The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
ALLIANCE INDUSTRIAL ) CASE NO.1:24CV00782
SOLUTIONS, LLC., ET AL., )
)
Plaintiffs ) JUDGE CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
)
vs. )
)
DAVID BISHOP, ET AL., ) OPINION AND ORDER
)
Defendants )
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO, J:
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Revman International Inc.’s Motion to
Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction and Venue or, in the Alternative, to Transfer Venue.
(ECF # 18). For the following reasons, the Court finds it lacks personal jurisdiction over
Revman and transfers Alliance’s claims against Revman only to the United States District Court
of South Carolina for further adjudication.
According to Plaintiffs’ Complaint, Plaintiffs Alliance Industrial Solutions, LLC. and
Alliance Solutions Group, LLC. (“Plaintiffs”) are Ohio-based companies that run a nationwide
network of staffing and recruitment agencies. Defendant Revman International Inc.
(“Defendant”) is provider of high fashion home furnishings products and is incorporated in
Delaware with its principal place of business in New York. Defendant Cornerstone Staffing
Solutions, LLC. is a California-based company that also provides staffing services both
permanent and temporary. Defendant David Bishop is an Indiana resident and Defendants
Aleisha Rambusch and Michelle Hendrix are South Carolina residents.
In May of 2020, Alliance hired Defendant Bishop as President. In this role, Bishop was
responsible for creating, communicating and implementing Alliance’s overall strategy and
direction, exploring new opportunities, overseeing employees and ensuring Alliance’s financial
well-being and customer satisfaction. In his capacity as President, Bishop had access to all of
Alliance’s trade secrets, including: pricing, customers, employee information and business and
marketing strategies.
To protect its trade secrets, Alliance and Bishop entered into an employment agreement
that included non-disclosure, non-competition and non-solicitation clauses.
On July 11, 2023, Bishop’s employment with Alliance was terminated. On July 21, 2023,
Bishop signed a severance agreement which included a release and waiver of rights. Under the
terms of the severance agreement, Alliance agreed to pay Bishop $60,000 in eight bi-weekly
installments with an additional $100,000 lump sum payment conditioned upon Bishop releasing
all claims against Alliance. It further contained an agreement that the restrictive covenants in his
employment agreement concerning his non-solicitation and non-compete obligations continued
to be enforceable under the terms of his employment agreement. Alliance ultimately paid the
entirety of the amounts under the severance agreement.
Shortly after his termination from Alliance, Bishop accepted a position as Vice-President
of National Onsite Programs with Cornerstone, a direct competitor of Alliance in many of the
same markets. In his role as Vice-President at Cornerstone, Bishop is performing the same or
substantially similar job duties as those he performed with Alliance despite the agreed upon
restrictions he signed as part of his severance agreement.
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On January 22, 2024, Revman gave Alliance thirty days written notice it was terminating
its Agreements effective February 26, 2024. No explanation for the termination of these
agreements was given to Alliance.
Both Hendrix and Rambusch have employment agreements with Alliance that contained
non-compete and non-disclosure clauses.
Bishop had previously worked with Revman while employed with another staffing
company prior to his employment with Alliance. Upon his employment with Alliance, Bishop
successfully brought Revman’s business to Alliance. Bishop’s efforts led to an agreement
between Alliance and Revman to use Alliance’s staffing services in Revman’s Spartanburg
facility. As a result of the Spartanburg Agreement, Alliance provided dozens of employees at
Revman’s Spartanburg facility along with supervisory employees, which included Hendrix and
Rambusch.
The Alliance-Revman Spartanburg Agreement contained a non-solicitation clause
prohibiting Revman from soliciting, employing or attempting to solicit or employ any Alliance
employee, including supervisors, for a period of one year following the termination of the
Agreement.
Because the Spartanburg Agreement proved successful, the parties entered into a second
agreement wherein Alliance would provide staffing services for a new Revman facility in
Grantsville, Utah. The Grantsville Agreement involved similar non-solicitation requirements as
the Spartanburg Agreement.
Bishop’s employment with Alliance ended on July 11, 2023. Shortly thereafter, he
accepted employment with Cornerstone, a competitor of Alliance in the staffing industry. Then,
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on January 22, 2024, Revman gave Alliance its contractually required thirty day written notice of
termination of the Spartanburg and Grantsville Agreements.
Upon information and belief, Alliance alleges Bishop was the driving force behind
Revman’s cancelling the Spartanburg and Grantsville Agreements in violation of his severance
agreement with Alliance. In addition, Alliance contends Bishop encouraged Alliance employees,
including Hendrix and Rambusch, to terminate their employment with Alliance and sign with
Revman instead. This resulted in ninety-six Alliance employees resigning their positions with
Alliance and signing with Cornerstone.
Alliance claims Bishop further violated his non-disclosure agreement by disclosing to
Cornerstone Alliance’s trade secrets, including: business development plans and strategies,
marketing plans and strategies, pricing and margin information, customer information and
employee information.
Alliance further claims Hendrix and Rambusch both worked for Cornerstone and engaged
in soliciting Alliance employees to work for Cornerstone while they were still employed with
Alliance in violation of their restrictive covenants. Moreover, both Rambusch and Hendrix
disclosed Alliance’s confidential trade secrets to Cornerstone.
