Linde, B. v. Linde, S.

J-A11018-19

2019 PA Super 305

BARBARA LINDE, IN HER OWN : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

RIGHT AND BARBARA LINDE ON : PENNSYLVANIA

BEHALF OF LINDE CORPORATION :

:

:

v. :

:

:

SCOTT LINDE, ROBERT L. HESSLING, : No. 754 MDA 2018

ROBERT M. MCGRAW, PAUL FEDOR, :

CHRISTOPHER LANGEL, ALFRED :

OSTROSKI, MICHAEL BOCHNOVICH, :

LINDE CORPORATION AND SCOTT :

LINDE FAMILY'S CORPORATION :

TRUST :

:

Appellants :

Appeal from the Judgment Entered on May 21, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County Civil Division at No(s):

2013 CV 11028

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.

OPINION BY OLSON, J.: FILED OCTOBER 11, 2019

Appellants, Scott Linde, Robert L. Hessling, Robert M. McGraw, Paul

Fedor, Christopher Langel, Alfred Ostroski, Michael Bochnovich, Linde

Corporation, and Scott Linde Family’s Corporation Trust, appeal from the

judgment entered on May 21, 2018.1 The judgment was in favor of Barbara

Linde (hereinafter “Barbara”) and against Appellants in the amount of

$5,392,000.00. We affirm.

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1 On March 27, 2014, the trial court sustained defendant Linde Corporation’s

preliminary objections to the complaint and struck the claims against the

corporation. Trial Court Order, 3/27/14, at 1. This determination has not

been challenged on appeal.

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On September 18, 2013, Barbara, individually and on behalf of Linde

Corporation (hereinafter “LindeCo”), filed a complaint against a number of

defendants, including: her brother, Scott Linde (hereinafter “Scott”); the

Scott Linde Family S Corporation Trust; and, six individual employees and

directors of LindeCo. We refer to the six individual employees and directors

as, collectively, the “Six Key Employees.” They are: Robert L. Hessling,

Robert M. McGraw, Paul Fedor, Christopher Langel, Alfred Ostroski, and

Michael Bochnovich. See Barbara’s Complaint, 9/18/13, at ¶¶ 1-10.

Within the complaint, Barbara averred that LindeCo is a Subchapter S

corporation2 and that, at the time LindeCo was formed, she and Scott were its

only shareholders. See id. at ¶¶ 11-12. Throughout the life of LindeCo,

Barbara has been a minority shareholder and Scott has been the majority

shareholder of the company. Further, Barbara “was secretary . . . , served as

a director[,] and was employed by” LindeCo; Scott is the president and a

director of the corporation. Id. at ¶ 11 (some capitalization omitted).

Barbara averred that, in March 2012, Scott “demanded that Barbara []

either liquidate her shares[] or immediately sell her shares [of LindeCo] at a

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2 In a Subchapter S corporation, “all gains and losses pass through the

corporation to the individual shareholders [on a pro rata basis]. Thus, [the

income is subjected to only one level of taxation and] any [] tax liability is the

responsibility of each shareholder, to be computed at that shareholder's

marginal rate.” In re Dobson’s Estate, 417 A.2d 138, 143 (Pa. 1980)

(footnote omitted); see also 26 U.S.C. §§ 1361-1379; Gitlitz v. Comm’r of

Internal Revenue, 531 U.S. 206, 209 (2001).

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price determined by him. If she refused, he stated that he would ‘economically

destroy her.’” Id. at ¶ 22. Barbara refused Scott’s demand. Id. at ¶ 23.

Thereafter, on March 9, 2012, Scott called a special shareholders’ meeting,

where he: “amended the articles of incorporation to eliminate cumulative

voting,3 amended the by-laws of the corporation, removed the entire board of

directors, including [Barbara], and elected new directors[, which excluded

Barbara].” Id. at ¶ 24 (some capitalization omitted). The new directors

included the Six Key Employees and “[t]he new directors subsequently

terminated [Barbara’s] employment with the corporation, cancelled her

medical insurance, the medical insurance of her daughters[,] and eliminated

other benefits historically enjoyed by her.” Id. at ¶¶ 24-25 (some

capitalization omitted).

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3 In cumulative voting, the voting shareholder “multipl[ies] the number of

votes to which he may be entitled by the total number of directors to be

elected;” the shareholder may then “cast the whole number of his votes for

one candidate or he may distribute them among any two or more candidates.”

See 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1758(c)(1). “The election of corporate directors through

cumulative voting is designed to give minority shareholders with a substantial

number of shares some representation on the board of directors.” 1 O'NEAL &

THOMPSON'S OPPRESSION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS & LLC MEMBERS § 3:20. It

“enables substantial minority shareholders to place ‘watchdogs’ on the board

who can report to minority shareholders the actions of directors elected by

majority interests.” Id. “Cumulative voting is to be contrasted with ‘straight

voting,’ a system of voting under which a shareholder is entitled to cast one

vote per share for a candidate for each position to be filled on the board.

Under a system of straight voting, holders of a bare majority of shares with

voting power can elect the entire board of directors.” Id.

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Barbara alleged that the elimination of cumulative voting “was

fundamentally unfair and oppressive to [her] as the minority shareholder of

the corporation and was undertaken for the sole purpose of eliminating

[Barbara] as a member of the board of directors, thereby limiting her access

to [corporate] books and records.” Id. at ¶ 26 (some capitalization omitted).

Moreover, Barbara alleged that Scott and the Six Key Employees committed

other acts that were oppressive to her as a minority shareholder, such as:

“systematically excluding her from a meaningful role in the corporation” by

eliminating her as a board member, an officer, and an employee; authorizing

deals with closely related companies that had the sole purpose of economically

harming her; and, “caus[ing LindeCo] to report a taxable gain which flow[ed]

through to [Barbara], but contrary to past practice, [the board] refused to

allow the company to make a cash distribution to shareholders which would

[have] allow[ed Barbara] to pay her tax obligation.” Id. at ¶¶ 29-35 and

38-44.

Barbara’s complaint contained five counts. The first count, entitled

“Breach of Fiduciary Duty,” was filed against Scott. Within this count, Barbara

alleged that Scott was liable to her for “engag[ing] in a course of conduct that

was contrary to law, was oppressive, was a gross abuse of his authority and

discretion[,] and was designed to squeeze [Barbara] out of the corporation,

and to ‘economically destroy her.’” See id. at ¶ 14. She requested that the

trial court:

A. Appoint a custodian for [LindeCo];

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B. Enter an order directing [Appellants] to grant [Barbara] all

of the rights, benefits[,] and privileges she enjoyed prior to

the illegal actions of March 9, 201[2]; []

C. Award [Barbara] compensatory damages for her loss of

income and benefits . . . ;

...

E. Direct [Appellants] to provide [Barbara] immediate access

to the books and records of [LindeCo] . . . and all other

partnerships or corporations owned or controlled by [Scott]

doing business with [LindeCo]; and

F. Grant such other and further additional relief as the court

may deem to be appropriate and just under the

circumstances.

Id. at “Wherefore” Clause for Count I (some capitalization omitted).

In other counts, Barbara alleged that the Six Key Employees “aided and

abetted [Scott] in the breach of the fiduciary duties owed to Barbara [] as a

minority shareholder” and that Scott and the Six Key Employees engaged in

a civil conspiracy to harm her. As to these claims, Barbara requested that the

trial court “enter[] judgment in [Barbara’s] favor and against [Scott] and the

[Six Key Employees] for the full amount of her damages . . . and grant such

other and further relief as the court may deem just and equitable.” See id.

at “Wherefore” Clauses for Counts IV and V. Finally, Barbara requested that

the trial court remove Scott from his positions as officer and director of

LindeCo and that the court appoint a custodian for LindeCo. See id. at

“Wherefore” Clauses for Counts II and III; see also 15 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 1726(c)

(authorizing the judicial removal of a director); 1767(a)(2) (authorizing a

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court to appoint a custodian for a corporation). As with her other claims,

Barbara included general prayers for relief at Counts II and III. Barbara’s

Complaint, 9/18/13, at “Wherefore” Clauses for Counts II and III.

On the same date that Barbara filed her complaint, Barbara also filed a

separate “Motion for Appointment of Custodian.” Within this motion, Barbara

repeated the allegations contained in her complaint and requested that the

trial court appoint a custodian for the corporation. Barbara’s Motion for

Appointment of Custodian, 9/18/13, at ¶ 3. The trial court then scheduled a

hearing on Barbara’s Motion for Appointment of Custodian. Trial Court Order,

9/18/13, at 1.

The six-day hearing on Barbara’s Motion for Appointment of Custodian

took place on April 29 and April 30, 2014, July 22 and July 23, 2014, and

August 27 and August 28, 2014. On December 31, 2014, the trial court

denied Barbara’s Motion for Appointment of Custodian. Trial Court Order,

12/31/14, at 1.

After the trial court’s December 31, 2014 order, the parties agreed to

submit the record, as developed during the hearing on Barbara’s Motion for

Appointment of Custodian, to the trial court for adjudication of the entire

complaint.4 Trial Court Opinion, 11/13/15, at 2; Appellants’ Brief at 11. On

____________________________________________

4 The procedure the parties agreed to was similar (but not identical) to a case

submitted on stipulated facts. Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1038.1

declares: “[a] case may be submitted on stipulated facts for decision by a

judge without a jury. The practice and procedure as far as practicable shall

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____________________________________________

be in accordance with the rules governing a trial without jury.” Pa.R.C.P.

1038.1. The comment to Rule 1038.1 states: “[t]he parties may submit a

stipulation of facts to the court for its decision. The procedure then follows an

existing model, that of a nonjury trial with respect to the decision, post-trial

practice and appeal.” Pa.R.C.P. 1038.1 cmt. In interpreting this rule of civil

procedure, our Supreme Court has held:

It has long been the law of this Commonwealth that an appeal

does not lie from a decision of a trial court following the

submission of a case on stipulated facts. The decision of the

trial court under these circumstances is considered to be

similar to a verdict in a jury trial from which the aggrieved

party must file a motion for post-trial relief pursuant to

Pa.R.Civ.P. Rule 227.1, in order to preserve disputed issues

for appellate review. Those issues not raised in a motion for

post-trial relief following a trial on an agreed stipulation of

facts are deemed waived.

McCormick v. N.E. Bank of Pa., 561 A.2d 328, 330 (Pa. 1989) (some

citations omitted); see also Miller v. Kramer, 621 A.2d 1033, 1035 (Pa.

Super. 1993) (“[t]his [C]ourt has always considered an adjudication based

upon a stipulated set of facts to constitute a trial and subject to Rule

227.1(c)”).

The procedure followed in the case at bar is even more analogous to a

traditional bench trial than that outlined in Rule 1038.1, given the parties

requested that the trial court make both factual findings and conclusions of

law from the record evidence before it. See Triage, Inc. v. Prime Ins.

Syndicate, Inc., 887 A.2d 303, 306 (Pa. Super. 2005) (“[w]hen a case is

submitted on stipulated facts, the rulings of the trial court are limited to

questions of law”). Therefore, since a case submitted on stipulated facts

constitutes a trial following which post-trial motions must be filed, the

procedure followed in the case at bar must also constitute a trial.

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November 13, 2015, the trial court entered its findings of fact, conclusions of

law, and decision regarding liability.5 As the trial court explained in detail,

the evidence presented for its consideration consisted of the following:

The Linde family has been involved in construction and

industry in northeast Pennsylvania for approximately 50

years, when brothers Scott and Eric Linde began Linde

Enterprises with their father. Scott and Eric's sister, Barbara

Linde, was offered a share in Linde Enterprises by her father

a few years after she completed school. In 1988, the Linde

siblings' father passed away, and his shares in Linde

Enterprises were distributed to his children such that Scott

and Eric each owned 3/7 of the company and Barbara owned

the remaining 1/7; Barbara testified that this structure was

essentially her father's way of ensuring that any two of the

siblings could overrule the third. Eventually, legal issues

involving the Linde siblings arose, beginning a series of

lawsuits in Wayne County, Pennsylvania.

