Dominguez v. 4 Giron Construction Inc.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

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LEIDIANA DOMINGUEZ and RAUL SOSA

on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated

in the proposed FLSA Collective Action,

Plaintiffs, REPORT AND

RECOMMENDATION

-against- 22-CV-04730-DLI-SJB

4 GIRON CONSTRUCTION INC., ROSALINA

GUARDADO, and EFRAIN DOE a/k/a FRANCISCO DOE,

Defendants.

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BULSARA, United States Magistrate Judge:

On August 11, 2022, Plaintiffs Leidiana Dominguez (“Dominguez”) and Raul Sosa

(“Sosa”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) brought this action against Defendants 4 Giron

Construction Inc., (“Giron”), Rosalina Guardado (“Guardado”) (collectively,

“Defendants”), and Efrain “Doe” a/k/a Francisco “Doe” (“Doe”), alleging violations of

the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §201 et seq. and the New York Labor

Law (“NYLL”). (Compl. dated Aug. 11, 2022 (“Compl.”), Dkt. No. 1). After Defendants

failed to appear and defaulted, Plaintiffs moved for default judgment. (Pls.’ Mot. for

Default J. dated Nov. 15, 2023 (“Default J. Mot.”), Dkt. No. 23).1 For the reasons stated

below, it is respectfully recommended that the motion be granted and damages be

awarded as detailed herein.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

4 Giron Construction Inc. (“Giron”), a construction company, is a New York

corporation with its principal place of business in Brooklyn. (Compl. ¶¶ 6, 12).

Plaintiffs allege that Guardado is an owner or officer of Giron who had control of the

operations of the business. (Id. ¶¶ 17–18). Guardado determined wages and schedules

of employees, maintained employee records, and had the power to hire and fire

company employees. (Id. ¶ 19).

Both Plaintiffs were employed by Defendants as manual workers and laborers

from March 24 to April 14, 2022. (Id. ¶¶ 37, 39, 41–42, 44). During that period, they

worked four days a week, from 8:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M., totaling 13 hours per day and

approximately 52 hours each week. (Id. ¶¶ 38–39, 43–44; Aff. of Raul Sosa dated Nov.

15, 2023 (“Sosa Aff.”), Dkt. No. 27 ¶ 7; Aff. of Leidiana Dominguez dated Nov. 15, 2023

1 The Doe Defendant was never served, as required by Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 4(m), and has not been identified. Plaintiffs do not move for default

judgment against Doe, nor have they sought voluntary dismissal. Within 14 days of the

adoption of this R&R, Plaintiffs are directed to show good cause for their failure to

timely serve the Doe Defendant. Failure to demonstrate such cause will result in

dismissal of the claims against the Doe Defendant. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) (“[T]he court . . .

must dismiss the action without prejudice[.]”); Cioce v. Cnty. of Westchester, 128 F.

App’x 181, 183 (2d Cir. 2005) (“Rule 4(m) provides that the district court shall, upon

motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, dismiss without prejudice any

action in which service of the summons and complaint has not been made[.]”); e.g.,

Klein v. Zugabie, No. 20-CV-1975, 2021 WL 5313708, at *2 (2d Cir. Nov. 16, 2021)

(“[T]he District Court also properly dismissed Klein’s malicious prosecution and

conspiracy claims against police officers Beltempo and Scorziello because they were

never served with a summons.”).

(“Dominguez Aff.”), Dkt. No. 26 ¶ 7). Plaintiffs allege that they were not paid any wages,

regular or overtime, for their work. (Compl. ¶¶ 40, 45, 47, 56; Sosa Aff. ¶¶ 8–9;

Dominguez Aff. ¶¶ 8–9). Plaintiffs were not required to keep track of their time, and to

their knowledge, Defendants did not use any time tracking device that recorded the

hours worked. (Compl. ¶ 52).