Plaintiffs allege Breach of Contract claims against Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch,
Tortious Interference with Contract against Revman and Cornerstone, Tortious Interference with
Business Relationship against Bishop, Hendrix, Rambusch and Cornerstone, Breach of Duty of
Loyalty against Hendrix and Rambusch, Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Violation of the
Defend Secrets Act 18 U.S.C. 1836 against all Defendants and Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
in Violation of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act O.R.C. 1333.61.
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Defendant Revman’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
Revman moves to dismiss because it alleges it lacks sufficient contacts with the State of
Ohio for the Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over it. Revman asserts it has no offices,
owns no property and has no employees in Ohio. It has two warehouse facilities: one in
Spartanburg, South Carolina, the other in Grantsville, Utah.
In December 2020, Revman contracted with Alliance to provide staffing services to its
Spartanburg, South Carolina warehouse facility. The decision to use Alliance was prompted by
Revman’s prior experience with Bishop, who had previously worked for Prologistix a staffing
company that Bishop had worked for prior to his employment with Alliance. Prologistix
supplied the employees used by Revamn at the Spartanburg facility. When Bishop transitioned
from Prologistix to Alliance he brought with him all the Prologistix staff employed by Revman at
the Spartanburg facility.
When Alliance terminated Bishop’s employment, Revman grew dissatisfied with
Alliance’s performance. When they learned that Bishop had taken employment with
Cornerstone, Revman terminated its contract with Alliance and contracted with Cornerstone due
to their relationship with Bishop. Just as Alliance had hired the Prologistix employees working
at the Revman Spartanburg facility, Cornerstone hired the Alliance employees working at the
same facility.
On March 21, 2024, Revman filed for declaratory judgment in South Carolina and
Alliance filed a counterclaim for Breach of Contract. Instead of litigating all their disputes in
South Carolina where the alleged incidences occurred, Alliance filed suit in Ohio. No Defendant
resides in Ohio, no events that resulted in the causes of action occurred in Ohio, rather, the only
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Ohio connection is Alliance’s residence here. No Revman employee has traveled to Ohio to
meet with Alliance employees. Alliance has never provided any information to Revman in Ohio.
Because Revman is a Delaware company with its principal place of business in New
York, and has no physical presence in Ohio, it alleges it is not subject to general jurisdiction in
Ohio. The only Ohio connection according to Revman is a consent to jurisdiction by the parties
in the Spartanburg Agreement in Ohio. However, none of Alliance’s causes of action against
Revman arise out of the Spartanburg Agreement. Thus, its forum selection clause has no bearing
on the Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Revman.
If Alliance’s Tortious Interference claim or Misappropriation of Trade Secrets claims did
arise out of the Spartanburg Agreement, Revman argues Alliance would be compelled to assert
them in the South Carolina action as compulsory counterclaims.
According to Revman, it is unnecessary to evaluate whether Alliance can satisfy Ohio’s
long-arm statute as it cannot show it can satisfy the due process requirement for personal
jurisdiction because Revman did not purposefully avail itself of the opportunity to conduct
business in Ohio, Alliance’s claims do not arise from Revman’s activities in Ohio and Revman’s
actions do not have a substantial enough connection to Ohio to warrant the exercise of personal
jurisdiction over it.
Nor is venue proper in Ohio, according to Revman, because no substantial part of the
events or omissions giving rise to the claims occurred in Ohio. Nor is there any property in Ohio
that is the subject of the claims at hand. The employment agreements that were allegedly
interfered with involved residents of South Carolina or Indiana and the allegedly misappropriated
trade secrets were provided to Revman in South Carolina per Alliance’s Complaint. The
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Spartanburg Agreements forum selection clause has no bearing on venue because the claims at
issue do not arise from the Agreement.
Finally, Revman asks that the Court find that even if it has personal jurisdiction over
Revman or finds that venue is appropriate in Ohio that transfer to South Carolina is appropriate
as that is the location where the greatest number of witnesses reside and where the events that
form the basis of the claims against it occurred and where the majority of the evidence will be
found. Because the claims herein could have been brought in South Carolina, and because the
forum selection clause, even if applicable, is permissive rather than compulsory, South Carolina
is the forum that has the greatest connection to the witnesses, evidence and property at issue.
Alliance’s Opposition
Alliance opposes Revman’s Motion contending that the Motion should be denied
because: Revman waived any challenges to personal jurisdiction when it filed an Answer and
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; in the Spartanburg Agreement Revman expressly
consented to jurisdiction with Ohio courts; Revman has sufficient contacts with the State of Ohio
to exercise personal jurisdiction over it, and it knew its tortious activities would cause serious
harm in Ohio.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2) authorizes dismissal of a complaint for lack of personal
jurisdiction. The plaintiff bears the burden of showing that a federal court has personal
jurisdiction over the defendant. However, when the court relies solely on written materials and
affidavits, that burden is relatively slight; and the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing
that personal jurisdiction exists. Air Prods. & Controls, Inc. v. Safetch Int’l, Inc., 503 F.3d 544
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549 (6th Cir.2007). The court is obligated to view the pleadings and affidavits in a light most
favorable to the plaintiff; and when the court disposes of a Rule 12(b)(2) motion without an
evidentiary hearing, it does not consider contrary facts proffered by the party seeking dismissal.