In 2006, Scott and Barbara formed their own entity,

[LindeCo]. Scott and Barbara set up LindeCo as an

S-Corporation, with 1000 shares authorized; only 500 of

these shares were issued, with 375 (75%) going to Scott and

125 (25%) going to Barbara. There was no shareholders'

agreement. The corporate bylaws called for cumulative

voting. Scott was the President of LindeCo, and Barbara was

the Secretary. In its first year of operation, LindeCo brought

in approximately six million dollars of gross revenues[.][fn.5]

[The organization grew steadily and,] by 2012, LindeCo’s

revenue was approximately [72] million dollars.[fn.6] As of

2014, LindeCo had approximately 300 employees. From its

____________________________________________

5 Count III of Barbara’s complaint demanded that the trial court appoint a

custodian for LindeCo. Barbara’s Complaint, 9/18/13, at ¶¶ 45-46. Since this

claim was identical to that contained in Barbara’s Motion for Appointment of

Custodian, the trial court ruled that its earlier denial of Barbara’s Motion for

Appointment of Custodian was the law of the case. See Trial Court Opinion,

11/13/15, at 16. Thus, the court held, the trial was limited to the remaining

four claims in Barbara’s complaint. Id.

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inception until 2012, Barbara received an annual distribution

from LindeCo sufficient to pay her state and federal taxes;

otherwise, LindeCo has not made any payments of dividends

to its shareholders.

[fn.5] LindeCo's initial profits stemmed largely from

taking over the clients and accounts of Linde Enterprises.

[fn.6] Although LindeCo's revenue was consistently in the

tens of millions of dollars, the company's recorded profit

was generally in the $250,000[.00] to $500,000[.00]

range; Scott testified that this was due to the high cost of

subcontracting and completing each particular job in

comparison to the value of the contract for the job.

In addition to Linde Enterprises and LindeCo, Scott was

involved in a number of entities affiliated with those two

companies. Among these entities were NEV (which is owned

in equal sevenths by Scott, Barbara, and five of the [Six Key

Employees]), Old Boston (which is owned in equal sixths by

Scott and five of the [Six Key Employees]), BSL (owned

equally by Barbara and Scott), TRSL, Forest City Partners,

and Linde International. Each of these entities has the

primary purpose of purchasing equipment and then renting it

to LindeCo. . . .

Soon after the formation of LindeCo, the relationship between

Barbara and Scott soured. The facts regarding the start of

these disagreements are disputed. In the spring of 2007,

Scott offered Barbara a shareholder's agreement, which

would have provided for the elimination of cumulative voting

and an automatic buyout of Barbara's shares at book value

upon her termination as an employee of the company.

Barbara rejected this offer, because she felt that cumulative

voting "allow[ed her] to have a place on the board of directors

and receive financial information" and that LindeCo's book

valuation significantly undervalued the company.[fn.7]

Ultimately, the deal was unacceptable to Barbara both when

it was offered and at the time of testimony. . . .

[fn.7] Barbara stated that this is because she and Scott

"controlled the bottom line and the value [of LindeCo] for

tax purposes" meaning that any present book value

"doesn't reflect the true value of the company going

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forward." Scott was cross-examined on various assets

that may be possessed by LindeCo and related companies

but not reflected in the companies' book value.

Barbara testified that, in 2007, Scott was engaging in an

intimate relationship with a female employee at the office,

and that when Barbara voiced her objections to the

relationship to Scott, he "physically picked [Barbara] up out

of [her] seat, threw [her] against the wall, picked [her] up

again and threw [her] onto the floor;" saying that "he wanted

[Barbara] out of his life and that he would destroy [her]."

Scott adamantly denied that he had a romantic relationship

with the employee, stating that Barbara entered his office

and yelled at the employee, telling her to leave; Scott stated

that, after he asked Barbara to leave his office multiple times

to no avail, he "took her by the wrists, not hard, she stood

up . . . [and] when [he] pushed back [to the door] . . . she

fell on her derriere, didn't get hurt.” Scott states that he did

not threaten to "destroy her" but that he later informed his

sister that certain business decisions she was making would

"economically destroy her." Barbara and Scott have not

spoken directly to each other since this incident. Barbara

states that Scott has exerted pressure on other members of

LindeCo to not speak to Barbara, take her suggestions, or

allow her to participate in the business; Scott and the

individual defendants deny this.[fn.8]

[fn.8] For instance, Paul Fedor stated that at no time did

Scott ask him [not to] communicate with Barbara, and

that he [chose] not to accept any calls or emails from

[Barbara] "[b]ecause of the situation. [Because s]he

sued [him]."

As an employee of LindeCo, Barbara was responsible for

dealing with OSHA claims[,] developing the company's safety

protocol, working with the company's computer networks and

other infrastructure, and otherwise dealing with the

middle-management aspect of the company. What this

meant in practice is the subject of no small dispute. Barbara

testified that, in the early days of LindeCo, she, as part of a

small team, developed a comprehensive system that allowed

the company to track its monthly financial information and

generate documents that "ultimately fed into the preparation

of [LindeCo's] year end certified audit [that were given] to all

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the banks and bonding companies . . . if, in fact, they were

to request [them]." Barbara estimated that LindeCo had

approximately five OSHA violations from its inception in 2006

[until] her dismissal . . . , and that "every time one came up,

[she] handled it." Alfred Ostroski stated that he reviewed all

OSHA violations when they were reported to the company,

and then Barbara represented the company at the relevant

hearings. Barbara stated that she was additionally involved

in the creation of LindeCo's safety program; Christopher

Langel suggested that Barbara may have had input through

the mid-2000s but that she was not involved with the

physical writing of the document, and that ultimately

LindeCo's 2011 safety manual was written by a third party

and that Barbara had no involvement with it.

[Appellants] provided a different characterization of

Barbara's employment. Paul Fedor stated that "[Barbara's]

involvement in the growth of Linde Enterprises . . . up

through [LindeCo] until she was terminated . . . [was]

minimal." Christopher Langel testified that Barbara's office

was visible from his, and that "other than [for] management

meetings . . . [he] saw Barbara in her office . . . very

minimally." Robert McGraw stated that, "as a highly paid

component of [LindeCo], what the company gets out of

[Barbara's work] is nothing . . . we're not getting any net

return on [Barbara's salary]."

As an employee of LindeCo, Barbara received a salary of

approximately $120,000[.00] with an additional

$100,000[.00] in benefits. Among the benefits received were

health insurance, vehicles for personal use, credit, and

landscaping and maintenance care provided for Barbara's

home and property. Fedor described how the maintenance

work involved a great deal of work caring for Barbara's horses

and "elaborate stable system," which took two people, one of

whom worked at least a few hours seven days a week, to

maintain. The testimony suggested that Scott enjoyed some

similar services but to a smaller degree.

In 2010, Scott, worried about the possibility of key LindeCo

employees leaving to work for competitors, decided to create

a profit-sharing system to award a select few with equity in

the company; all parties agreed that LindeCo could not

survive if multiple key employees left.[fn.9] Scott stated that

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"it was [his] idea and . . . decision as president and majority

stockholder [of LindeCo] to have those six people who were

. . . absolutely critical to the company to become directors.

To become directors they had to become stockholders."

Scott and these [Six Key Employees] agreed that the best

method of doing this would be an issuance of stock.

[fn.9] Indeed, Defendant Alfred Ostroski testified that he

declined a job offer from a competitor specifically because

of Scott's offer to become a shareholder in LindeCo.

Barbara was not opposed to the [Six Key Employees]

becoming directors[fn.10] or joining in a profit-sharing plan –

in fact, she believed "it needed to be done to solidify

[LindeCo's] management" – but she did not agree that the

issuance of shares of LindeCo stock was the best method,

stating that an issuance of stock would have a number of

"down sides and tax ramifications" for both LindeCo and the

. . . [Six Key Employees]. Upon learning of Scott's plan to

issue stock, Barbara discussed a number of options with

LindeCo's accountants [at] ParenteBeard, including the

issuance of phantom stock or other bonus plans. Eventually,

at the end of 2011 or beginning of 2012, ParenteBeard gave

a presentation to the [Six Key Employees] regarding the

alternatives to Scott's proposed stock issuance. Alfred

Ostroski testified that Barbara "told us [Six Key Employees]

that if this went through and we became stockholders that

she would sue us individually."

[fn.10] In fact, Barbara voted for the [Six Key Employees]

to become directors during an April 13, 2010

management meeting, to "show[] them a level of financial

information that would allow them to govern from the

board." Barbara later found out that the minutes of this

meeting had never been filed and that the members of

the [Six Key Employees] had declined positions on the

board. Multiple members of the [Six Key Employees]

stated that this was because they did not wish to become

involved in the worsening relationship between Barbara

and Scott.

Barbara stated that, ultimately, Scott refused to give the [Six

Key Employees] any choice in the type of compensation they

received and that they were afraid to speak up in

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disagreement with Scott; Scott argued that he and the [Six

Key Employees] were in complete agreement about the

desirability of the proposed stock plan,[fn.11] and that

Barbara's suggestions of drawbacks were a pretext to block

the implementation of the plan, which would have diluted her

share of LindeCo. Scott formally proposed variations on the

plan via email in both September 2011 and December 2011,

but Barbara did not sign the proposals. Ultimately, Barbara

never acquiesced to the proposed stock issuance; in 2012

LindeCo issued two years' worth of bonuses to the [Six Key

Employees], which they then used to buy a combined 50 of

Scott's 375 shares (four of the [Six Key Employees]

purchased ten shares and two purchased five shares at book

value of $6,200[.00] each).[fn.12,] [fn.13] These shares were

sold with an agreement that, if any of the [Six Key

Employees] left the company, they would be compelled to sell

their stock back at the most recent year's book value.

[fn.11] Paul Fedor testified that he "prefer[red] to take

the risk" associated with stock as opposed to other, more

direct profit sharing plans, because he "[didn't] need the

money right now . . . [and] was looking for a [long term]

investment." Robert McGraw echoed this sentiment,

stating that "from [his] point of view . . . [he didn't] need

[the] money right now" and that he "was looking for the

end game."

[fn.12] Scott stated that, although he felt it necessary

"after two years of [LindeCo] not meeting [its] obligation,

[to] do what [he] had to do," the eventual solution "was

bad for the company . . . was bad for the employees . . .

it was just a bad decision." Scott explained that this was

partially because of the cost to the company in terms of

bonuses; had the 50 shares received by the [Six Key

Employees] been newly authorized, the bonus issued to

receive them would only need to consist of the taxes owed

on their value; whereas purchasing them from Scott

required a bonus issuance equal to the taxes owed plus

the book value of the stock.

[fn.13] Alfred Ostroski testified that, between the time

the [Six Key Employees] purchased the stock in LindeCo

and August 2014, the overall company value had

increased by approximately $1.25 million, meaning each

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share increased approximately $2,000[.00] to

$2,400[.00] in value.

From 2010 to the middle of 2011, LindeCo's management

meetings, historically attended by Barbara, Scott, and the

[Six Key Employees], became less and less frequent, and the

widening rift between Barbara and Scott came to a head in

late 2011 when Scott sent Barbara an email on December 16,

2011 purporting to call a meeting of LindeCo's shareholders

just six days later on December 22, 2011. The agenda was

to include a vote on proposed amendments to LindeCo's

by-laws, including the elimination of cumulative voting.

