The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
FILED
June 5, 1998
VILLAGES OF BRENTWOOD )
HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC., ) Cecil W. Crowson
Appellate Court Clerk
)
Plaintiff/Appellee, ) Davidson Chancery
) No. 95-3733-III
VS. )
) Appeal No.
STEVEN J. WESTERMANN and wife ) 01A01-9708-CH-00388
MARIA A. WESTERMANN, )
)
Defendants/Appellants. )
APPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT
FOR DAVIDSON COUNTY
AT NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
THE HONORABLE ELLEN HOBBS LYLE, CHANCELLOR
For Plaintiff/Appellee: For Defendants/Appellants:
Robert F. Spann John A. Ascione
Nashville, Tennessee Nashville, Tennessee
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
OPINION
This appeal involves the enforcement of the restrictive covenants in a Nashville
subdivision. After two residents began to construct improvements on their property
without first obtaining approval of the subdivision’s architectural committee, the
homeowners association filed suit in the Chancery Court for Davidson County
seeking injunctive relief to enforce the architectural control provisions in the
subdivision’s restrictive covenants. The trial court heard the case without a jury and
issued an injunction directing the residents to cease the construction and to restore
their property to a condition consistent with the subdivision covenants. The residents
have appealed. Since neither party has filed a verbatim transcript of the proceedings
or a statement of the evidence, we have reviewed the papers filed in the trial court and
have determined that they contain no basis for reversing the trial court. Accordingly,
the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
I.
In March 1993 Steven and Maria Westermann bought a house in a Nashville
subdivision called the Villages of Brentwood. Their property, like the other property
in the subdivision, was subject to recorded restrictive covenants governing such
things as maintenance assessments, dwelling size, and architectural uniformity. One
of the restrictions required residents desiring to build a fence, wall, or other structure
on their property to first obtain the approval of the board of directors of the
homeowners association or an architectural committee appointed by the board.1
In September 1995 the Westermanns began constructing an in-ground pool, a
retaining wall, a privacy fence, and an expansion of their deck without first seeking
1
Art. V of the Villages of Brentwood restrictive covenants provides in applicable part:
ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL
No building, fence, wall or other structure shall be commenced, erected or
maintained upon the Properties, nor shall any exterior addition to or change,
including color, or alteration therein be made until the plans and specifications
showing the nature, kind, shape, height, materials, and location of the same shall
have been submitted to and approved in writing as to harmony of external design and
location in relation to surrounding structures and topography by the Board of
Directors of the Association, or by an architectural committee composed of three (3)
or more representatives appointed by the Board.
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the approval of the homeowners association. Soon after construction began, the
homeowners association notified the Westermanns in writing that their project
violated the subdivision’s restrictive covenants because their plans had not been
reviewed or approved. The homeowners association requested the Westermanns to
cease construction and to take steps to obtain approval of their project. The
Westermanns ignored the homeowners association’s letter and continued
construction.
The homeowners association sent a second letter to the Westermanns on
October 19, 1995. When the Westermanns disregarded this letter, the homeowners
association filed suit on November 29, 1995 in the Chancery Court for Davidson
County requesting injunctive relief to enforce the subdivision’s restrictive covenants.
The trial court issued a temporary restraining order stopping the construction.
Approximately three months later, the trial court entered an order directing the
Westermanns to submit their plans to the homeowners association for review and
approval. The Westermanns submitted plans to the homeowners association on
March 26, 1996. On April 8, 1996, the attorney representing the homeowners
association informed the Westermanns that their plans were incomplete and requested
a more complete set of plans. The Westermanns provided new plans on June 7, 1996,
and on June 26, 1996, the architectural review committee disapproved the
Westermanns’ project.
The trial court heard the evidence on December 4, 1996 and entered a detailed
memorandum opinion on January 24, 1997. The trial court concluded that the
architectural committee had acted reasonably and in good faith and directed the
parties to attempt to reach an agreement concerning the Westermanns’ project. After
the parties were unable to agree to a mutually satisfactory resolution of their
differences, the trial court entered a final order on April 10, 1997, ordering the
Westermanns to remove all construction materials from their property and to restore
the property to a condition consistent with the subdivision’s restrictive covenants.