MAG IAS Holdings, Inc. v. Schmückle, 854 F.3d 894, 899 (6th Cir. 2017); Dean v. Motel 6
Operating L.P., 134 F.3d 1269, 1272 (6th Cir.1998); see CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d
1257, 1262-63 (6th Cir.1996).
“A court has three different paths to resolve a Rule 12(b)(2) motion: (1) ‘decide the
motion upon the affidavits alone’; (2) ‘permit discovery in aid of deciding the motion’; or (3)
‘conduct an evidentiary hearing to resolve any apparent factual questions.’” Premier Prop. Sales
Ltd. v. Gospel Ministries Int'l, Inc., 539 F. Supp. 3d 822, 827 (S.D. Ohio 2021) quoting
Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991). “Where the motion will be
decided on the affidavits alone -- as the Court will do here -- a plaintiff need only make a prima
facie showing of personal jurisdiction.” Premier, 539 F. Supp.3d 827 citing Bridgeport Music,
Inc. v. Still N The Water Publ'g, 327 F.3d 472, 478 (6th Cir. 2003).
The Court will decide the issue on the briefs and declaration alone, as neither party has
requested discovery on the issue nor have they requested an evidentiary hearing. Although
Alliance bears the burden of showing the Court has personal jurisdiction over Revman, that
burden is “relatively slight.”
Waiver
The Sixth Circuit has described waiver “as a fact-specific inquiry into whether ‘[t]he
actions of the defendant ... amount[ed] to a legal submission to the jurisdiction of the court.’”
Blessing v. Chandrasekhar, 988 F.3d 889, 894 (6th Cir. 2021) quoting Gerber v. Riordan, 649
8
F.3d 514 (6th Cir. 2011). “Only those submissions, appearances and filings that give ‘[the
plaintiff] a reasonable expectation that [the defendant] will defend the suit on the merits or must
cause the court to go to some effort that would be wasted if personal jurisdiction is later found
lacking,’ result in waiver of a personal jurisdiction defense.” Id. quoting Mobile
Anesthesiologists Chicago, LLC v. Anesthesia Assoc. of Houston Metroplex, P.A., 623 F.3d 440,
443 (7th Cir. 2010)).
Here, Alliance contends that Revman waived any challenge to the Court’s exercise of
personal jurisdiction over it when it filed an Answer and a Motion for Judgment on the
Pleadings. However, Revman notes that its Answer was filed along with its Motion to Dismiss
for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction and its Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings was filed after its
personal jurisdiction Motion. Therefore, the sequence of events evidences Revman’s intent to
challenge personal jurisdiction before engaging the Court in any substantive dispute over the
merits of Alliance’s claims.
A review of the docket demonstrates that Revman’s filings did not create in Alliance a
“reasonable expectation” that Revman would defend the suit on the merits. Alliance filed suit on
May 1, 2024. After service, all Defendants moved for extensions of time until July 30, 2024 to
file their responses to Alliance’s Complaint. Those motions were unopposed by Alliance.
Moreover, at a Case Management Conference (“CMC”) held on July 23, 2024, Revman’s
counsel informed the Court and opposing counsel of his intent to file a motion to have the case
transferred to South Carolina. Subsequently, Revman filed its Motion to Dismiss for Lack of
Personal Jurisdiction on July 30, 2024, just under three months from the filing of Alliance’s
Complaint.
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Alliance argues it had a reasonable expectation that Revman would litigate the action in
this Court. Revman’s Rule 26 Report made no reference to its intent to challenge personal
jurisdiction. Nor did Revman’s counsel make any representation to the Court in the July 23,
2024 CMC that it would file a motion on lack of personal jurisdiction. Revman filed a Motion
for Judgment on the Pleadings that did not assert the personal jurisdiction defense. In Boulger v.
Woods, 917 F.3d 471, 477 (6th Cir. 2019), the Sixth Circuit held this to be evidence that a
defendant intended to litigate the merits of the case in the district court. The Sixth Circuit held
the filing of the dispositive motion was “inconsistent with the idea that the district court lacked
personal jurisdiction over the defendant[ ].” However, that case is distinguishable, as Revman
did challenge personal jurisdiction in a motion filed early in this litigation. Likewise, the Court
has had to do little other than conduct a phone CMC before addressing whether it has personal
jurisdiction over Revman. Consequently, there has been no wasted efforts by the Court. Thus,
the Court finds there was no action by Revman that created any reasonable expectation in
Alliance that it intended to defend the suit on the merits.
Effect of the Forum Selection Clause
Page three of the Spartanburg Agreement between Alliance and Revman reads under
“Miscellaneous:”
This Agreement will be governed in all respects, including validity, construction,
interpretation and effect by the laws of the State of Ohio, without regard to its
conflicts of law principles . The parties hereto consent to the Jurisdiction of any
state or federal court in Cuyahoga County, Ohio for the resolution of any dispute
arising out of or relating to this Agreement.