Barbara testified that, when she received this email, she

"went to the by-laws and ascertained that it was the

[LindeCo] secretary's job to call the meeting." Additionally,

LindeCo's by-laws required at least ten days' notice before

any proposed change to the by-laws. Barbara objected to

the meeting taking place on December 22, and rescheduled

it to March 9, 2012. At the March 9, 2012 shareholders'

meeting, LindeCo's shareholders – that is, Scott, over

Barbara's objection[fn.14] – voted to [amend the by-laws to]

eliminate cumulative voting[,] change the role of the

corporate secretary, [and] give the majority shareholder the

power to remove the entire board of directors[. Scott then

removed the board of directors and] replaced the board of

directors with Scott and the [Six Key Employees]. At a

Special Meeting of the Board of Directors, held on March 14,

2012, the new board voted to dismiss/reelect corporate

officers; Barbara was not elected to any position. It was

Scott's opinion that Barbara, no longer a director or officer of

LindeCo, had been "terminated as an employee in March of

[2012]."

[fn.14] Barbara introduced official objections to the

proposed shareholder actions to be voted on at the March

9, 2012 meeting, objecting to the following effects of the

proposal: "Circumvents the proper role of the secretary .

. . [;] seeks to change quorum requirements for the

transaction of business . . . [;] permits the transaction of

business in the absence of a quorum . . . [;] shareholder

[cumulative] voting withdrawn . . . [;] restrict[ion of] the

power of minority interests to fill vacancies on the board

of directors . . . [; and,] empower[ing] the single majority

shareholder to remove the entire board without cause."

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Barbara characterized these proposed amendments as

"serv[ing] no other purpose than to subordinate the board

of directors to the whims of a single majority shareholder

by changing the way in which board members are

replaced."

Even though Scott viewed the events of the March [2012]

meeting[s] as effectively terminating Barbara, LindeCo

offered Barbara what was essentially a severance package

shortly afterwards. This package would have allowed

Barbara to "withdraw up to $5,000[.00] per week from her

equity in [LindeCo], approximately 25 percent of $3 million

equal to $750,000[.00] equal to 150 payments plus future

year profits."[fn.15] Scott stated that Barbara didn't respond to

the offer, which he considered a starting point in

negotiations, and "did nothing, continued to get a salary,

continued to charge things, didn't come to the office, [and]

didn't talk to people" for approximately seven months after

the offer was made. . . .

[fn.15] The $750,000[.00] represented an estimated

book value of $6,000[.00] per share for each of Barbara's

125 shares. Scott acknowledged that "of course

[Barbara] would want" her shares to be bought out at fair

value, but to determine fair value the company would "be

off on another half a million dollars figuring out what that

is."

[Barbara testified that her removal from the board and from

her position as secretary made it so that she was “no longer

allowed to have access to any financial information, other

than [year-end] financials;” she testified that “[i]t was

impossible for [her] to do [her] job without financial

information.” Further, Barbara testified that, after her

removal from the board: she was “denied access entirely” to

the LindeCo computer system; “all of [her] belongings were

removed from [her] office” and she was not permitted back

into her office; and, “[n]o one [at LindeCo] would speak to

[her], no one would reply to [her] emails.”]

Barbara was officially terminated as a LindeCo employee on

October 31, 2012.

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[Barbara testified that her termination devastated her

financially. This included: the loss of her annual,

$120,000.00 salary; the loss of medical benefits for her and

her children; and, the loss of additional benefits of

approximately $100,000.00 per year. Barbara also testified

that Scott and the Six Key Employees financially harmed her

in other ways; specifically, by looting related companies in

which she had an ownership interest.] . . . For instance,

although Barbara is still a shareholder in Linde Enterprises,

she states that she has not been able to withdraw any money

from that company "because Scott had stripped all the cash

and equipment from that company." . . . [As to this,] Barbara

calls attention to a transaction made at a meeting of Linde

Enterprises in December 2012 that arose out of two

preexisting promissory notes. The first note, dating from

October 1, 2010, obliged LindeCo to pay Linde Enterprises

the sum of $1,516,200[.00]. On May 25, 2012, LindeCo

borrowed an additional $1.2 million from Linde Enterprises,

repayable over 119 months. The note was signed by Robert

Hessling for LindeCo and Scott for Linde Enterprises.

Due to the ongoing disagreements between Eric, Scott, and

Barbara regarding Linde Enterprises, the three siblings met

on December 3, 2012, at which time Scott offered to

purchase the shares of both Eric and Barbara, which they

declined. At a December 11, 2012, meeting of the LindeCo

board of directors, at which Barbara was not present, [Scott]

caused Linde Enterprises to purchase 319 of Scott's 320

shares in Linde Enterprises, which were held in the Scott F.

Linde Family S Corporation Trust. In exchange, Linde

Enterprises assigned to the Scott F. Linde Family S

Corporation Trust both the entire $1,148,796.70 remaining

to be paid on the May 25, 2012 note and a portion of the

October 1, 2010 note, in the value of $291,721.60, for a total

of $1,440,518.30. The Trust, through Scott, then made

immediate demand on the assigned notes and was paid by

LindeCo. Barbara alleges that the value at which Scott's

shares in Linde Enterprises were to be purchased was

determined unilaterally by Scott himself,[fn.16] and ultimately

that this transaction was designed to drain cash from Linde

Enterprises by preventing it from collecting on its notes, thus

depriving Barbara of what was at that point her primary

source of funds. Scott stated that the value of the stock was

determined by a shareholder's agreement that set the price

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of any stock purchased by Linde Enterprises at book value as

of the prior December 31, and that said value was determined

by the previous year's financial report. Commenting on this

deal, Robert McGraw testified that he approved this

transaction because it "got debt off of the balance sheet" and

that he was satisfied that the financial aspects of the

transaction were beneficial to LindeCo. McGraw stated that

he did not consider the impact this transaction would have on

Barbara, and did not consider whether the money paid was a

fair value for Scott's shares in Linde Enterprises because it

had “nothing to do with what [the Board was] voting on."

Christopher Langel added that the transaction helped

disentangle LindeCo from the “turmoil” surrounding Barbara,

Eric, and Scott's "struggle for the management of [Linde]

Enterprises."

[fn.16] Paul Fedor testified that he relied on Robert

Hessling's assurances regarding valuations in deciding to

vote for this transfer.

Barbara also suggests that Scott caused Linde Enterprises to

sell off its assets, which consisted primarily of construction

equipment that was necessary to function as a contractor.

There was some dispute about the number and value of the

pieces of equipment held by Linde Enterprises; Barbara

suggested that, in October of 2012, Linde Enterprises owned

approximately 80 pieces of equipment totaling

$600,000[.00] to $700,000[.00] in market value,[fn.17]

whereas [Appellants] contend there [were] 30 pieces worth

$200,000[.00] to $300,000[.00]. What is not disputed is

that approximately 30 pieces of equipment were put up for

sale on an online auction site; with the exception of a single

tractor, all of this equipment was purchased by LindeCo.

Many of the items received upwards of 20 bids and sold for

well over the starting price; ultimately, the pieces sold for a

combined $174,900[.00]. Again, Barbara contends that this

was a naked attempt to strip Linde Enterprises - and thus

Barbara herself - of its ability to make money and provide

[her with] a source of income. Barbara testified that the

proceeds from this sale did not end up with Linde Enterprises,

and that she doesn't know where the proceeds ultimately

went. Paul Fedor, who was in charge of purchasing the

equipment, also did not know where the proceeds from the

sale ended up.

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[fn.17] This valuation is based on an appraisal by a third

party named Hunyady.

Similarly, Barbara has accused Scott of controlling which of

his many enterprises LindeCo contracts with, and has

improperly diverted work from Linde-affiliated entities that

Barbara co-owns to entities that she does not own. Robert

McGraw testified that the decisions to purchase equipment,

including deciding which entity was to own a particular piece

of equipment, were generally made by Scott. McGraw denied

that rental or purchasing decisions were based on the

particular owners of the various entities, but did admit that

"in the short term" more equipment has gone into Old

Boston, of which Barbara is not a part-owner, than NEV,

[which is owned, in part, by Barbara]. As early as 2005,

Barbara was concerned that particular jobs were going to

Linde International, in which she did not hold shares, rather

than other companies under the Linde umbrella. Christopher

Langel testified that certain companies would receive certain

jobs for reasons related to unions, but that he understood

why Barbara would be in "opposition to work being sent to

[an] entity of which she didn't have an interest." Scott

testified that different entities were targeted to different

markets, and that Linde International was the primary

company for jobs more than 75 miles from LindeCo

headquarters. Regarding BSL, the company owned equally

by Barbara and Scott, Scott stated that, although Barbara

never blocked equipment from being bought by BSL, "[t]he

problem is when you go to [Barbara] and you go to get a

bank financing statement, she wants her house off, she wants

this, she wants to talk to them, she wants everything . . . she

didn't bring any equipment to be put in there. She never

mentioned to me that I have this piece, I found this piece, I

want to buy it there."

It is clear from the facts of this case as described above that

the disagreements between Barbara and Scott are pervasive,

infecting the business of LindeCo and causing a great amount

of distress to all parties involved.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/13/15, at 1-16 (citations and some capitalization and

footnotes omitted).

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From this evidence, the trial court found the following:

 LindeCo, as a company, “appears to be rather healthy” and “has been

well-managed.” Id. at 18-19.

 LindeCo is “run primarily by Scott . . . [and Scott’s] removal from the

LindeCo board of directors would be devastating to the company and

would harm the interests of all stockholders, including [Barbara].” Id.

at 22.

 Although the company has been well-managed, Scott, as the majority

shareholder, “has not always protected the interests of the company’s

minority shareholder, Barbara.” Id. at 19.

 Scott’s “elimination of cumulative voting, followed by the dismissal of

the entire board of directors and reappointment of the entire board

minus Barbara” was “motivated in part by [his] animus against

Barbara.” Id.

 “Barbara’s dismissal from the board of directors and, ultimately, from

the company, was designed to prevent Barbara from attaining LindeCo’s

financial information, to keep her out of the premises, and to get her

out of [Scott’s] life.” Id.

 Scott’s “diminution [of] Barbara’s role in the company and access to

company financial records” constituted “oppressive conduct” and a

squeezing-out of the minority shareholder, Barbara, from LindeCo. Id.;

Trial Court Opinion, 9/20/18, at 17 n.14.

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 Further evidence of Scott’s oppressive conduct towards Barbara is found

in: the unaccounted-for purchase, by LindeCo, of assets that were

owned by Linde Enterprises (a company that Barbara co-owned), which

“strip[ped] Linde Enterprises - and thus Barbara herself - of its ability

to make money and provide [Barbara with] a source of income” and,

the 2012 payment, authorized by LindeCo’s board of directors, to the

Scott F. Linde Family S Corporation Trust, of approximately $1.4 million.

The latter event occurred after Scott caused Linde Enterprises to

purchase almost all of his shares in Linde Enterprises in exchange for

Linde Enterprises’ assignment – to the Trust – of the amount that

LindeCo owed Linde Enterprises under certain promissory notes. Trial

Court Opinion, 11/13/15, at 19-20; Trial Court Opinion, 9/20/18, at 17

n.14.

 On March 14, 2012, “the LindeCo board of directors, which consisted at

that time of Scott [and the Six Key Employees], removed Barbara from

her position as LindeCo secretary, effectively cutting off her access to

financial information, and caused her over the coming months to be

removed from her office and terminated as an employee.” Trial Court

Opinion, 11/13/15, at 23-24.

 “[T]he entire board of directors, from the time the board consisted of

Scott and the [Six Key Employees] onward, engaged in a course of

conduct that effectively [squeezed] Barbara [] out of LindeCo.” Id. at

24.

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 The Six Key Employees “did aid and abet Scott [] in his breach of the

fiduciary duty he owed to the shareholder Barbara . . . and thus the [Six

Key Employees], in their capacity as members of the LindeCo board of

directors, are liable for any damage caused to Barbara [] by the breach.”

