holding that 27 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal
How later courts described this case
- holding that 27 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal
- discussing “under color of 21 state law”
- “Pendent jurisdiction over state claims exists when the federal claim is sufficiently 18 substantial to confer federal jurisdiction, and there is a 'common nucleus of operative fact 19 between the state and federal claims.’”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
8
9 DAMEN D. RABB, Case No. 1:24-cv-01006-JLT-EPG (PC)
10 Plaintiff,
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
11 v. TO DISMISS THIS ACTION FOR FAILURE
TO STATE A CLAIM
12 NAVARO, et al.,
(ECF No. 1)
13 Defendants.
14 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN
THIRTY DAYS
15
16 Plaintiff Damen D. Rabb is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in
17 this civil rights action filed under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a) and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (ECF Nos. 1, 10).
18 On January 8, 2024, Plaintiff filed a complaint, alleging that correctional officers lost or stole
19 Plaintiff’s personal property—unspecified food and entertainment items. The complaint further
20 alleges that Defendant Navaro lured Plaintiff out of his cell, where he was assaulted by other
21 inmates.
22 On December 26, 2024, the Court screened Plaintiff’s complaint and found that it failed
23 to state any cognizable claims. (ECF No. 11). The Court explained why the complaint failed to
24 state any cognizable claims, and gave Plaintiff thirty days to either file a first amended
25 complaint or notify the Court in writing that he wanted to stand on his complaint. (Id. at 6, 7,
26 9).
27 After receiving the Court’s screening order, Plaintiff filed a notice on January 31, 2025
28 that he wanted to stand on his complaint. (ECF No. 13). For the reasons set forth below, the
1 Court recommends that this action be dismissed for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff has thirty
2 days from the date of service of these findings and recommendations to file his objections.
3 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT
4 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
5 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a).
6 The Court must dismiss a complaint, or a portion of it, if the prisoner has raised claims that are
7 frivolous or malicious, that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek
8 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1),
9 (2). Additionally, as Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis (ECF No. 10), the Court may
10 screen the complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. “Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion
11 thereof, that may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court
12 determines that the action or appeal fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.”
13 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).
14 A complaint is required to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing
15 that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not
16 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
17 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell
18 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A plaintiff must set forth “sufficient
19 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id.
20 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting
21 this plausibility standard. Id. at 679. While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as true, courts
22 “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d
23 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, a
24 plaintiff’s legal conclusions are not accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
25 Pleadings of pro se plaintiffs “must be held to less stringent standards than formal
26 pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that
27 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal).
28 \\\
1 II. SUMMARY OF PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT
2 Plaintiff sues two California Correctional Institution officers, “Navaro” and “Calzada.”1
3 Plaintiff charges that: (1) he was deprived of a “property/liberty interest within the meaning of
4 the Due Process Clause” and (2) his “constitutional equal protection clause was violated.” ECF
5 No. 1, pgs. 3, 5.
6 Regarding his first claim, Plaintiff alleges as follows in his complaint: While
7 incarcerated at California Correctional Institution in Tehachapi, Plaintiff was summoned out of
8 his living quarters to receive legal mail. Id. at 3.2 Other inmates then attacked him in the
9 presence of correctional officer Navaro. Id. After this incident, he was rehoused to a different
10 unit. Id. Upon being rehoused, he requested an inventory sheet from the custodial staff. Id. His
11 request was denied and some of his property was either lost or stolen. Id. The missing items
12 included food and entertainment items “to assist in mental health.” Id.
13 Plaintiff submitted a departmental grievance regarding the missing property. Id. at 4.
14 The reviewing authority found that his property was not inventoried and offered him
15 compensation in the amount of $158.86. Id. Plaintiff asserts that this amount was nothing more
16 than a guess and does not fully compensate him. Id.
17 As to his second claim, Plaintiff realleges that correctional officer Navaro lured him to
18 come outside his cell to receive legal mail. Id. at 5. Instead of receiving mail, other inmates
19 attacked Plaintiff, knocking him unconscious. Id. He sustained an onion sized bump on his
20 forehead from his face hitting the ground. Id. Plaintiff never received legal mail that day or in
21 the following days. Id.
22 Plaintiff also says that Navaro told him that he “was being escorted from the incident”
23 and “to tell ‘them’ that [he had] run into something.” Id.
24 Plaintiff filed a grievance regarding the incident and requested footage of the prison’s
25 dayroom area in order to substantiate his claims. Id. Despite there being camera and audio
26 recording devices at the facility, the prison collected no footage of the incident. Id.
27
28 1 The complaint does not list the first name of either officer.
2 The time and date of the incident are omitted from the complaint.
1 As for relief, Plaintiff states that he is seeking $800.00 for his lost property and
2 $10,000.00 for his alleged injury. Id. at 6.