According to Revman, the only claims asserted against it in Alliance’s Complaint are tort
and statutory claims that do not arise out of or relate to the Agreement. Revman does not
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challenge the validity nor the enforceability of the forum selection clause, merely its applicability
to the claims at issue.
Count Four of Alliance’s Complaint alleges Tortious Interference with Contract against
Revman and Cornerstone. Alliance alleges that Defendants were aware that Alliance had
contracts with Defendants Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch that contained non-solicitation and
non-competition restrictive covenants. In spite of this knowledge, Revman encouraged these
employees to solicit Plaintiffs’ employees to work for Cornerstone.
Count VII alleges Misappropriation of Trade Secrets against all Defendants in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1836 and Ohio Revised Code § 1333.61. Specifically, Alliance alleges Revman
disclosed Alliance’s confidential trade secrets to Cornerstone without Alliance’s consent or
permission.
A “contractually-based forum selection clause will encompass tort claims if the tort
claims ‘ultimately depend on the existence of a contractual relationship’ between the parties.”
Smith v. Swaffer, 566 F. Supp. 3d 791, 801 (N.D. Ohio 2021) quoting Ricketts v. Hybris AG, No.
1:15 CV 277, 2015 WL 13679481, at *3 (N.D. Ohio June 19, 2015). Thus, tort claims that are
“contract-related” arise from and are related to the contract and would then fall under the forum
selection clause. “[B]ecause the breach of contract claims turn on the interpretation of contract
terms, the tort claims which follow from the alleged breach are dependent on such
interpretation.” Wireless Properties, LLC v. Crown Castle Int'l Corp., No. 1:10-CV-269, 2011
WL 3420734, at *7 (E.D. Tenn. Aug. 4, 2011). The Sixth Circuit has stated as a general rule,
“contract-related tort claims involving the same operative facts as [are] parallel claim[s] for
breach of contract [and] should be heard in the forum selected by the contracting parties.” Gen.
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Envtl. Sci. Corp. v. Horsfall, 1994 WL 228256 at *8 (6th Cir. May 25, 1994). Therefore,
“[r]egardless of the duty sought to be enforced in a particular cause of action, if the duty arises
from the contract, the forum selection clause governs the action.” Hugel v. Corp. of Lloyd's, 999
F.2d 206, 209 (7th Cir.1993). This rule includes “tort or consumer protection claims ‘related to’
the contract's purpose.” Hasler Aviation, L.L.C. v. Aircenter, Inc., 2007 WL 2463283 at *5
(E.D.Tenn. Aug. 27, 2007).
Thus, the question before the Court is whether the Tortious Interference and
Misappropriation of Trade Secrets claims against Revman arise from or relate to the Spartanburg
Agreement.
The Court holds the answer is no. First, the Tortious Interference with Contract does not
rely on any provision in the Spartanburg Agreement, but instead, concerns Revman’s knowledge
of separate agreements between Alliance and its former employees. In their Complaint, Alliance
alleges “Cornerstone and Revman had knowledge of the restrictions that Bishop, Hendrix and
Rambusch were subject to under the Bishop Agreement, Hendrix Agreement and Rambusch
Agreement, respectively.” (Complaint at 126). “Notwithstanding this knowledge, Cornerstone
and Revman intentionally interfered with the Bishop Agreement, Hendrix Agreement and
Rambusch Agreement by encouraging Bishop , Hendrix and Rambusch to solicit Alliance’s
Assigned Employees and Supervisory Employees in breach of their respective agreements.” (Id.
at 128). Thus, the Court would only need to consider the employee agreements between Alliance
and its former employees, Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch. In fact, Alliance does not invoke the
non-solicitation portion of the Spartanburg Agreement in their claim.
The Complaint further alleges that Revman misappropriated Alliances’ trade secrets.
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These trade secrets were entrusted to Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch for the limited purpose of
their employment with Alliance. These trade secrets were protected by Alliance via non-
disclosure provisions contained within the Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch employment
agreements. Yet, Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch disclosed and used Alliances’ trade secrets on
behalf of Cornerstone without Alliance’s consent. Alliance entrusted these secrets to Revman
for the limited purpose of performing under the Spartanburg and Grantsville Agreements, but
Revman allegedly disclosed those trade secrets to Cornerstone without Alliance’s consent. (Id. at
151-154 & 162-165). Moreover, Alliance argues that absent the contractual agreement between
it and Revman, Revman would not have had access to the trade secrets. Therefore, Alliance
alleges the claims do arise out of or relate to the Agreements. However, the Spartanburg and
Grantsville Agreements contain no non-disclosure covenants. Consequently, resolution of the
claim will not require reference to any provision of those Agreements. Instead, the non-
disclosure covenants are found solely in the individual Defendant’s Agreements and it is in those
contracts that the non-disclosure duties are found.
