themselves
create clearly established law outside an “obvious case,”’” here, Garner is not
cited for its general rule. Kisela v. Hughes, 584 U.S. 100, 105 (2018) (quoting
White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 80 (2017)). Rather, Garner is cited for the factually
specific rule that officers may not reasonably use deadly force against a fleeing
suspect who poses no imminent threat.
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whether Officer Perez violated Monroy’s clearly established Fourth Amendment
rights, because it informs whether a reasonable officer would have perceived
Monroy as posing an imminent threat. At summary judgment, Perez is not entitled
to qualified immunity on the Fourth Amendment claim.
2. Our case law clearly establishes that an officer violates the Fourteenth
Amendment if “he kills a suspect when acting with the purpose to harm, unrelated
to a legitimate law enforcement objective.” Foster v. City of Indio, 908 F.3d 1204,
1211 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting A.D. v. Cal. Highway Patrol, 712 F.3d 446, 450 (9th
Cir. 2013)). Monroy argues that, based on Monroy’s prior attack of Perez, a jury
could find that Perez acted out of retaliation. But the existence of a prior attack
cannot, without more, create an inference that Perez acted with a purpose to harm.
Zion, 874 F.3d at 1077. And Monroy produces no additional evidence that Perez
had an ulterior motive for using force. See Gonzalez v. City of Anaheim, 747 F.3d
789, 797–98 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). Nor was Perez’s conduct so “grossly and
unreasonably excessive that [the force] alone could evidence a subjective purpose
to harm.” Nehad v. Browder, 929 F.3d 1125, 1140 (9th Cir. 2019). Thus, as to the
Fourteenth Amendment claim, we hold that Perez is entitled to qualified immunity.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM denial of summary judgment on the Fourth
Amendment claim, and REVERSE denial of summary judgment on the Fourteenth
Amendment claim. Each party shall bear its own costs. Fed. R. App. P. 39(a)(4).
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