They commenced this action against Giron, Guardado, and Doe on August 11,

2022. (Compl.). In the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege: (1) failure to pay minimum wage

under FLSA and NYLL; (2) failure to pay overtime wages under FLSA and NYLL; (3)

failure to pay spread-of-hours under NYLL; (4) failure to provide wage notices under

NYLL § 195(1); (5) failure to provide wage statements under NYLL § 195(3); and (6)

failure to pay timely wages under NYLL § 191(1)(a). (Compl. ¶¶ 61–95).2

Plaintiffs served Giron with a summons and the Complaint on May 2, 2023,

through the Secretary of State. (Summons Returned Executed dated May 4, 2023, Dkt.

No. 17). Guardado was served with a summons and Complaint pursuant to N.Y.

C.P.L.R. § 308(2) at her place of business on May 1, 2023. (Summons Return Executed

dated May 2, 2023, Dkt. No. 18). The process server attested to leaving a summons and

Complaint with a “John Doe,” who refused to provide his name. (Id.). On May 2, 2023,

within 20 days of this service, the process server mailed a copy of a summons and

2 Plaintiffs did not move for default judgment on their claims for failure to

provide wage notices under NYLL § 195(1), failure to provide wage statements under

NYLL § 195(3), or failure to pay timely wages under NYLL § 191(1)(a). (See generally

Mem. of Law in Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. for Default J. (“Pls.’ Mem. of Law”), Dkt. No. 24).

Accordingly, those claims should be dismissed. See Root Bros. Farms v. Big Big

Produce, Inc., No. 21-CV-1962, 2022 WL 4586185, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2022), report

and recommendation adopted, 2022 WL 4586350, at *1 (Sept. 29, 2022).

Complaint, marked “personal and confidential,” through the U.S. Postal Service to

Guardado’s place of business, and proof of service was filed on May 5, 2023. (Id.).

Giron and Guardado failed to appear, answer, or otherwise respond to the

Complaint. Plaintiffs sought certificates of default against both Defendants, (Req. for

Certificate of Default dated June 8, 2023, Dkt. No. 19), which the Clerk of Court granted.

(Clerk’s Entry of Default dated June 14, 2023 (“Clerk’s Entry of Default”), Dkt. No. 20).

The present motion against Defendants Giron and Guardado followed. (Default J.

Mot.).

Plaintiffs seek recovery of: (1) $4,954.28 in unpaid minimum and overtime

wages; (2) $360 in unpaid spread-of-hours; (3) $5,314.28 in liquidated damages; (4)

$11,115.00 in attorney’s fees and $865.55 in costs; (5) pre-judgment interest, and (6)

post-judgment interest. (Proposed Default J., attached as Ex. F to Decl. of Jason

Mizrahi in Supp. of Mot. for Default J. (“Mizrahi Decl.”), Dkt. No. 25-6 at 5; see Compl.

¶ 70).

DISCUSSION

I. Entry of Default

Rule 55 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure establishes a two-step process for

obtaining a default judgment. See Shariff v. Beach 90th St. Realty Corp., No. 11-CV-

2551, 2013 WL 6835157, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2013) (adopting report and

recommendation). First, “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief

is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or

otherwise, the clerk must enter the party’s default.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). Second, after

default has been entered, and the defendant fails to appear or move to set aside the

default under Rule 55(c), the Court may, on plaintiff’s motion, enter a default judgment

against that defendant. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2). The Clerk of Court entered a default

against Giron and Guardado on June 14, 2023. (Clerk’s Entry of Default).

The next question, before reaching liability or damages, is whether Defendants’

conduct is sufficient to warrant entry of a default judgment. In determining whether to

enter a default judgment, the Court is guided by the same factors that apply to a motion

to set aside entry of a default. See Enron Oil Corp. v. Diakuhara, 10 F.3d 90, 96 (2d Cir.

1993); Pecarsky v. Galaxiworld.com, Ltd., 249 F.3d 167, 170–71 (2d Cir. 2001). These

factors are “1) whether the defendant’s default was willful; 2) whether defendant has a

meritorious defense to plaintiff’s claims; and 3) the level of prejudice the non-defaulting

party would suffer as a result of the denial of the motion for default judgment.” Mason

Tenders Dist. Council v. Duce Constr. Corp., No. 02-CV-9044, 2003 WL 1960584, at *2

(S.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2003).