Therefore, because Alliance’s claims against Revman do not arise from or relate to the
Spartanburg Agreement, the forum selection clause does not apply to these claims.1
1 There is a further basis for not enforcing the forum selection clause in this matter. As
Revman points out, the parties are engaged in litigation in South Carolina Revman International,
Inc. v. Alliance Industrial Solutions, LLC, 2024 CP4201213, on the enforceability of the
Spartanburg Agreement. Revman filed a declaratory judgment action arguing the Spartanburg
Agreement is void or voidable due to Alliance’s failure to obtain a Professional Employer
Services license and because Revman never breached the Agreement. In response, Alliance
filed an Answer and Counterclaim for breach of the Spartanburg Agreement. Alliance then filed
a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings arguing the services it provided do not constitute
“professional employer services,” the Spartanburg Agreement is enforceable and that Revman
has breached the non-solicitation provision of the Agreement. That Motion was denied by the
South Carolina Court. What is noticeably absent in the South Carolina case, which predates the
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Due Process
In deciding whether a court possesses personal jurisdiction over the parties, the Court
claims in this suit, is Alliance’s failure to invoke the forum selection clause. A review of the
South Carolina docket and that Court’s ruling on Alliance’s Motion for Judgment on the
Pleadings do not show that Alliance invoked the forum selection clause in that matter. Thus,
there is a strong estoppel argument against allowing Alliance to assert the forum selection clause
before this Court on claims it argues are related to or arise out of the Spartanburg Agreement,
while it litigates the breach of contract claims on the Spartanburg Agreement in South Carolina.
Moreover, as Revman argues, Fed. R. Civ P. 13 requires all compulsory counterclaims be filed
in the original suit. “Rule 13(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides:
A pleading must state as a counterclaim any claim that—at the time of its service—the pleader
has against an opposing party if the claim: (A) arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is
the subject matter of the opposing party's claim; and (B) does not require adding another party
over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 13(a)(1).
“As the foregoing language indicates, “a claim's compulsory status depends on whether
(1) the claim arises out of the same transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the
opposing party's claim; and (2) the claim is one that the party ‘has' at the time that the party is to
file his responsive pleading.” Bauman v. Bank of Am., N.A., 808 F.3d 1097, 1101 (6th Cir. 2015)
quoting Kane v. Magna Mixer Co., 71 F.3d 555, 562 (6th Cir.1995) (emphasis in original). A
“party's failure to plead a compulsory counterclaim forever bars that party from raising the claim
in another action.” Sanders v. First Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. in Great Bend, 936 F.2d 273, 277
(6th Cir.1991). South Carolina’s and Ohio’s procedural rules mirror that of Federal Rule 13.
See Deutsche Bank Nat'l Tr. Co. as Tr. for NovaStar Mortg. Funding Tr., Series 2007-1
NovaStar Equity Loan Asset Backed Certificates, Series 2007-1 v. Est. of Houck, 440 S.C. 409,
413, 892 S.E.2d 280, 282 (2023). (“Rule 13(a) plainly provides that a counterclaim is
compulsory ‘if it arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the
opposing party's claim and does not require for its adjudication the presence of third parties of
whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction.’”). See also Guerrini v. Chanell Roofing & Home
Improvement, LLC, 2024-Ohio-585, ¶ 36,37, 236 N.E.3d 376, 387.
All these reasons militate in favor of declining to apply the forum selection clause to the
claims against Revman. To do so would have the parties litigating the contract itself in one
forum while litigating claims allegedly arising from or related to that contract in another forum.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and judicial economy principles weigh against the
application of the clause.
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applies a two-step inquiry. The Court must consider whether a plaintiff’s contacts with the
forum state comport with Due Process and whether Defendant’s conduct satisfies one of the
provisions on Ohio’s Long-Arm statute. See Gunn v. E-Verifile.com, Inc., No. 1:18CV457, 2019
WL 1071205, at *2 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 7, 2019) citing Estate of Thomson ex rel. Estate of
Rakestraw v. Toyota, 545 F.3d 357, 361 (6th Cir. 2008). Federal courts first apply the law of the
forum state when determining whether personal jurisdiction exists. IHF Ltd. v. Myra Bag, 391 F.
Supp. 3d 760, 767 (N.D. Ohio 2019) citing Mid-West Materials, Inc. v. Tougher Indus., Inc., 484
F. Supp. 2d 726, 729 (N.D. Ohio 2007) (citing Youn v. Track, Inc., 324 F.3d 409, 417 (6th Cir.
2003).
“To establish personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the Court must find that: (1) the
defendant is amenable to service of process under the State's long-arm statute; and (2) the
exercise of personal jurisdiction is proper under the federal Due Process Clause.”
Nottingham-Spirk Design Assocs., Inc. v. Halo Innovations, Inc., 603 F. Supp. 3d 561, 566 (N.D.
Ohio 2022) citing Conn v. Zakharov, 667 F.3d 705, 711 (6th Cir. 2012). “Even if a defendant's
contact with the State of Ohio satisfies Ohio's long-arm statute, personal jurisdiction fails unless
exercising jurisdiction over the defendant comports with traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice.” J.M. Smucker Co. v. Hormel Food Corp., 526 F. Supp. 3d 294, 300 (N.D.
Ohio 2021).