3 Finally, Plaintiff attaches a separate letter addressed to the Clerk of Court. Id. at 7.
4 Plaintiff requests that the Clerk of Court take notice that he has not been summoned to the law
5 library in order to prepare his filing.3 Id.
6 III. SECTION 1983
7 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
8 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or
usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes
9 to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the
jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities
10 secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an
action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . . .
11
42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[Section] 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely
12
provides ‘a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor,
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490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979)); see
14
also Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 618 (1979); Hall v. City of Los
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Angeles, 697 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2012); Crowley v. Nevada, 678 F.3d 730, 734 (9th Cir.
16
2012); Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2006).
17
To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendant acted under
18
color of state law, and (2) the defendant deprived him of rights secured by the Constitution or
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federal law. Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006); see also
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Marsh v. County of San Diego, 680 F.3d 1148, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing “under color of
21
state law”). A person deprives another of a constitutional right, “within the meaning of § 1983,
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‘if he does an affirmative act, participates in another’s affirmative act, or omits to perform an
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act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is
24
made.’” Preschooler II v. Clark County Sch. Bd. of Trs., 479 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2007)
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(quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978)). “The requisite causal connection
26
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28 3 Plaintiff also mentions that “[i]f [he] wait[s] any longer for prison staff to summon [him], [he] will
miss [his] deadline.” ECF No. 1, pg. 7.
1 may be established when an official sets in motion a ‘series of acts by others which the actor
2 knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict’ constitutional
3 harms.” Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1183 (quoting Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743). This standard of
4 causation “closely resembles the standard ‘foreseeability’ formulation of proximate cause.”
5 Arnold v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981); see also Harper v. City
6 of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1026 (9th Cir. 2008).
7 A plaintiff must demonstrate that each named defendant personally participated in the
8 deprivation of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there must be an actual
9 connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have
10 been suffered by the plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658,
11 691, 695 (1978).
12 IV. ANALYSIS OF PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT
13 A. Deprivation of Property
14 Plaintiff’s first contention is that correctional officers took or lost his personal property.
15 The Due Process Clause protects prisoners from being deprived of property without due
16 process of law, Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974), and prisoners have a protected
17 interest in their personal property, Hansen v. May, 502 F.2d 728, 730 (9th Cir. 1974). “[T]he
18 Due Process Clause is . . . not implicated by a negligent act of an official causing unintended
19 loss of or injury to . . . property.” Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 328 (1986). Authorized
20 intentional deprivation of property pursuant to an established state procedure is actionable
21 under the Due Process Clause. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 532 & n.13 (1984) (citing
22 Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 435-36 (1982)); Quick v. Jones, 754 F.2d 1521,
23 1524 (9th Cir. 1985). On the other hand, “an unauthorized intentional deprivation of property
24 by a state employee does not constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the Due
25 Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful postdeprivation remedy for the
26 loss is available.” Hudson, 468 U.S. at 533. And “California law provides an adequate post-
27 deprivation remedy for any property deprivations.” Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816-17
28 (9th Cir. 1994) (citing Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 810-95). Furthermore, the Plaintiff must also
1 demonstrate that each named defendant personally participated in the deprivation of his rights.
2 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676-77 (2009).
3 Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient to state a due process claim against Defendants
4 Navaro or Calzada. Plaintiff alleges that unidentified officers either lost or stole his property
5 and then failed to adequately compensate him. He does not allege that his property loss was an
6 authorized intentional deprivation of property pursuant to an established state procedure.
7 Instead, the facts alleged, if true, would constitute an unauthorized deprivation of property,
8 which does not state a constitutional claim in light of California’s post-deprivation remedies.
9 Moreover, Plaintiff does not provide any facts to linking Defendants to his lost or stolen
10 property. For example, he does not describe any Defendant taking his property from him or
11 saying that they had done so. Because Plaintiff has not demonstrated how either Defendant
12 personally participated in the deprivation, Plaintiff fails to state a deprivation of property claim
13 for that reason as well.
14 Therefore, Plaintiff’s due process claim should be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
15 B. Failure To Protect4
16 Plaintiff effectively alleges that Defendant Navaro failed to protect him from the violent
17 attack by other inmates.5
18 Under the Eighth Amendment, prison officials have a duty to protect prisoners from
19 violence at the hands of other prisoners. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994).
20 “Liability may follow only if a prison official ‘knows that inmates face a substantial risk of
21 serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it.’”
22 Labatad v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 714 F.3d 1155,1160 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S.
23 at 847). However, “not . . . every injury suffered by one prisoner at the hands of another . . .
24 translates into constitutional liability for prison officials responsible for the victim’s safety.”
25 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. A prison official may be held liable for an assault suffered by one
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27 4 Although Plaintiff checked the “Retaliation” box for his second claim, he does not plead any facts
specific to a retaliation claim. See Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005) (footnote
28 omitted).