First, Defendants’ failure to respond to the Complaint demonstrates their default

was willful. See, e.g., Indymac Bank v. Nat’l Settlement Agency, Inc., No. 07-CV-6865,

2007 WL 4468652, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2007) (finding that the defendants’ non-

appearance and failure to respond “indicate willful conduct” and granting plaintiff

default judgment against them). Giron and Guardado were properly served with a copy

of a summons and Complaint. (Summons Returned Executed dated May 4, 2023, Dkt.

No. 17; Summons Return Executed dated May 2, 2023, Dkt. No. 18). The motion for

default judgment and supporting papers were also served on Defendants on October 30,

2023, and the same was mailed to Giron’s last known business address and Guardado’s

last known residential address. (Affirm. of Service dated Nov. 15, 2023, attached as Ex.

G to Mizrahi Decl., Dkt. No. 25-7). Notwithstanding this notice and service, Defendants

did not respond to the Complaint, did not appear, and have not in any way attempted to

defend themselves. See, e.g., Sola Franchise Corp. v. Solo Salon Studios Inc., No. 14-

CV-946, 2015 WL 1299259, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2015) (adopting report and

recommendation) (“Defendant has not responded to Plaintiffs’ motion for default

judgment, has not appeared in this action, and has not communicated with the Court in

any way. Accordingly, Defendant’s failure to answer the Complaint and to respond to

the instant motion is sufficient to establish willfulness.”).

Second, the Court cannot conclude there is any meritorious defense to Plaintiffs’

allegations because Defendants did not appear, and no defense has been presented to

the Court. E.g., United States v. Hemberger, No. 11-CV-2241, 2012 WL 1657192, at *2

(E.D.N.Y. May 7, 2012); Indymac Bank, 2007 WL 4468652, at *1.

Third, Plaintiffs would be prejudiced if the motion for default judgment were

denied, “as there are no additional steps available to secure relief in this Court.” Bridge

Oil Ltd. v. Emerald Reefer Lines, LLC, No. 06-CV-14226, 2008 WL 5560868, at *2

(S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2008), report and recommendation adopted, Order (Jan. 26, 2009);

Sola Franchise Corp., 2015 WL 1299259, at *15 (finding the prejudice element was met

because “[w]ithout the entry of a default judgment, Plaintiffs would be unable to recover

for the claims”).

As a result, all three factors weigh in favor of the entry of default judgment. The

Court now turns to the liability imposed, damages, and other relief to be awarded.

II. Liability

In deciding a motion for default judgment, a court “is required to accept all of the

[plaintiff’s] factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in [his or her]

favor.” Finkel v. Romanowicz, 577 F.3d 79, 84 (2d Cir. 2009). A party’s default is

deemed an admission of all well-pleaded allegations of liability. See Greyhound

Exhibitgroup, Inc. v. E.L.U.L. Realty Corp., 973 F.2d 155, 158 (2d Cir. 1992); Morales v.

B&M Gen. Renovation Inc., No. 14-CV-7290, 2016 WL 1266624, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 9,

2016), report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL 1258482, at *2 (Mar. 29, 2016).

“Only after the district court is convinced that the facts meet the elements of the

relevant cause of action—whether those facts are established by well-pleaded allegations

or proven by admissible evidence—may the district court enter a default judgment.”

Henry v. Oluwole, No. 21-CV-2468, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 17218, at *20 (2d Cir. July

15, 2024).

“Nevertheless, it remains for the court to consider whether the unchallenged facts

constitute a legitimate cause of action, since a party in default does not admit

conclusions of law.” LaBarbera v. ASTC Laby’s Inc., 752 F. Supp. 2d 263, 270 (E.D.N.Y.