In its Motion, Revman alleges Alliance cannot show that the Court has personal
jurisdiction over it under the due process analysis so that examination of Ohio’s long-arm statue
is unnecessary. “[I]f jurisdiction is not proper under the Due Process Clause it is unnecessary to
analyze jurisdiction under the state long-arm statute, and vice-versa.” Straight v. LG Chem, Ltd.,
15
640 F. Supp. 3d 795, 802 (S.D. Ohio 2022) quoting Conn, 667 F.3d at 711–12.
“Due process requires that an out-of-state defendant have ‘minimum contacts’ with the
forum state sufficient to comport with ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’”
Blessing v. Chandrasekhar, 988 F.3d 889, 904 (6th Cir. 2021) quoting Int'l Shoe Co. v.
Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). A “minimum contacts”
analysis “looks to the defendant's contact with the forum state itself, not the defendant's contacts
with persons who reside there.” Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285, 134 S.Ct. 1115, 188
L.Ed.2d 12 (2014). “The relationship must arise out of contacts that the “defendant himself ”
creates with the forum State.” The defendant must “purposefully avail[ ] [herself] of the
privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and
protections of its laws,” which “ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction
solely as a result of ‘random,’ ‘fortuitous,’ or ‘attenuated’ contacts.” Burger King Corp. v.
Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (internal citations
omitted).
“A defendant may be subject to personal jurisdiction even if she does not physically enter
the forum state, if her ‘efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents of another State,’”
Blessing, 988 F.3d at 904 quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. 2174, but “the
plaintiff cannot be the only link between the defendant and the forum,” Walden, 571 U.S. at 285,
134 S.Ct. 1115.
“Personal jurisdiction falls into two categories: general and specific.” Malone v. Stanley
Black & Decker, Inc., 965 F.3d 499, 501 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Goodyear Dunlop Tires
Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919, 131 S.Ct. 2846, 180 L.Ed.2d 796 (2011)).
16
Personal jurisdiction can be either general or specific, depending upon the nature of
the contacts that the defendant has with the forum state. Bird v. Parsons, 289 F.3d 865, 873
(6th Cir. 2002), citing Conti v. Pneumatic Prods. Corp., 977 F.2d 978, 981 (6th Cir.1992).
General jurisdiction is proper only where “a defendant's contacts with the forum state are of
such a continuous and systematic nature that the state may exercise personal jurisdiction over
the defendant even if the action is unrelated to the defendant's contacts with the state.” Bird,
289 F.3d at 873 (citation omitted). “For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of
general jurisdiction is the individual's domicile: for a corporate defendant, it is an equivalent
place, one in which the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.” Goodyear Dunlop tires
operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011). The Supreme Court identified these
corporate paradigm forums as the state in which it is incorporated or has its principal place of
business. Id.
There is no real dispute that the Court lacks general jurisdiction over Revman. According
to the declaration of Donald W. Williams, Vice-President of Human Resources and Asset
Protection for Revman, Revman is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in
New York. It operates warehouses in Spartanburg, South Carolina and Grantsville, Utah.
Revman owns no property in Ohio nor does it have any employees in Ohio. (Williams dec. ¶ 3).
As there is no dispute of these facts, the Court finds it lacks general jurisdiction over Revman.
Turning now to specific jurisdiction, the Sixth Circuit has articulated a three-part test for
determining whether the exercise of specific jurisdiction comports with Due Process: “First, the
defendant must purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting in the forum state or causing
a consequence in the forum state. Second, the cause of action must arise from the defendant's
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activities there. Finally, the acts of the defendant or consequences caused by the defendant must
have a substantial enough connection with the forum state to make the exercise of jurisdiction
over the defendant reasonable.” Southern Machine Co. v. Mohasco Industries, Inc., 401 F.2d
374, 381 (6th Cir.1968).
A non-resident defendant “purposefully avails” itself of the privileges in the forum state
where it “reach[es] out beyond one state and create[s] continuing relationships and obligations
with citizens of another state.” Calphalon Corp. v. Rowlette, 228 F.3d 718, 722 (6th Cir. 2000).
“Under the prima facie standard, ‘it [still] remains the plaintiff's burden,’ (internal citation
omitted) and in the face of a properly supported motion for dismissal, the plaintiff may not stand
on his pleadings but must, by affidavit or otherwise, set forth specific facts showing that the court
has jurisdiction.” H&H Wholesale Services, Inc., v. Kamstra Int’l., B.V., et al., No. 21-1533,
2021 WL 5505495 (6th Cir. Nov. 24, 2021) quoting Theunissen, 935 F.2d at 1458.
Revman asserts it has no continuing relationship or obligations in Ohio. The only
relation to Ohio is the fact that Alliance resides here. Williams’ declaration attests that prior to
its Agreement with Alliance, Revman used several staffing agencies to staff its Spartanburg
warehouse. One of these agencies was Prologistix, whose principal point of contact was Bishop.