II.
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We turn first to a preliminary issue concerning the scope of this appeal. Two
settled principles of appellate review come into play here. First, appellate courts
cannot review the evidence de novo in accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) in the
absence of a verbatim transcript or statement of the evidence and, therefore, presume
that a trial court’s order has adequate evidentiary support in the absence of an
evidentiary record. See Word v. Word, 937 S.W.2d 931, 932 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996);
Sherrod v. Wix, 849 S.W.2d 780, 783 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Scarbrough v.
Scarbrough, 752 S.W.2d 94, 97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). Second, appellate courts will
ordinarily decline to consider issues being raised for the first time on appeal. See
Civil Service Merit Bd. v. Burson, 816 S.W.2d 725, 734-35 (Tenn. 1991); Department
of Human Servs. v. Defriece, 937 S.W.2d 954, 960 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Thus,
arguments not asserted at trial are deemed waived on appeal. See Devorak v.
Patterson, 907 S.W.2d 815, 818 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).
Every one of the issues raised by the Westermanns on appeal are affected by
one or both of these principles. The Westermanns argue for the first time on this
appeal that the committee should be deemed to have approved their construction
plans because it did not decline to approve their project within thirty days after they
first submitted a set of plans on March 26, 1996. Because the record contains no
indication that they presented this argument to the trial court, we find that they have
waived their right to assert this issue for the first time on appeal.2 The same fate must
befall the Westermanns’ argument relating to the speculative nature of the
architectural committee’s decision because this argument was likewise not presented
to the trial court.3
The Westermanns’ remaining issues challenge the reasonableness of the
architectural committee’s disapproval of their project. The question of whether the
architectural committee acted reasonably is heavily fact-dependent and must be
considered in light of the unique circumstances of the case. See Indian Hills Club
2
We would reach the same conclusion were we to address the merits of this issue. The thirty-
day period in Article V of the restrictive covenants did not begin to run on March 26, 1996 because
the plans submitted to the homeowners association were not complete. After the Westermanns
submitted a complete set of plans on June 6, 1996, the architectural committee declined to approve
the plans on June 26, 1996 - well within the thirty-day period.
3
In addition, without a factual record, we have no basis for determining that the architectural
committee acted unreasonably when it determined that the Westermanns’ project would change or
retard the flow of groundwater, that it would likely have a substantial negative impact on
neighboring property, and that it could result in the diminution of the value of the adjacent property.
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Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Cooper, No. 01A01-9507-CH-00319, 1995 WL 763823,
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 29, 1995) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed). This
record lacks a verbatim transcript of the proceedings before the trial court or even a
statement of the evidence. In addition, the record does not contain the exhibits filed
with and considered by the trial court. Thus, we are unable to examine the review
criteria used by the architectural committee to determine whether the Westermanns’
project should be approved. In the absence of this evidentiary material, we are able
only to review the legal issues raised by the Westermanns that can be decided based
on the technical record alone.
III.
Restrictive covenants conditioning the right of property owners to make
improvements on the approval of a homeowners association or architectural
committee are generally valid and enforceable. See Association of Owners of
Regency Park Condominiums, Inc. v. Thomasson, 878 S.W.2d 560, 563-565 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1994); see also Snowmass Am. Corp. v. Schoenheit, 524 P.2d 645, 647-48
(Colo. Ct. App. 1974); Hollingsworth v. Szczesiak, 84 A.2d 816, 821 (Del. Ch. 1951).
The prevailing view in this jurisdiction is that these sorts of restrictive covenants will
be enforced as long as the entity administering them acts reasonably and in good
faith. See Indian Hills Club Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Cooper, 1995 WL 763823,
at *3.