5 The specific inmates who allegedly committed the assault are not named.
1 inmate at the hands of another only where the assaulted inmate can show that the injury is
2 sufficiently serious, and that the prison official was deliberately indifferent to the risk of harm.
3 Id. at 834, 837. Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether prison officials, “acting with deliberate
4 indifference, exposed a prisoner to a sufficiently substantial risk of serious damage to his future
5 health.” Id. at 834 (internal quotation omitted). To be deliberately indifferent, the “official must
6 both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of
7 serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. Vague and conclusory allegations
8 concerning the involvement of supervisory personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient.
9 See Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
10 The Court finds that Plaintiff fails to state a failure to protect claim against defendant
11 Navaro. Plaintiff’s allegation that defendant Navaro lured him out of his cell to be attacked is
12 conclusory. The complaint lacks any specific factual allegations showing that Defendant
13 Navaro knew about the attack and ordered Plaintiff out of his cell for the purpose of allowing
14 inmates to attack him.
15 Plaintiff also fails to allege specific facts that would indicate that defendant Navaro
16 failed to intervene during the attack. Specifically, Plaintiff does not allege that defendant
17 Navaro observed the attack and deliberately chose not to intervene to protect Plaintiff.
18 Accordingly, because Plaintiff has not shown with specific facts that defendant Navaro was
19 deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s safety, he fails to state a failure to protect claim against
20 defendant Navaro.
21 Additionally, Plaintiff fails to allege that defendant Calzada had any personal
22 involvement or knowledge of the alleged attack. Other than being named as a defendant,
23 Calzada is named nowhere in the claim. Therefore, Plaintiff’s failure to protect claim against
24 Calzada should be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
25 C. Government Claims Act
26 To the extent that Plaintiff intended to raise any tort claim against the state of
27 California, he did not plead compliance with the California Government Claims Act. See ECF
28 No. 1, p. 2.
1 California’s Government Claims Act6 requires that a claim against the State7 or its
2 employees “relating to a cause of action for death or for injury to person” be presented to the
3 Department of General Services’ Government Claims Program no more than six months after
4 the cause of action accrues. Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 905.2, 910, 911.2, 945.4, 950-950.2.
5 Presentation of a written claim, and action on or rejection of the claim, are conditions precedent
6 to suit. State v. Superior Court of Kings County (Bodde), 32 Cal.4th 1234, 1245 (Cal. 2004);
7 Mangold v. California Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1477 (9th Cir. 1995). To state a tort
8 claim against a public entity or employee, a plaintiff must allege compliance with the
9 Government Claims Act. Bodde, 32 Cal.4th at 1245; Mangold, 67 F.3d at 1477; Karim-Panahi
10 v. Los Angeles Police Dept., 839 F.2d 621, 627 (9th Cir. 1988).
11 Furthermore, although the Court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law
12 claims, Plaintiff must first have a cognizable claim for relief under federal law. 28 U.S.C. §
13 1367. In this instance, the undersigned has not found a cognizable § 1983 due process claim in
14 the Complaint against either Defendant. Therefore, at this juncture, the Court does not have
15 supplemental jurisdiction over any state law claim that forms part of the same case or
16 controversy as Plaintiff’s alleged due process claim. See Brady v. Brown, 51 F.3d 810, 816 (9th
17 Cir. 1995) (“Pendent jurisdiction over state claims exists when the federal claim is sufficiently
18 substantial to confer federal jurisdiction, and there is a 'common nucleus of operative fact
19 between the state and federal claims.’”) (quoting Gilder v. PGA Tour, Inc., 936 F.2d 417, 421
20 (9th Cir. 1991)).
21 V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
22 The Court finds that Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state any cognizable claims. The Court
23 previously provided Plaintiff with applicable legal standards, explained why Plaintiff’s
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6 This Act was formerly known as the California Tort Claims Act. City of Stockton v. Superior Court, 42
26
Cal. 4th 730, 741-42 (Cal. 2007) (adopting the practice of using Government Claims Act rather than
27 California Tort Claims Act).
7 “‘State’ means the State and any office, officer, department, division, bureau, board, commission or
28 agency of the State claims against which are paid by warrants drawn by the Controller.” Cal. Gov’t
Code § 900.6.
1 || complaint failed to state a claim, and gave Plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint, but
2 || Plaintiff chose to stand on his complaint.
3 Based on the foregoing, it is RECOMMENDED that:
4 1. This action be dismissed for failure to state a claim; and
5 2. The Clerk of Court be directed to close the case.
6 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States district
7 judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within
8 thirty days after being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file
written objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to
10 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file
objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v.
Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394
4 (9th Cir. 1991)).
1S IT IS SO ORDERED.
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17 || Dated: _February 10, 2025 [sf ey
8 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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