Revman was pleased with Bishop’s customer service and when he left Prologistix in 2020 and
joined Alliance, Bishop solicited Revman to use Alliance as a staffing agency. (Williams dec. ¶
4-6). Bishop was not located in Ohio at the time he reached out to Revman to solicit business for
Alliance. (Id. at 12.). He further attests that he lacks any knowledge of any Revman employee
traveling to Ohio to meet with Alliance and that Revman never received any confidential
information from Alliance in Ohio. Williams denies Revman had any knowledge of any
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restrictive covenants contained in Alliance’s employee agreements. (Id. at 12). Finally, he
attests that Alliance never asked Revman for a non-disclosure agreement, nor is the identity of
any Alliance employee at the Spartanburg facility a trade secret, as only about eighteen percent of
the employees working at the Spartanburg facility were hired by Alliance. (Id. at 16-17).
Consequently, Revman argues it did not purposefully avail itself of the privileges of Ohio as it
was Alliance that reached out to Revman in South Carolina to provide staffing services for
Revman in South Carolina.
In response, Alliance offers the Declaration of Dana Wegzynowski, Chief Operating
Officer of Alliance Industrial Solutions, LLC. Wegzynowski attests that Revman reached out to
her in Ohio hundreds of times for assistance with issues relating to the staffing issues provided
by Alliance. (Wegzynowski dec. 5). Wegzynowski attests that Revman and Alliance held
weekly virtual meetings and quarterly business reviews. (Id. at 12). Revman reached out to
Wegzynowski to help configure timeclocks at the Spartanburg facility to properly track employee
hours and the employees production. (Id. at 13.). Revman was pleased with Alliance’s work at
the Spartanburg facility so it requested Alliance provide it staffing services in Revman’s new
Grantsville, Utah facility. (Id. at 14). This required significant back and forth between Revman
and Alliance to address vetting of new candidates for the Grantsville facility. Wegzynowski
attest she assembled a list of new candidates which she proved to Williams for his approval.
These involved much back and forth about particular candidates. (Id. 16-18). Wegzynowski
attests to many other interactions concerning the exchange of employee production reports;
remote management of Alliance’s employees at Revman facilities by managers located in Ohio;
staffing review meetings between Revman and Alliance and weekly virtual meetings between
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Revman and Alliance on issues at the Grantsville facility to address staffing levels, employee
discipline, new openings, performance, employee injury and payroll issues. (Id. at 19-23).
Finally, Wegzynowski attests that Alliance’s records show over 1000 emails from Revman to
Ohio-based Alliance employees, not including the delivery of checks to Alliance in Ohio. (Id. at
31-32).
A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant “where the contacts
proximately result from actions by the defendant himself that create a “substantial connection”
with the forum State.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475–76. Thus, where the defendant
“deliberately” has engaged in significant activities within a State, (internal citation omitted) or
has created “continuing obligations” between himself and residents of the forum, (internal
citation omitted) he manifestly has availed himself of the privilege of conducting business there,
and because his activities are shielded by “the benefits and protections” of the forum's laws it is
presumptively not unreasonable to require him to submit to the burdens of litigation in that forum
as well. Id. at 476. Moreover, “jurisdiction in these circumstances may not be avoided merely
because the defendant did not physically enter the forum State.” Id.
In light of the declaration of Wegzynowski, attesting to the continuous communications
and ongoing business interactions between Revman and Alliance directed at Alliance employees
in Ohio, the Court finds Alliance has demonstrated that Revman purposefully availed itself of the
privileges of Ohio.
The second due process factor requires a court examine whether the cause of action arises
from the defendant's activities in the forum state. “If a defendant's contacts with the forum state
are related to the operative facts of the controversy, then an action will be deemed to have arisen
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from those contacts.” CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1267 (6th Cir.1996).
This factor “does not require that the cause of action formally ‘arise from’ defendant's contacts
with the forum; rather, this criterion requires only ‘that the cause of action, of whatever type,
have a substantial connection with the defendant's in-state activities.’ ” Bird v. Parsons, 289 F.3d
865, 875 (6th Cir. 2002) quoting Third Natl. Bank in Nashville v. WEDGE Group, Inc., 882 F.2d
1087, 1091 (6th Cir.1989). “Only when the operative facts of the controversy are not related to
the defendant's contact with the state can it be said that the cause of action does not arise from
that [contact].” S. Mach. Co., 401 F.2d at 384 n.29.
Looking first at Alliance’s Tortious Interference claim, Alliance alleges Revman
intentionally interfered with the Bishop, Hendrix and Rambusch contracts by encouraging them
to solicit Alliance’s Assigned Employees and Supervisory employees. In contrast, Williams
asserts in his declaration that Revman was not aware of any restrictive covenants in the Bishop,
Hendrix or Rambusch Agreements. When considering the motion only on the pleadings and
declarations the Court does “not weigh the controverting assertions of the party seeking
dismissal.” MAG IAS Holdings, Inc. v. Schmuckle, 854 F.3d 894, 899 (6th Cir. 2017).