Id.

 “[T]he evidence supports a finding of civil conspiracy against Scott []

and each of the [Six Key Employees].” Id. at 25.

The trial court thus concluded that: Scott breached his fiduciary duties

to Barbara; the Six Key Employees aided and abetted Scott’s breach of his

fiduciary duties to Barbara; and, Scott and the Six Key Employees engaged in

a civil conspiracy to harm Barbara. Trial Court Order, 11/13/15, at 1-2. The

trial court then sua sponte ruled that Barbara was entitled to the remedy of

having her shares in LindeCo bought out, by Appellants, at fair value. Id. at

2. However, the trial court ruled that it could not “make a proper

determination of the fair value of [Barbara’s] shares of LindeCo based upon

the record before it.” Trial Court Opinion, 11/13/15, at 21. The trial court

ordered further discovery and a later evidentiary hearing, limited to the

valuation issue. Id.; see also Trial Court Order, 11/13/15, at 2.6 Thus, in

____________________________________________

6 We note that, following the liability phase of the proceeding, Appellants filed

a motion entitled “motion for post trial relief.” Appellants’ Motion for Post-Trial

Relief, 12/1/15, at 1-5. Within this motion, Appellants claimed that they were

entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) with respect to

the trial court’s finding of liability on all claims. See id. As is relevant to the

current appeal, Appellants raised the following claims. First, they claimed that

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effect, the trial court sua sponte reopened the case and bifurcated it into

liability and damages phases.7

The trial court held the damages phase of the trial on August 28 and

August 29, 2017. During this time, the trial court heard testimony from:

Barbara’s valuation expert, Gregory Cowhey; Appellants’ valuation expert,

John Stoner; and, Scott. See N.T. Trial, 8/28/17 at 1-277; N.T. Trial,

8/29/17, at 277-327. The trial court entered its opinion and decision in the

matter on December 28, 2017. It ruled that Barbara’s shares had a fair value

of $4,433,000.00 and that Barbara was entitled to $959,000.00 in interest;

the trial court ruled that Barbara was entitled to a total award of

$5,392,000.00.

____________________________________________

the trial court erred when it found that Scott breached his fiduciary duty to

Barbara because: “[t]here is no evidence of record that [Scott’s] actions as

president and majority shareholder of [LindeCo] were for his own self interest

and not in the best interest of all of the shareholders of [LindeCo];” “[t]he

record is devoid of any illegal, oppressive[,] or fraudulent acts by [Scott]

against [Barbara];” and, “[t]he court ignored the facts and evidence that the

actions of [Appellants] were within the Business Judgment Rule.” Id. at 3-4

(some capitalization omitted). Appellants also claimed that the trial court

erred in finding for Barbara on her aiding and abetting and civil conspiracy

claims because “the [Six Key Employees] were not shareholders of [LindeCo]

at the time of the shareholder’s meeting on March 9, 2012.” Id. at 4 (some

capitalization omitted).

7 During the first phase of the trial, the trial court heard evidence on liability

and Barbara’s compensatory damages. Thereafter, the trial court convened a

second phase of the trial, limited to the valuation of Barbara’s shares in

LindeCo, which was the trial court’s chosen, equitable remedy in this case.

We treat this as a bifurcation of the trial for procedural and issue preservation

purposes. See infra at **24-26 n.7.

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Following the denial of Appellants’ post-trial motion, Appellants filed a

timely notice of appeal to this Court. Appellants raise six claims on appeal:

1. Did the lower court commit an abuse of discretion and err

as a matter of law when it found that Defendant, Scott Linde,

breached his fiduciary duty and had frozen Plaintiff, Barbara

Linde, out of [LindeCo], and refused to apply the Business

Judgment Rule to Scott Linde's conduct[?]

2. Did the lower court commit an abuse of discretion and err

as a matter of law when it found that the [Six] Key Employees

aided and abetted Defendant, Scott Linde, in the breach of

his fiduciary duties but refused to apply the Business

Judgment Rule to the [Six] Key Employees' conduct[?]

3. Did the lower court commit an abuse of discretion and err

as a matter of law when it found that Defendant, Scott Linde

and the [Six] Key Employees engaged in a civil conspiracy to

freeze Barbara Linde, out of [LindeCo?]

4. After Plaintiff, Barbara Linde, had rested and the record

was closed on August 28, 2014, did the lower court commit

an abuse of discretion and err as a matter of law when it

ordered an evidentiary hearing to determine the fair value of

Barbara's shares in [LindeCo] since Barbara never asserted a

claim or cause of action in the complaint to be bought out of

[LindeCo] as a minority shareholder or as a dissenting

shareholder under 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1571-1580 and entered

judgment in the amount of $4,433,000[.00] against Scott

Linde and each of the [Six] Key Employees[?]

5. Did the lower court commit an abuse of discretion and err

as a matter of law when it awarded prejudgment interest in

the amount of $959,000[.00] from December 31, 2012 at

4.5% per annum because prior to the lower court's order of

December 28, 2017 there was no sum certain which was to

be paid by Defendant, Scott, and the [Six] Key Employees to

Barbara or the date upon which a sum certain was to be

paid[?]

6. Did the lower court commit an abuse of discretion and err

as a matter of law when it determined the fair value of

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[LindeCo] at $17,731,000[.00] and thus the respective

allocation of the fair value of Barbara's shares at

$4,433,000[.00] because the lower court solely relied on

Barbara's valuation expert's opinion of value which was faulty

because he utilized non comparable guideline companies and

his elimination of long standing recognized business methods

historically utilized by [LindeCo] in order to establish a

hypothetical fair value of [LindeCo?]

Appellants’ Brief at 7-9 (some capitalization omitted).

First, Appellants claim that the trial court erred when it found that Scott

breached his fiduciary duty to Barbara. This claim is composed of three

sub-arguments. First, Appellants claim, Scott did not breach his fiduciary duty

to Barbara because “all of Scott’s actions were in furtherance of his fiduciary

duty to the shareholders of [LindeCo].” Id. at 24. Second, Appellants claim

that Scott is entitled to the benefit of the business judgment rule and is

insulated from liability in this case because all of his actions were done in good

faith and he “honestly and rationally believed [his] decisions were in the best

interest of the corporation.” Id. at 34. Finally, Appellants claim that the trial

court’s denial of Barbara’s Motion to Appoint a Custodian “affirmatively

establish[es]” that Scott acted reasonably towards Barbara.8 Id. at 36-37.

These claims fail.

____________________________________________

8 Barbara devotes a significant portion of her brief to various arguments that

Appellants waived all of their issues on appeal. See Barbara’s Brief at 11-27.

First, Barbara contends, Appellants waived their claims that the trial court

erred in finding: that Scott breached his fiduciary duty to Barbara; that the

Six Key Employees aided and abetted Scott’s breach; and, that Scott and the

Six Key Employees engaged in a civil conspiracy. Barbara argues that waiver

is required because Appellants never moved for a compulsory non-suit at the

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____________________________________________

close of Barbara’s case or a directed verdict at the close of evidence on any of

these issues. Barbara’s Brief at 12-13.

As we have held, “under our caselaw, to preserve the right to request a JNOV

post-trial, a litigant must first request a binding charge to the jury or move

for a directed verdict or a compulsory non-suit at trial.” Youst v. Keck’s

Food Serv., Inc., 94 A.3d 1057, 1071 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quotations,

citations, and corrections omitted); see also Felix v. O’Brien, 199 A.2d 128,

129 (Pa. 1964). Nevertheless, in this case, the liability phase of the trial was

conducted by submission of the record, as created during the six-day hearing

on Barbara’s Motion for Appointment of Custodian, to the trial court for

decision. Thus, the trial court’s liability determination was based upon an

existing, closed record. Further, the certified record does not disclose the

circumstances under which the record was submitted to the trial court and we

do not see any place where the trial court gave Appellants a valid opportunity

to move for a directed verdict or a compulsory non-suit upon submission of

the record or during the liability phase of the trial. Thus, it appears as though

the first time Appellants could have requested this type of relief was in their

December 1, 2015 “motion for post trial relief,” which they filed after the

liability phase of the proceeding. See Appellants’ Motion for Post Trial Relief,

12/1/15, at 1-5. Therefore, to the extent Appellants raised their first three

claims in this December 1, 2015 motion, the claims are not waived for failure

to move for a directed verdict or a compulsory non-suit at trial. See id.

Next, Barbara claims that Appellants waived their first three appellate issues

because they did not include the claims in the post-trial motion that they filed

after the damages phase of the trial. Barbara’s Brief at 17-19. This claim

fails. As noted above, following the liability phase of the proceedings,

Appellants filed their December 1, 2015 “motion for post trial relief.” Although

the December 1, 2015 motion was filed after the liability phase of the

proceeding (and, thus, prior to the trial court’s award of damages), Appellants’

December 1, 2015 motion provided the trial court with the “opportunity to

review and reconsider its earlier rulings and correct its [alleged] error[s]”

during the liability phase. See Meeting House Lane, Ltd. v. Melso, 628

A.2d 854, 856 (Pa. Super. 1993); see also Stevenson v. General Motors

Corp., 521 A.2d 413, 419 (Pa. 1987) (“the two phases [of a bifurcated trial]

are viewed as two halves of a single proceeding”). Thus, to the extent

Appellants raised their first three claims in this December 1, 2015 motion, the

motion fulfilled the purpose behind Rule 227.1 and waiver is not required

simply because Appellants failed to repeat the claims in the post-trial motion

they filed after the damages phase of the proceeding. See Meeting House

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____________________________________________

Lane, 628 A.2d at 856 (“[Rule 227.1’s] purpose is to provide the trial court

with an opportunity to review and reconsider its earlier rulings and correct its

own error”); c.f. Stevenson, 521 A.2d at 419 (holding that, in a bifurcated

trial, the trial court is permitted to “examine all of the evidence in ruling on

post-trial motions filed after the damage verdict ends the trial”).

Third, Barbara argues that Appellants waived all of their issues on appeal, as

Appellants’ post-trial motion did not “disclose to the trial court the location in

the record in which it is claimed the issue was previously presented and

preserved.” Barbara’s Brief at 20. We conclude that, in this case, Appellants’

failure to “state how the grounds were asserted in pre-trial proceedings or at

trial” does not result in the wholesale waiver of Appellants’ claims on appeal.

See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b)(2); see also Meeting House Lane, 628 A.2d at 857

(“[w]e acknowledge that appellant's post-trial motion was not in full

conformity with both the spirit and the letter of Rule 227.1's requirement that

the post-trial motion state how the grounds for relief were asserted in a

pre-trial proceeding or at trial. . . . However, the tenor of our law would not

find appellant's failure to constitute waiver of his issues that were otherwise

properly preserved”).

Fourth, Barbara observes that, following the damages phase, the trial court

denied Appellants’ post-trial motion and, in its order, the trial court declared

that it denied relief because Appellants’ post-trial motion failed to “state how

the grounds were asserted in pre-trial proceedings or at trial.” See Barbara’s

Brief at 21-22; Trial Court Order, 4/3/18, at 1; see also Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b).

According to Barbara, Appellants waived all of their claims on appeal because,

within their Rule 1925(b) statement, Appellants did not specifically challenge

the trial court’s “determination that all of the [issues raised in the] post-trial

motions . . . were waived.” Barbara’s Brief at 21. Barbara’s waiver claim fails

because, in this case, Appellants’ challenge to the trial court’s waiver

determination was subsumed within Appellants’ more general challenges to

the trial court’s rulings and determinations. As such, this argument fails. See

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(v) (“[e]ach error identified in the [Rule 1925(b)] Statement

will be deemed to include every subsidiary issue contained therein”).

Fifth, Barbara argues that Appellants waived all issue on appeal because their

Rule 1925(b) statement was prolix. Barbara’s Brief at 22. This argument

fails. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) (“the number of errors raised will not alone be

grounds for finding waiver”).