Restrictive covenants are enforceable even though they vest discretionary
powers with the architectural committee. See Country Club of La. Prop. Owners
Ass’n, Inc. v. Dornier, 691 So. 2d 142, 150 (La. Ct. App. 1997) (Fitzsimmons, J.,
concurring). The courts will uphold review criteria as long as they provide a
reasonable framework for the committee’s decision, see Winslette v. Keeler, 137
S.E.2d 288, 289 (Ga. 1964), and as long as the committee developing the criteria is
acting reasonably and in good faith. See Indian Hills Club Homeowners Ass’n, Inc.
v. Cooper, 1995 WL 763823, at *4; Country Club of La. Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v.
Dornier, 691 So. 2d at 150. When the restrictive covenants establish a review
committee but do not contain specific criteria for the committee to follow, the validity
of the criteria and the committee’s interpretation of the criteria will be judged by a
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standard of reasonableness. See 4626 Corp. v. Merriam, 329 So. 2d 885, 889 (La. Ct.
App. 1976).
A.
In light of these authorities, we decline to find as a matter of law that the
homeowners association of the Villages of Brentwood was acting unreasonably when
it prepared criteria that would be used to determine the acceptability of proposed
improvements to houses in the subdivision. On the contrary, we find that the
homeowners association could establish criteria as long as they were consistent with
Article V of the restrictive covenants that permits considering the “nature, kind,
shape, height, materials, and location” of proposed buildings, fences, walls, or other
structures. Because the review criteria employed by the Villages of Brentwood are
not in the appellate record, we will presume they are consistent with the restrictive
covenants, that they are reasonable, and that they provided a reasonable basis for the
architectural committee’s decision.
The Westermanns’ ignorance of the existence or substance of the review
criteria is of little consequence. The restrictive covenants in their deed put them on
notice that the homeowners association retained the right to approve exterior
improvements to their property. Had the Westermanns complied with Article V
before they commenced construction, they would have learned of the review criteria
and would have been able to conform their improvements to the criteria’s
requirements. By deciding to proceed with construction without first seeking and
obtaining the required approvals, the Westermanns assumed the risk that their
proposed improvements would not be acceptable to the architectural committee.
B.
The Westermanns also insist that the architectural committee’s refusal to
permit them to construct their privacy fence deprives them of the free and full use and
enjoyment of their property. Specifically, they assert that limiting the height of their
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fence to six feet4 is unreasonable because it will interfere with their privacy. Because
of the sloping elevation of their lot, they insist they should be able to build a fence
taller than six feet.
We find it impossible to review this argument based on the record before us.
The trial court noted that a civil engineer testified that the Westermanns required a
retaining wall on their property “because of the slope of the yard” and that a retaining
wall that was six feet high would not “be adequate to retain the proposed
improvement.” However, we find nothing in the technical record that sheds any light
on the relationship between the privacy fence, the retaining wall, and the slope of the
Westermanns’ yard. While the Westermanns state in their brief that “the effect of a
six feet privacy fence erected at the lower side of [their] yard . . . is reduced
substantially,” the mere contentions in a party’s brief cannot be considered as
evidence. See Outpatient Diagnostic Ctr. v. Christian, No. 01A01-9510-CV-00467,
1997 WL 210842, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. April 30, 1997) (No. Tenn. R. App. P. 11
application filed). In the absence of an evidentiary record, we are precluded from
considering this issue. State v. Draper, 800 S.W.2d 489, 493 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990).
IV.
We do not have before us a record of the evidence considered by the trial court,
including the written criteria considered by the architectural committee. The trial
court had that evidence before it and applied the correct standard of review.
Accordingly, we will presume that the evidence supported the trial court’s conclusion
that the architectural committee acted reasonably and in good faith. Based on that
presumption, we affirm the judgment and remand the case to the trial court for
whatever further proceedings may be required. We tax the costs of this appeal to
Steven J. Westermann and Maria A. Westermann and their surety for which
execution, if necessary, may issue.
4
The restrictive covenants do not prescribe specific fence heights; however, Article V
empowers the architectural committee to consider the “harmony of external design and location in
relation to surrounding structures.” In light of the trial court’s finding that “all other fences in the
development are six feet,” we assume the Westermanns are challenging the validity of Article V as
applied to them.
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______________________________
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
CONCUR:
_______________________________
BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE
__________________________________
WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE
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