However, the Complaint does not allege that the solicitation of the employees occurred in
Ohio. The supervisory employees and assigned employees all were physically located in South
Carolina or Utah. Thus, any solicitation would necessarily have had to occur in those states
where the employees were physically located. Thus, importantly for the “arising from” analysis
the Sixth Circuit has held that “physical presence is not the touchstone of personal jurisdiction,
and hence, personal jurisdiction may exist over a defendant although he is not physically present
in the forum if he purposefully directs communications into the forum, and those
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communications form the ‘heart’ of the cause of action.” Intera Corp. v. Henderson, 428 F.3d
605, 617–18 (6th Cir. 2005). Here, the communications that form the heart of Alliance’s claims
against Revman were not directed to Ohio but were instead directed to Alliance’s employees
working in South Carolina. Thus, Alliance has not satisfied the “arising from” factor.
Reasonableness
“The third prong of a due process analysis requires that “the acts of the defendant or
consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection with the forum
state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.” Intera Corp. v.
Henderson, 428 F.3d 605, 618 (6th Cir. 2005). “Generally, when considering whether it is
reasonable to exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, a court must consider
several factors including the following: (1) the burden on the defendant; (2) the interest of the
forum state; (3) the plaintiff's interest in obtaining relief; and (4) other states' interest in securing
the most efficient resolution of the controversy.” Id.
A review of these factors favors a finding that it would be unreasonable for the Court to
exercise its jurisdiction over Revman. Unquestionably, it would be burdensome for Revman to
defend the action here in Ohio, particularly when the vast majority of the relevant witnesses and
evidence are located in South Carolina. Moreover, the parties are presently litigating their
contract dispute in South Carolina making the burden that much greater on Revman to litigate in
multiple forums. Ohio has an interest in protecting its own citizens but Alliance’s interest in
obtaining relief does not favor Ohio since it chose to defend the declaratory judgment action in
South Carolina and filed a counterclaim for breach of contract there. Thus, Alliance has
demonstrated it was confident it could obtain relief in South Carolina as opposed to invoking the
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forum selection clause and asserting its breach of contract claims in Ohio. Finally, South
Carolina has a substantial interest in an efficient resolution of the controversy as it has already
expended resources and time in litigating the merits of the contract dispute there and is presently
engaged in attempts to mediate the dispute in South Carolina.
Therefore, the for the foregoing reasons, the Court finds the due process factors militate
against the Court’s personal jurisdiction over Alliance’s claims against Revman.
Transfer
Once the Court has determined it lacks personal jurisdiction over a defendant it must
determine whether dismissal or transfer is appropriate. 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) reads: “[t]he district
court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong division or district shall
dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which
it could have been brought.” In Pittock v. Otis Elevator Co., 8 F.3d 325, 329 (6th Cir. 1993) the
Sixth Circuit affirmed that a Court that lacks personal jurisdiction may transfer a case to a Court
that possesses personal jurisdiction. (“[S]ection 1406(a) does not require that the district court
have personal jurisdiction over the defendants before transferring the case.” In addition 28
U.S.C. 1631 reads:
Whenever a civil action is filed in a court as defined in section 610 of this title or
an appeal, including a petition for review of administrative action, is noticed for
or filed with such a court and that court finds that there is a want of jurisdiction,
the court shall, if it is in the interest of justice, transfer such action or appeal to
any other such court (or, for cases within the jurisdiction of the United States Tax
Court, to that court) in which the action or appeal could have been brought at the
time it was filed or noticed, and the action or appeal shall proceed as if it had been
filed in or noticed for the court to which it is transferred on the date upon which it
was actually filed in or noticed for the court from which it is transferred.
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28 U.S.C.A. § 1631 (West). See also Roman v. Ashcroft, 340 F.3d 314, 328 (“In light of the
language of § 1631 and its purpose, we therefore conclude that the statute applies to federal
courts identifying any jurisdictional defect, regardless of whether it involves personal or subject
matter jurisdiction.”).
Both § 1406(a) and § 1631 require the Court to determine if it is in the interests of justice
to transfer a case rather than dismiss.
Section 1631 provides that if a civil action or appeal is filed in a court lacking
jurisdiction, “the court shall, if it is in the interest of justice, transfer such action
or appeal to any other such court in which the action or appeal could have been
brought at the time it was filed or noticed.” 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (emphasis added).
A court may decide to dismiss an action rather than transferring it under § 1631
either because (1) no permissible federal court would have jurisdiction over the
action, or because (2) transfer would not be in the interest of justice.
Roman, 340 F.3d at 328.
Here, the Court finds transfer is the appropriate vehicle given the parties extensive
litigation efforts in South Carolina and the evidence and vast majority of witnesses reside there.
Moreover, Revman resides there and the incidents from which Alliance’s causes of action arise
occurred in South Carolina. However, because Alliance has asserted claims under
Misappropriation of Trade Secrets in Violation of the Defend Secrets Act 18 U.S.C. § 1836 and
that statute does not permit concurrent jurisdiction of state courts to hear such a claim, the Court
finds transfer to the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina appropriate.
Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, the Court finds it lacks personal jurisdiction over
Revman and transfers Alliance’s claims against it to the United States District Court for the
District of South Carolina for further adjudication.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
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s/ Christopher A. Boyko
CHRISTOPHER A. BOYKO
United States District Judge
Dated: January 7, 2025
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