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As we have explained:

[a] JNOV can be entered upon two bases: (1) where the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and/or,

(2) the evidence was such that no two reasonable minds

could disagree that the verdict should have been rendered for

the movant. When reviewing a trial court's denial of a motion

for JNOV, we must consider all of the evidence admitted to

decide if there was sufficient competent evidence to sustain

the verdict. In so doing, we must also view this evidence in

the light most favorable to the verdict winner, giving the

victorious party the benefit of every reasonable inference

arising from the evidence and rejecting all unfavorable

testimony and inference. Concerning any questions of law,

our [standard] of review is [de novo]. Concerning questions

of credibility and weight accorded the evidence at trial, we

will not substitute our judgment for that of the finder of fact.

If any basis exists upon which the [fact finder] could have

properly made its award, then we must affirm the trial court's

denial of the motion for JNOV. A JNOV should be entered

only in a clear case.

____________________________________________

Finally, Barbara claims that Appellants waived all of their issues because of

certain, insignificant defects in their brief. See Barbara’s Brief at 23-26.

Insignificant defects in a brief will not result in waiver. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101

(“if the defects are in the brief or reproduced record of the appellant and are

substantial, the appeal or other matter may be quashed or dismissed”);

AmeriChoice Fed. Credit Union v. Ross, 135 A.3d 1018, 1022 (Pa. Super.

2015) (“we need only quash an appeal based upon a defective appellate brief

if such defects impair our ability to conduct appellate review”) (quotations and

citations omitted).

Although the various waiver claims discussed above are unavailing, we will, of

course, only consider those claims that Appellants properly raised at the trial

level and preserved on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“[i]ssues not raised in

the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal”);

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (“[i]ssues not included in the [Rule 1925(b)]

Statement . . . are waived”); Commonwealth v. Spotz, 716 A.2d 580, 585

n.5 (Pa. 1999) (“[the Pennsylvania Supreme Court] has held that an issue will

be deemed to be waived when an appellant fails to properly explain or develop

it in his brief”).

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Am. Future Sys., Inc. v. BBB, 872 A.2d 1202, 1215 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(quotations and citations omitted).

Appellants’ first sub-argument on appeal contends that the trial court

erred when it concluded that Scott breached his fiduciary duty to Barbara

because “all of Scott’s actions were in furtherance of his fiduciary duty to the

shareholders of [LindeCo].” Id. at 24. This claim fails.

Scott is the majority and controlling shareholder of LindeCo and Barbara

is the minority shareholder of the corporation. As our Supreme Court has

explained:

It has long been recognized that majority shareholders have

a duty to protect the interests of the minority. This Court has

stated that “majority stockholders occupy a quasi-fiduciary

relation toward the minority which prevents them from using

their power in such a way as to exclude the minority from

their proper share of the benefits accruing from the

enterprise.” [Hornsby v. Lohmeyer, 72 A.2d 294, 298 (Pa.

1950)]. This does not mean, of course, that majority

shareholders may never act in their own interest, but when

they do act in their own interest, it must be also in the best

interest of all shareholders and the corporation.

Ferber v. Am. Lamp Corp., 469 A.2d 1046, 1050 (Pa. 1983) (emphasis and

some citations omitted); see also 2 O'NEAL & THOMPSON'S OPPRESSION OF

MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS & LLC MEMBERS § 7:3 (“[w]hether imposed because of

the controlling shareholders' direct influence acting in their capacity as

shareholders or because of indirect influence through directors or officers

whom they control, courts require controlling shareholders to exercise their

powers in good faith and in a way that does not oppress the minority”).

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Further, LindeCo is a closely held corporation. See 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1103

(defining a “closely held corporation” as: “[a] business corporation that: (1)

has not more than 30 shareholders; or (2) is a statutory close corporation”).

A closely held corporation has certain, special characteristics that differentiate

it from a publicly held corporation:

[In a closely held corporation,] there often is no separation

of function between those who provide the capital and those

who manage the enterprise. Closely held enterprises tend to

entail more intimate and intense relationships among a

smaller number of participants. Such an enterprise is not just

a vehicle for investment of the participants' monetary capital

but also serves as a vehicle for investment of their human

capital by providing everyday employment. Shareholders in

a close corporation usually expect both employment and a

meaningful role in management. Further, they often have

additional bonds, such as family or other personal

relationships that are interwoven with business ties and

influence what they hope and expect to derive from the

enterprise.

In a close corporation setting, the norm of free transferability

of shares is illusory. Because of the size of the business and

the small number of participants there is no ready market for

interests in the enterprise. Indeed, because of the close

personal relationship that characterizes the closely held

business, the participants often affirmatively restrict who can

join the enterprise to avoid being stuck in an intimate

relationship with someone with whom they are not

compatible.

2 O'NEAL & THOMPSON'S OPPRESSION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS & LLC MEMBERS

§ 7:2.

As the United States District Court for the Western District of

Pennsylvania explained, the unique characteristics of a closely held

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corporation create unique opportunities for majority shareholders to oppress

minority shareholders:

The acute vulnerability of minority shareholders in the

closely-held corporation is well recognized. It stems

principally from two factors. Because of its controlling

interest, the majority is able to dictate to the minority the

manner in which the corporation shall be run. In addition,

shares in closed corporations are not publicly traded and a

fair market for these shares is seldom available. In contrast,

a partner can act to dissolve a partnership [and] a

shareholder in a large public-issue corporation can sell his

stock on the market if he is dissatisfied with the way things

are run. Dissension within the close corporation tends to

make the minority interest even more unattractive to a

prospective purchaser. As a consequence, a shareholder

challenging the majority in a close corporation finds himself

on the horns of a dilemma, he can neither profitably leave

nor safely stay with the corporation. In reality, the only

prospective buyer turns out to be the majority shareholder.

Orchard v. Covelli, 590 F.Supp. 1548, 1557 (W.D.Pa. 1984).

Legal commentators have also observed that, in a close corporation,

minority shareholders are particularly vulnerable to being “squeezed-out” by

the majority. In O'NEAL AND THOMPSON'S OPPRESSION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS

AND LLC MEMBERS, the authors define the terms “squeeze-out” and “partial

squeeze-out” in the following manner:

By the term "squeeze-out" is meant the use by some of the

owners or participants in a business enterprise of strategic

position, inside information, or powers of control, or the

utilization of some legal device or technique, to eliminate

from the enterprise one or more of its owners or participants.

. . . [The term “partial squeeze-out” means an] action which

reduces the participation or powers of a group of participants

in the enterprise, diminishes their claims on earnings or

assets, or otherwise deprives them of business income or

advantages to which they are entitled. A squeeze-out

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normally does not contemplate fair payment to the squeezees

for the interests, rights, or powers which they lose.

...

The term “freeze-out” is often used as a synonym for

“squeeze-out.”

1 O'NEAL & THOMPSON'S OPPRESSION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS & LLC MEMBERS

§ 1:1.

As we have held: “an attempt by a group of majority shareholders to

‘freeze out’ minority shareholders for the purpose of continuing the enterprise

for the benefit of the majority shareholders constitutes a breach of the

majority shareholders' fiduciary duty to the minority shareholders.”9 Viener

v. Jacobs, 834 A.2d 546, 556 (Pa. Super. 2003); Ford v. Ford, 878 A.2d

894, 905 (Pa. Super. 2005) (“[f]reezing out the minority in order to benefit

the majority is a breach of fiduciary duty”); see also Orchard, 590 F.Supp.

at 1557 (“any attempt to ‘squeeze out’ a minority shareholder must be viewed

as a breach of [] fiduciary duty”); Ford, 878 A.2d at 900 (holding:

“[o]ppressive actions refer to conduct that substantially defeats the

‘reasonable expectations’ held by minority shareholders in committing their

capital to the particular enterprise”), quoting Gee v. Blue Stone Heights

Hunting Club, Inc., 604 A.2d 1141, 1145 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1992).

____________________________________________

9 Although we use the term “squeeze-out” in this opinion, we note that “[t]he

term ‘freeze-out’ is often used as a synonym for ‘squeeze-out.’” 1 O'NEAL &

THOMPSON'S OPPRESSION OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS & LLC MEMBERS § 1:1.

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The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Barbara, thoroughly

supports the trial court’s determination that Scott intentionally and

systematically squeezed-out Barbara from LindeCo – and that Scott, thus,

breached his fiduciary duty to Barbara.10

We will not restate all of the facts quoted above. However, we note

that, viewed in the light most favorable to Barbara, the evidence demonstrates

that Scott expressly threatened to squeeze-out Barbara from LindeCo in an

attempt to harm her, that Scott acted upon this threat, and that Scott

accomplished his intended squeeze-out. Indeed, Barbara testified that, after

Scott told her that “he wanted [her] out of his life and that he would destroy

[her],” Scott convened a March 9, 2012 special shareholders’ meeting. During

this meeting, and over Barbara’s objections, Scott changed the role of the

secretary of the corporation; changed the quorum requirements for

transacting business; amended the by-laws to eliminate cumulative voting;

and, “empowered the single majority shareholder to remove the entire board

without cause.” N.T. Trial, 4/29/14, at 58-59 and 63-65. All of these actions

____________________________________________

10 To support their argument on appeal, Appellants erroneously view the

evidence in the light most favorable to themselves. See Appellants’ Brief at

21-44. As noted above, this runs contrary to our standard of review. See

Am. Future Sys., 872 A.2d at 1215 (“[w]hen reviewing a trial court's denial

of a motion for JNOV, we must consider all of the evidence admitted to decide

if there was sufficient competent evidence to sustain the verdict. In so doing,

we must also view this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict

winner, giving the victorious party the benefit of every reasonable inference

arising from the evidence and rejecting all unfavorable testimony and

inference”).

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were detrimental to Barbara’s interests and were in furtherance of Scott’s

expressed desire to get Barbara “out of his life” and to economically “destroy

[her].”

Scott then removed Barbara from the board of directors and elected, as

directors, himself and the Six Key Employees. Id. at 58-59. Five days later

– during a meeting of the LindeCo board of directors – the new board

unanimously removed Barbara as secretary. Minutes of Meeting of Board of

Directors of LindeCo, 3/14/12, at 1.

Barbara testified that her removal from the board and from her office as

secretary made it so that she was “no longer allowed to have access to any

financial information, other than [year-end] financials.” She testified that “[i]t

was impossible for [her] to do [her] job without financial information.” N.T.

Trial, 4/29/14, at 59-60. Further, Barbara testified that, after her removal

from the board: she was “denied access entirely” to the LindeCo computer

system; “all of [her] belongings were removed from [her] office” and she was

not permitted back into her office; and, “[n]o one [at LindeCo] would speak

to [her], no one would reply to [her] emails.” Finally, on October 31, 2012,

LindeCo formally terminated Barbara’s employment. Id. at 66.

Barbara testified that her termination brought her financial ruin,

including: the loss of her annual, $120,000.00 salary; the loss of medical

benefits for her and her children; and, the loss of additional benefits of

approximately $100,000.00 per year. Id. at 67-70. Moreover, after Barbara’s

termination, Scott and the members of LindeCo’s board participated in other

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acts to “financially destroy[]” her. See id. at 89. These acts include the

payment, by LindeCo, of approximately $1.4 million, to the Scott F. Linde

Family S Corporation Trust for a debt that LindeCo originally owed to Linde

Enterprises – a company that Barbara co-owned; and, the unaccounted-for

purchase, by LindeCo, of the vast majority of Linde Enterprises’ assets. These

actions “effectively drained all cash from Linde Enterprises, to deny [Barbara]

access to [the money] and enable [her] to financially go forward, to achieve

the goal of financially destroying [her].” Id. at 89.

The above evidence is sufficient to prove that Scott explicitly threatened

to eliminate Barbara from LindeCo – under an expressed desire to get her “out

of his life” and economically “destroy” her – and that Scott then used his

positions as a board member and the majority shareholder of LindeCo to do

so. Therefore, the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s decision

that Scott squeezed-out Barbara from LindeCo and, thus, that Scott breached

the fiduciary duties that he, the majority shareholder of LindeCo, owed to the

minority shareholder, Barbara. See Viener, 834 A.2d at 556 (“an attempt by

a group of majority shareholders to ‘freeze out’ minority shareholders for the

purpose of continuing the enterprise for the benefit of the majority

shareholders constitutes a breach of the majority shareholders' fiduciary duty

to the minority shareholders”).

Appellants also argue that the trial court erred when it concluded that

Scott breached his fiduciary duty towards Barbara, as Scott’s actions fell within

the business judgment rule. See Appellants’ Brief at 33-35.

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As our Supreme Court has held:

The business judgment rule insulates an officer or director of

a corporation from liability for a business decision made

in good faith if he is not interested in the subject of the

business judgment, is informed with respect to the subject of

the business judgment to the extent he reasonably believes

to be appropriate under the circumstances, and rationally

believes that the business judgment is in the best interests

of the corporation.

Cuker v. Mikalauskas, 692 A.2d 1042, 1045 (Pa. 1997) (emphasis added).

Appellants’ claim on appeal immediately fails, as the trial court expressly

found that Scott intentionally squeezed-out Barbara from LindeCo – and that

he acted in bad faith and with “animus against Barbara” when doing so. Trial

Court Opinion, 11/13/15, at 19. As explained above, the evidence thoroughly

supports the trial court’s factual conclusions. Therefore, Appellants’ second

sub-claim necessarily fails. See also Viener, 834 A.2d at 554 (rejecting the

defendants’ claim that the business judgment rule insulated them from liability

for squeezing out the plaintiff from participating in the governance of a closely

held corporation; holding: “[t]he crux of this case is [plaintiff’s] contention

that he was ‘frozen out’ of meaningful participation in the governance of the

corporation that he co-founded. . . . Therefore, the ‘business judgment rule’

would not insulate [the defendants] from liability in this case, because the

issue is the prevention of a shareholder-director's participation in the

governance of a closely held corporation, as opposed to the power of the

corporation to manage its property and conduct its business affairs. As such,

judicial determination of this issue requires an analysis of the equitable

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relationship between [the plaintiff and the defendants] and, therefore, does

not implicate matters left to the business judgment of [the] corporate officers

or directors”).

In Appellants’ third sub-argument, Appellants claim that the trial court’s

refusal to remove Scott from the board of directors and its denial of Barbara’s

Motion to Appoint a Custodian “affirmatively establish[es]” that Scott acted

reasonably towards Barbara. Appellants’ Brief at 36-37. This claim is

meritless.

Removal of a director by the court is governed by 15 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 1726(c). This section declares:

(c) Removal by the court.--Upon application of any

shareholder or director, the court may remove from office

any director in case of fraudulent or dishonest acts, or gross

abuse of authority or discretion with reference to the

corporation, or for any other proper cause, and may bar from

office any director so removed for a period prescribed by the

court. . . .

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1726(c) (emphasis added).

Section 1767 of the Business Corporation Law (“BCL”) authorizes a court

to appoint a custodian of a corporation. In relevant part, Section 1767

provides:

(a) General rule.-- . . . upon application of any shareholder,

the court may appoint one or more persons to be custodians

of and for any business corporation when it is made to appear

that:

...

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(2) in the case of a closely held corporation, the directors

or those in control of the corporation have acted illegally,

oppressively or fraudulently toward one or more holders

or owners of 5% or more of the outstanding shares of any

class of the corporation in their capacities as

shareholders, directors, officers or employees. . . .

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767(a) (emphasis added).

In context, the plain statutory language of both Section 1726(c) and

1767(a) makes it evident that the trial court is authorized – but not required

– to provide the sanctioned relief in the event the trial court makes the

necessary findings. See also A. Scott Enters., Inc. v. City of Allentown,

142 A.3d 779, 787 (Pa. 2016) (“[a]lthough ‘may’ can mean the same as ‘shall’

where a statute directs the doing of a thing for the sake of justice, it ordinarily

is employed in the permissive sense”); Commonwealth v. A.M. Byers Co.,

31 A.2d 530, 532 (Pa. 1943) (“[t]he word ‘may’ clearly implies discretionary

power. The language is permissive, rather than mandatory”). On this basis

alone, Appellants’ third sub-claim fails: the trial court’s refusal to remove

Scott from the board of directors and its denial of Barbara’s Motion to Appoint

a Custodian simply do not “affirmatively establish[]” that Scott acted

reasonably towards Barbara. See Appellants’ Brief at 36. The rulings simply

mean that the trial court exercised its discretion in refusing to grant the

requested relief.

Appellants’ first numbered claim on appeal thus fails.

Next, Appellants claim that the trial court erred when it found that the

Six Key Employees aided and abetted Scott’s breach of his fiduciary duties.

According to Appellants, the trial court’s decision was erroneous because the

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court “totally ignored the application of the business judgment rule to their

actions as directors” and the court’s “conclusion is not supported by facts in

the record.” Appellants’ Brief at 45 and 47 (some capitalization omitted).

Appellants have provided this Court with no argument as to how the trial

court “totally ignored the application of the business judgment rule to [the Six

Key Employees’] actions as directors.” See id. at 45-48. Therefore, this

sub-claim is waived. Spotz, 716 A.2d at 585 n.5 (“[the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court] has held that an issue will be deemed to be waived when an

appellant fails to properly explain or develop it in his brief”); Rabatin v. Allied

Glove Corp., 24 A.3d 388, 396 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“this Court may not act as

counsel for an appellant and develop arguments on his behalf”).

Appellants also claim that the trial court’s decision that the Six Key

Employees aided and abetted Scott’s breach of his fiduciary duties to Barbara

was “not supported by facts in the record.” Appellants’ Brief at 47. This claim

fails.

Section 876 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts declares:

For harm resulting to a third person from the tortious conduct

of another, one is subject to liability if he

(a) does a tortious act in concert with the other or pursuant

to a common design with him, or

(b) knows that the other's conduct constitutes a breach of

duty and gives substantial assistance or encouragement to

the other so to conduct himself, or

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(c) gives substantial assistance to the other in accomplishing

a tortious result and his own conduct, separately considered,

constitutes a breach of duty to the third person.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 876; Sovereign Bank v. Valentino, 914

A.2d 415, 421-424 (Pa. Super. 2006) (applying Section 876 of the Second

Restatement of Torts and concluding that the plaintiff “presented sufficient,

circumstantial evidence to demonstrate concerted tortious conduct on the part

of [the defendant]”).

The trial court thoroughly explained why Appellants’ claim fails:

Essentially, given [Section 876 of the Second Restatement of

Torts, the Six Key Employees] must have either committed

separate torts themselves in connection with the [squeezing]

out of Barbara [] or pursued with Scott [] the common goal

of [squeezing] out Barbara. . . . Although [the trial] court is

not convinced that any of the [Six Key Employees] committed

a separate tort against Barbara [], the evidence showed that

on March 14, 2012, the LindeCo board of directors, which

consisted at that time of Scott [and the Six Key Employees],

removed Barbara from her position as LindeCo secretary,

effectively cutting off her access to financial information

[(and, hence, preventing her ability to do her work as an

employee)], and caused her over the coming months to be

removed from her office and terminated as an employee.

Thus, [the trial] court finds that the entire board of directors,

from the time the board consisted of Scott and the [Six Key

Employees] onward, engaged in a course of conduct that

effectively [squeezed-out] Barbara [from] LindeCo. As such,

[the trial court found] that the [Six Key Employees] did aid

and abet Scott [] in his breach of the fiduciary duty he owed

to the [minority] shareholder Barbara [], and thus the [Six

Key Employees], in their capacity as members of the LindeCo

board of directors, are liable for any damage caused to

Barbara [] by the breach.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/13/14, at 23-24.

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We agree with the trial court’s cogent analysis and conclude that

Appellants’ second numbered claim on appeal fails.

Third, Appellants claim that the trial court erred in finding that they were

liable for civil conspiracy because “Barbara failed to prove malice.” Appellants’

Brief at 51. Appellants did not raise this claim in their post-trial motions or in

their Rule 1925(b) statement. See Appellants’ Motion for Post-Trial Relief,

12/1/15, at 1-5; Appellants’ Motion for Post-Trial Relief, 1/8/18, at 1-11;

Appellants’ Rule 1925(b) Statement, 6/6/18, at 1-14. Therefore, the claim is

waived. See L.B. Foster Co. v. Lane Enterprises, Inc., 710 A.2d 55 (Pa.

1998) (“Pa.R.C.P. 227.1 requires parties to file post-trial motions in order to

preserve issues for appeal. If an issue has not been raised in a post-trial

motion, it is waived for appeal purposes”); Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii)

(“[i]ssues not included in the [Rule 1925(b) Statement . . . are waived”).11

Appellants’ fourth numbered claim on appeal asserts that the trial court

“erred in ordering [Appellants] to purchase Barbara’s shares in [LindeCo]

____________________________________________

11 Appellants also claim, in conclusory fashion, that “the acts of Scott and the

[Six] Key Employees as directors of [LindeCo] cannot be a civil conspiracy”

because they were acting as agents of LindeCo and LindeCo cannot conspire

with itself. See Appellants’ Brief at 52-53. Appellants did not raise this claim

in their post-trial motions or in their Rule 1925(b) statement. See Appellants’

Motion for Post-Trial Relief, 12/1/15, at 1-5; Appellants’ Motion for Post-Trial

Relief, 1/8/18, at 1-11; Appellants’ Rule 1925(b) Statement, 6/6/18, at 1-14.

Therefore, the claim is waived. Moreover, Appellants failed to develop this

claim in their brief. See Appellants’ Brief at 52-53. As such, waiver is required

for this independent reason. Spotz, 716 A.2d at 585 n.5.

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because Barbara never asked for such relief nor was such relief pled in

Barbara’s complaint.” Appellants’ Brief at 54 (some capitalization omitted).

This claim fails.

Initially, we observe that Appellants do not claim that the trial court

could have only granted Barbara a buy-out if she complied with the procedures

set forth in the BCL’s subchapter on dissenters’ rights. See id. at 54-61; see

also 15 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 1105 and 1571-1580.12 Further, Appellants do not claim

____________________________________________

12 Section 1105 of the BCL, entitled “restriction on equitable relief,” declares:

A shareholder of a business corporation shall not have any

right to obtain, in the absence of fraud or fundamental

unfairness, an injunction against any proposed plan or

amendment of articles authorized under any provision of this

title, nor any right to claim the right to valuation and payment

of the fair value of his shares because of the plan or

amendment, except that he may dissent and claim such

payment if and to the extent provided in Subchapter D of

Chapter 15 (relating to dissenters rights) where this title

expressly provides that dissenting shareholders shall have

the rights and remedies provided in that subchapter. Absent

fraud or fundamental unfairness, the rights and remedies so

provided shall be exclusive. Structuring a plan or transaction

for the purpose or with the effect of eliminating or avoiding

the application of dissenters rights is not fraud or

fundamental unfairness within the meaning of this section.

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1105 (footnote omitted); see also Orchard, 590 F.Supp. at

1560 (as the remedy for the minority shareholder’s successful breach of

fiduciary duty claim for being squeezed-out of a closely held corporation, the

trial court ordered that the majority shareholder buy-out the minority

shareholder’s interest in the corporation; the court held that the statutory

predecessor to Section 1105 did not preclude its chosen remedy and noted:

“[b]ecause the legislature has determined that the exclusive remedy for

certain corporate acts shall be specifically defined by statute, it does not follow

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that the trial court lacked the general equitable authority to order their

involuntary purchase of Barbara’s shares as a remedy for their oppressive

conduct and breach of fiduciary duty towards Barbara; nor do Appellants claim

that the trial court’s chosen remedy is too harsh. See id. at 54-61. Instead,

within the argument section of Appellants’ brief, Appellants claim only that the

trial court abused its discretion in ordering this particular remedy because

Barbara did not request this specific form of relief in her complaint. Id.

Therefore, we shall confine our discussion of Appellants’ fourth numbered

claim to the only issue Appellants preserved on appeal: whether the trial court

“erred in ordering [Appellants] to purchase Barbara’s shares in [LindeCo]

because Barbara never asked for such relief nor was such relief pled in

Barbara’s complaint.”13, 14 Id. at 54 (some capitalization omitted); see also

____________________________________________

that the remedy is unavailable to redress other problems arising in the

corporate setting”).

13 Within Appellants’ statement of questions involved, Appellants allude to trial

court error in reopening the record after Barbara “had rested and the record

was closed.” See Appellants’ Brief at 8. The argument section of Appellants’

brief contains no argument on this issue. See id. at 54-61. Therefore, any

such claim is waived. See Spotz, 716 A.2d at 585 n.5.

14 In conjunction with their claim, Appellants also state, in passing, that the

trial court erred in granting the relief because Barbara did not include a “cause

of action in the complaint to be bought out of [LindeCo].” Appellants’ Brief at

54 and 60 (some capitalization omitted). As explained in this opinion, the

court-ordered buy-out of Barbara’s shares was crafted as a remedy for the

claims pleaded in Barbara’s complaint – not as a separate cause of action.

Further, Appellants do not contest the trial court’s general equitable authority

to order a buy-out as a remedy for Barbara’s claims and Appellants do not

claim that Barbara could only have been granted a buy-out if she complied

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Spotz, 716 A.2d at 585 n.5 (“[the Pennsylvania Supreme Court] has held that

an issue will be deemed to be waived when an appellant fails to properly

explain or develop it in his brief”).

Pennsylvania courts have variously characterized a breach of fiduciary

duty claim as sounding in tort and in equity. Ford, 878 A.2d at 899 (“[a]

claim of oppressive conduct, like a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, sounds

in equity”) (quotations and citations omitted); Viener, 834 A.2d at 554 (“[a]

claim of breach of fiduciary duty sounds in equity”); Wolf v. Fried, 373 A.2d

734 (Pa. 1977) (derivative suit charging corporate directors with breach of

fiduciary duty was an equitable action); but see B.G. Balmer & Co. v. Frank

Crystal & Co., 148 A.3d 454, 470 (Pa. Super. 2016) (characterizing a breach

of fiduciary duty claim as a tort claim); Drain v. Covenant Life Ins. Co., 712

A.2d 273, 278 (Pa. 1998) (characterizing a breach of corporate fiduciary duty

claim as a tort claim); Laurel Road Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Freas, 191

A.3d 938, 949 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (“a claim for breach of fiduciary duty

sounds in tort”); see also DAN B. DOBBS ET AL., THE LAW OF TORTS § 699 (2d ed.

2019) (“[a] breach of fiduciary duty . . . is a tort” that may permit both legal

and equitable remedies); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 874 cmt. b. (“[a]

____________________________________________

with the procedures set forth in the BCL’s subchapter on dissenters’ rights.

See Appellants’ Brief at 54-61; see also 15 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 1571-1580. Thus,

in discussing Appellants’ claim, we will only consider whether the trial court

“erred in ordering [Appellants] to purchase Barbara’s shares in [LindeCo]

because Barbara never asked for such relief nor was such relief pled in

Barbara’s complaint.” Appellants’ Brief at 54.

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fiduciary who commits a breach of his duty as a fiduciary is guilty of tortious

conduct to the person for whom he should act. The local rules of procedure,

the type of relation between the parties and the intricacy of the transaction

involved, determine whether the beneficiary is entitled to redress at law or in

equity”); In re Rural Metro Corp., 88 A.3d 54, 98 (Del. Ch. 2014)

(characterizing a breach of fiduciary duty claim as an “equitable tort”).

Regardless of whether the claim is characterized as sounding in tort or

in equity, our courts have consistently held that, in appropriate cases,

equitable relief is available to redress the breach of a fiduciary duty. See

Wiseman v. Martorano, 175 A.2d 873, 874-875 (Pa. 1961) (providing the

plaintiff with equitable relief for his breach of fiduciary duty claim); Viener,

834 A.2d at 557-558 (the defendant breached his fiduciary duty to, and

squeezed-out the plaintiff in, a closely held corporation; we affirmed the trial

court’s chosen, equitable remedy, which ordered the defendant’s forced

buy-out of the plaintiff’s shares at fair value); Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d

944 (Pa. Super. 2004) (affirming the trial court’s issuance of a mandatory

preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff and against defendants, based upon

a breach of fiduciary duty claim, after the controlling-shareholder-defendants

squeezed-out the minority-shareholder-plaintiff from the corporation);

Spiegel v. Greenberg, 38 Pa. D. & C.2d 185 (C.C.P. Allegheny Cnty. 1965)

(“[t]his breach of fiduciary duty, as well as the shocking unfairness of the

agreement, gives rise to a right in equity for the plaintiff to set aside the

agreement and recover the money paid”).

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To be sure, we have expressly held that equitable relief is available to

remedy the breach of fiduciary duty in cases such as this where a majority

shareholder in a closely held corporation squeezes-out a minority shareholder.

See Viener, 834 A.2d at 557-558; Kessler, 851 A.2d at 948-950. Thus, in

accordance with our precedent, equitable remedies were available to the trial

court in this case.

As our Supreme Court has held, in equity:

Under the prayer for general relief, a decree which accords

with the equities of the cause may be shaped and rendered;

the court may grant any appropriate relief that conforms to

the case made by the pleadings although it is not exactly the

relief which has been asked for by the special prayer. Under

the prayer for general relief, the plaintiffs are entitled to such

relief as is agreeable to the case made in the bill, though

different from the specific relief prayed for.

Lower Frederick Twp. v. Clemmer, 543 A.2d 502, 512 (Pa. 1988)

(quotations, citations, and corrections omitted). Further, the Clemmer Court

held: “[a] prayer for general relief is as broad as the equitable powers of the

court. Under such a prayer a chancellor in equity may grant any relief that is

consistent with the theory and purpose of the action.” Id. (citations omitted);

see also Karpieniak v. Lowe, 747 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. Super. 2000) (“[a]n

equity court may, of course, grant broader relief than that specifically

requested when there is a prayer for general relief. However, that relief must

be consistent with and agreeable to the case pleaded and proven”) (citations

omitted).

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In the case at bar, the relief the trial court ordered was “consistent with

and agreeable to the case pleaded and proven.” See Karpieniak, 747 A.2d

at 931. We explain.

Within Barbara’s complaint, Barbara claimed that Scott, as the

controlling shareholder, breached the fiduciary duties he owed to her as the

minority shareholder of LindeCo. Barbara also alleged that the Six Key

Employees aided and abetted Scott’s breach of his fiduciary duties to her and

that Scott and the Six Key Employees engaged in a civil conspiracy to harm

her. Moreover, Barbara claimed that, due to Scott’s oppression, the trial court

should remove Scott “from office as an officer and director of” LindeCo. With

respect to each claim, Barbara included a general prayer for relief, requesting

that the trial court “[g]rant such other and further additional relief as the

[c]ourt may deem to be appropriate and just under the circumstances.”

Further, the liability phase of the trial in this case consisted of record

evidence, which supports the trial court’s conclusions that: Scott, as the

controlling shareholder of LindeCo, oppressed and breached his fiduciary

duties towards LindeCo’s minority shareholder, Barbara; the Six Key

Employees aided and abetted Scott’s breach of his fiduciary duties towards

Barbara; “the disagreements between Barbara and Scott are pervasive,

infecting the business of LindeCo and causing a great amount of distress to all

parties involved;” and, although Scott acted oppressively towards Barbara,

LindeCo, as a company, is otherwise healthy and well-managed and any

removal of Scott as a director “would be devastating to the company and

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would harm the interests of all stockholders, including [Barbara].” Trial Court

Opinion, 11/13/15, at 18-25; Trial Court Opinion, 9/20/18, at 17 n.17.

From the record evidence, the trial court was faced with a potentially

inequitable impasse. On the one hand, the trial court determined that Scott

was essential to LindeCo’s health and that his removal as a director of LindeCo

would be “devastating to the company and would harm the interests of all

stockholders.” Trial Court Opinion, 11/13/15, at 18-25. On the other hand,

the trial court determined that Scott abused his position as director and

controlling shareholder of LindeCo by oppressing LindeCo’s minority

shareholder, Barbara, and that “the disagreements between Barbara and

Scott are pervasive, infecting the business of LindeCo and causing a great

amount of distress to all parties involved.” Id.; Trial Court Opinion, 9/20/18,

at 17 n.17.

Rather than choosing the extraordinary and inequitable remedy of

removing Scott as a director (and thereby harming the company) or choosing

the equally inequitable remedy of allowing the untenable status quo to persist,

the trial court fashioned an equitable remedy: it refused to remove Scott as

a director, but ordered that Appellants buy-out Barbara’s shares in the

company. See 2 FLETCHER CYCLOPEDIA OF THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS § 358

(“Judicial removal of a director is an extraordinary remedy”). This equitable

remedy was “consistent with and agreeable to the case pleaded and proven”

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and, thus, proper in light of Barbara’s general prayers for relief.15, 16 See

Karpieniak, 747 A.2d at 931. Appellants’ claim to the contrary fails.

Fifth, Appellants claim that the trial court erred when it awarded Barbara

interest in the amount of $959,000.00 from December 31, 2012. According

to Appellants, the award of interest was erroneous because “prior to the [trial]

court’s order of December 28, 2017[,] there was no sum certain which was to

be paid by Scott and the [Six] Key Employees to [Barbara and there was no]

date upon which a sum certain was to be paid.” Appellants’ Brief at 62 (some

capitalization omitted). This claim fails.

“Our review of an award of pre-judgment interest is for abuse of

discretion.” Kaiser v. Old Republic Ins. Co., 741 A.2d 748, 755 (Pa. Super.

1999). Our Supreme Court has emphasized:

When a court comes to a conclusion through the exercise of

its discretion, there is a heavy burden to show that this

discretion has been abused. It is not sufficient to persuade

____________________________________________

15 Barbara did not file a cross-appeal and she does not complain about the

trial court’s chosen remedy.

16 We also observe that, during the liability phase of the trial, Barbara’s

counsel argued to the trial court:

I think if the court finds that there has been a breach of

fiduciary duty on the part of Scott . . . and the officers and

directors of the corporation, there are a number of remedies

that are available to the court, not the least of which is

appointing an individual to value the interest of the

corporation and to direct a buyout of certain value.

N.T. Trial, 4/29/14, at 16 (some capitalization omitted).

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the appellate court that it might have reached a different

conclusion, it is necessary to show an actual abuse of the

discretionary power. An abuse of discretion will not be found

based on a mere error of judgment, but rather exists where

the court has reached a conclusion which overrides or

misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is

manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice,

bias or ill-will. Absent an abuse of that discretion, we will

not disturb the ruling of the trial court.

Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1140 (Pa. 2007) (citations

omitted).

With respect to the award of pre-judgment interest, we have explained:

Our courts have generally regarded the award of

[pre-judgment] interest as not only a legal right, but also as

an equitable remedy awarded to an injured party at the

discretion of the trial court. . . . While the general rule is that

a successful litigant is entitled to interest beginning only on

the date of the verdict, it is nonetheless clear that

pre-judgment interest may be awarded when a defendant

holds money or property which belongs in good conscience

to the plaintiff, and the objective of the court is to force

disgorgement of his unjust enrichment. Pre-judgment

interest in such cases is a part of the restitution necessary to

avoid injustice.

Kaiser, 741 A.2d at 755 (quotations and citations omitted). “The fairest way

for a court is to decide questions pertaining to interest according to a plain

and simple consideration of justice and fair dealing.” Gurenlian v.

Gurenlian, 595 A.2d 145, 148 (Pa. Super. 1991), quoting Murray Hill

Estates, Inc. v. Bastin, 276 A.2d 542, 545 (Pa. 1971); Smith v. Mitchell,

616 A.2d 17, 21 (Pa. Super. 1992) (“in equity cases, the award and rate of

interest allowed is at the discretion of the chancellor”), quoting Daset Mining

Corp. v. Indus. Fuels Corp., 473 A.2d 584, 595 (Pa. Super. 1984).

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Here, the trial court concluded that Appellants’ squeeze-out of Barbara

began in March 2012. At that point, Barbara’s minority interest in the

closely-held corporation of LindeCo was nigh worthless in terms of market

value, as Appellants had removed her from the board of directors and as

secretary of the corporation and, for all intents and purposes, had eliminated

her as an employee of LindeCo. To cure this injustice, the trial court fashioned

the equitable remedy of ordering that Appellants buy-out Barbara’s shares in

LindeCo at the shares’ December 31, 2012 fair value. The trial court then

ruled that Barbara was entitled to interest on this amount, beginning on

December 31, 2012.

Simply stated, given that Appellants squeezed-out Barbara from

LindeCo in March 2012, Appellants’ claim that the trial court abused its

discretion when it awarded her interest on the fair value of her shares from

December 31, 2012 must fail. Barbara was entitled to be fully compensated

for her losses. To do so, the trial court held that Barbara was entitled to

interest on the value of her shares that Appellants had essentially taken from

her – and that this interest began to run at the time of the taking. The trial

court’s decision was in accord with the equities of this case, served to fully

compensate Barbara for her losses, and was not an abuse of discretion.

Appellants’ claim to the contrary thus fails.

Finally, Appellants claim that the trial court abused its discretion when

it accepted the conclusions of Barbara’s valuation expert, Gregory Cowhey

(hereinafter “Mr. Cowhey”), in determining the fair value of LindeCo.

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Appellants’ Brief at 69. According to Appellants, Mr. Cowhey’s analysis was

“flawed in many ways,” including: Mr. Cowhey’s “methodology created an

inflated hypothetical value for [LindeCo] by eliminating the . . . leasing and

maintenance transactions which were utilized by Barbara and Scott since

[LindeCo’s] inception in 2006” and Mr. Cowhey used incomparable guideline

companies to arrive at his conclusions. Id. at 69-77. Appellants’ claim is

meritless.

Where the trial court sits as the finder of fact, it “has discretion to accept

or reject a witness' testimony, including that of an expert witness, and is free

to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented.” In re Bosley, 26

A.3d 1104, 1111 (Pa. Super. 2011). “Resolution of factual issues is for the

trial court, and a reviewing court will not disturb the trial court's findings if

they are supported by competent evidence.” Diehl v. Beaver, 663 A.2d 232,

234 (Pa. Super. 1995).

The trial court carefully explained the reasons why it found Mr. Cowhey’s

expert opinion credible:

Determination of the fair value of [Barbara’s] shares in

[LindeCo] depends heavily upon the evidence presented by

the parties' two opposing expert witnesses, [Mr. Cowhey, for

Barbara,] and John Stoner [(hereinafter “Mr. Stoner”)] for

[Appellants]. . . . As such, a critical element of th[e trial]

court's determination in the present matter [is] the credibility

of the expert witnesses. . . . Other elements the court must

consider are the definition of fair value and subsequent

valuation date, the valuation methodologies, and application

of the proper methodology to the facts in this matter.

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Fair value in the present case constitutes the value of

[Barbara’s] shares as of December 31, 2012. . . .

Three different methodologies can be used to determine the

fair value of [Barbara’s] shares in [LindeCo]. The three

methodologies, or approaches, are as follows: the asset

approach, the income approach, and the market approach.

Valuation protocol requires consideration of all valuation

techniques. The parties clearly dispute which valuation

approach more properly reflects the value of [LindeCo]. Mr.

Cowhey relies upon the similarities between the income and

market approaches to determine valuation. Mr. Stoner relies

upon an asset approach to determine valuation of [Barbara’s]

shares. Determining the correct valuation approach between

the two different approaches Mr. Cowhey and Mr. Stoner

provide becomes a dispositive issue of credibility.

It is clear to [the trial] court that Mr. Cowhey presents a

superior credibility to Mr. Stoner. It should be noted that

nothing about this opinion impugns Mr. Stoner's personally

credible nature or skill in his profession. Rather, Mr. Stoner's

decisively lacking credibility in this matter stems from an

incomplete picture of the matter that [Appellants] provided

to both Mr. Stoner and [Appellants’] counsel. The issue

stems largely from Mr. Stoner's reliance on the Hunyady

Appraisal for valuation of property and some fixed assets.

[LindeCo] provided the Hunyady Appraisal to Mr. Stoner, but

did not include the accompanying narrative. Mr. Stoner's lack

of awareness regarding the Hunyady Appraisal narrative is

dispositive for two reasons. First, the narrative states that

the Hunyady Appraisal is not [to] be used by anyone else

without the written consent of the appraiser. Second, the

narrative states that the Hunyady Appraisal is expressly

limited to providing a basis for internal company review. It

is absolutely clear to [the trial] court, based upon the

narrative, that Mr. Stoner was not to use the Hunyady

Appraisal at all, obviously including as a source for valuation

of [LindeCo]. In fact, the narrative expressly states that any

other use of the Hunyady Appraisal could result [in]

misleading and inaccurate conclusions. [The trial] court finds

it impossible to justify basing a valuation determination of

[LindeCo] on an appraisal when the appraisal itself cautions

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that such use could lead to misleading and inaccurate

conclusions.

Notwithstanding the narrative issues as described above, it is

still clear to [the trial] court that Mr. Stoner's reliance on the

Hunyady Appraisal is insufficient for a valuation of [LindeCo].

Mr. Stoner admits that he does not perform valuations of

machinery and equipment, and yet did perform such

evaluations in an attempt to fill in the gaps not covered within

the Hunyady Appraisal. That admittedly unreliable set of

valuations is particularly dangerous considering Mr. Stoner

based his valuation of [LindeCo] on the asset approach. [The

trial] court cannot rely on a valuation derived from an asset

approach that neither the underlying source supports, nor the

admittedly unreliable valuations of the expert witness

supports when the source is silent.

An asset approach is simply an improper method of valuation

in the present case. The object of an appraisal proceeding is

to determine the fair value of dissenter's shares on a going

concern basis. The Hunyady Appraisal does not consider the

benefits that could be generated by [LindeCo’s] assets. In

fact, the Hunyady Appraisal describes itself as a market value

machinery and equipment appraisal and not a valued and

continued use study. An asset approach is instead primarily

used for holding companies, startup or troubled companies,

or small businesses not easy to get into or out of, none of

which apply to [LindeCo]. Therefore, a reflection of the

assets does not accurately show the fair value of [LindeCo].

The asset approach method utilized by Mr. Stoner cannot

properly inform [the trial] court regarding [LindeCo’s]

valuation.

Contrarily, Mr. Cowhey's expert analysis offers [the trial]

court a credible basis for valuing [LindeCo]. [Appellants]

unsuccessfully attempt to attack Mr. Cowhey's credibility.

[Appellants] argue that Mr. Cowhey's [analytical] data comes

from February 2017, more than four years following [the

trial] court’s finding that [Appellants squeezed-out Barbara]

from [LindeCo. Appellants’] criticism is logically unsound.

[The trial] court recognizes that Mr. Cowhey merely

downloaded the data in February 2017, but importantly, he

downloaded data that related back to the time of the

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[squeezing] out, extending into the first quarter of 2013 to

account for the unemployment rate carryover.

Although [Barbara] admits that Mr. Cowhey relies upon the

same Hunyady Appraisal as Mr. Stoner, [Barbara] is also

aware of the accompanying narrative. In fact, [Barbara]

repeatedly requested the cover letter and was told no

narrative accompanied it. [Barbara’s] position is certainly

plausible considering [LindeCo] told its own attorney that it

did not possess the cover letter, and presumably then, any

accompanying narrative. [Appellants] never question why or

how [Barbara] came into possession of a copy of the Hunyady

Appraisal narrative, but the question is a moot point anyway.

Mr. Cowhey derives his valuation of [LindeCo] on the market

and income approaches that are far less dependent on an

appraisal of assets than is the asset approach Mr. Stoner

utilized.

Nor does Mr. Cowhey's market analysis approach rely on

improper comparable companies. IRS Revenue Ruling 59-60

Section 4.02(h) states that "[i]n selecting corporations for

comparative purposes, care should be taken to use only

comparable companies." [Appellants] repeatedly, and

unsuccessfully, attempt to impugn Mr. Cowhey's comparative

companies in his market approach based on both location and

size of company. The very term "comparable company" is a

misnomer better termed a "guideline company." A guideline

company is one affected by the same types of macro and

micro economic influences as the subject company and

operates in a similar line of business. Conversely, neither

geographic location nor size affect what constitutes a

guideline company. As Mr. Cowhey's market approach

analysis relies upon companies engaging, at least in part, in

operations similar to [LindeCo], it appropriately complies with

IRS Revenue Ruling 59-60.

When determining the valuation of [LindeCo, the trial] court

must consider the role and economic influence of the leasing

companies, a point disputed between the parties. The leasing

companies' only operations were to purchase equipment and

lease it back to [LindeCo]. In return, [LindeCo] was the sole

customer of the leasing companies. The resultant exclusive

relationship between [LindeCo] and the leasing companies

eventually led to an imbalance in favor of the leasing

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companies. [LindeCo] paid in excess of $30,000,000[.00] to

the leasing companies between 2006 and 2015, including an

estimated $21,000,000[.00] between 2006 and 2012, the

year [of Barbara’s squeeze-out].

Yet, at the same time the value of equipment [LindeCo]

leased from the leasing companies was only valued at

approximately $16,000,000[.00]. The imbalanced

relationship led to [LindeCo] disgorging itself of an estimated

$5,000,000[.00] prior to [Barbara’s squeeze-out], and at

least a further $9,000,000[.00] following [Barbara’s squeeze-

out]. As such, the transactions between [LindeCo] and the

leasing companies were noneconomic transactions. Fair

value calculations eliminate noneconomic transactions.

Therefore, the transactions between [LindeCo] and the

leasing companies must be removed from calculations of

[LindeCo’s] fair value. Once those transactions are reversed,

[LindeCo’s] profits tend to be comparable to or superior to

the industry averages.

What remains is application of Mr. Cowhey's methodological

approach to the fair value of [Barbara’s] shares in [LindeCo]

as of December 31, 2012. The income approach and market

approach of [Barbara’s] fair value results in an equity

determination of [LindeCo] in the amount of

$18,308,000[.00]. Application of other assets not listed in

the income statement drops the fair value of [LindeCo] to

$17,731,000[.00] as of December 31, 2012.

Trial Court Opinion, 12/28/17, at 13-19 (some quotations, citations,

corrections, and capitalization omitted).

The trial court’s analysis demonstrates that it carefully and methodically

considered the evidence before it and that it concluded Mr. Cowhey’s expert

opinion was credible and Mr. Stoner’s opinion was not. This determination

was well-within the trial court’s discretion as fact-finder. Appellants’ attempt

to impugn the trial court’s credibility determination must, therefore, fail.

Judgment affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 10/11/2019

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