2010) (adopting report and recommendation) (citation and quotations omitted); see

also 10A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller et al., Federal Practice and Procedure

§ 2688.1 (4th ed. 2022) (“Once the default is established, defendant has no further

standing to contest the factual allegations of plaintiff’s claim for relief. Even after

default, however, it remains for the court to consider whether the unchallenged facts

constitute a legitimate cause of action, since a party in default does not admit

conclusions of law.” (footnote omitted)). “[T]he court must accept all well-pleaded

allegations in the complaint as true, except those pertaining to the amount of damages.”

Pineda v. Masonry Constr., Inc., 831 F. Supp. 2d 666, 675 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (first citing

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(6); and then citing Romanowicz, 577 F.3d at 83 n.6).

As discussed below, the Court respectfully recommends that Defendants be found

liable for violations of the minimum wage provisions of FLSA and NYLL, the overtime

provisions of FLSA and NYLL, and the spread-of-hours provision of NYLL.

A. Unpaid Minimum Wages Claims under FLSA and NYLL

Plaintiffs allege that Defendants failed to pay them the required minimum hourly

rate under FLSA and NYLL. Both FLSA and NYLL require employers to pay employees

at least federal or state minimum wage for each hour worked. 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1);

NYLL § 652(1). Further, where a state’s minimum wage is higher than the federal

minimum wage, the employer must pay the state minimum wage to satisfy FLSA’s

minimum wage requirement. 29 C.F.R. § 778.5; see 29 U.S.C. § 218; Martinez v.

Alimentos Saludables Corp., No. 16-CV-1997, 2017 WL 5033650, at *15 (E.D.N.Y. Sept.

22, 2017).

Plaintiffs allege that they were not paid any wages from March 24 to April 14,

2022, while working four days a week for 13 hours per day. (Compl. ¶¶ 37–39, 41–45,

47, 56; Sosa Aff. ¶¶ 7–9; Dominguez Aff. ¶¶ 7–9). Based on these undisputed allegations

in the Complaint, the Court finds Defendants liable for minimum wage violations under

FLSA and NYLL.

B. Unpaid Overtime Wages Claims

Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated the overtime provisions of both FLSA

and NYLL. (Compl. ¶¶ 65–70, 75–80). The Court finds that Plaintiffs have established

liability under both statutes.

FLSA’s overtime wage requirement provides that an employee working “in excess

of” 40 hours in a given workweek be compensated for that “excess work ‘at a rate not

less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed[.]’”3 Lundy v.

Cath. Health Sys. of Long Island Inc., 711 F.3d 106, 114 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting 29

U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)). Similarly, NYLL’s overtime provision specifies that eight hours

constitutes a “legal day’s work,” NYLL § 160(3), and that “[a]n employer shall pay an

employee for overtime at a wage rate of one and one-half times the employee’s regular

rate.” 12 N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. (“N.Y.C.R.R.”) tit. 12, § 142-2.2.

Plaintiffs allege that they both worked 52 hours per week for Defendants.

(Compl. ¶¶ 38–39, 43–44). And because they were not paid at all, they were not paid at

wages at a rate of time and a half for their hours worked in excess of 40 hours per week.

(Id. ¶¶ 40, 45, 46, 56). Based on these undisputed allegations, the Court finds that

Defendants are liable for violations of both FLSA and NYLL’s overtime provisions.

D. NYLL Spread of Hours Claim

Under NYLL, employees are entitled to recover an hour’s pay at the minimum

wage for every day the employees work more than 10 hours. 12 N.Y.C.C.R. § 142-2.4.

Plaintiffs allege they worked 13 hours per day, four days per week, without

receiving one hour’s pay at the minimum wage rate for any day that they worked a

spread of over 10 hours. (Compl. ¶¶ 38–39, 43–44). Based on these undisputed

allegations, the Court finds that Defendants are liable for violations of NYLL’s spread-

of-hours provision. See, e.g., Reyes v. Tacos El Gallo Giro Corp., No. 20-CV-3474, 2022

3 In other words, under FLSA, unpaid overtime wages are calculated by first

determining the employee’s regular hourly rate, and then multiplying that number by

1.5. The regular hourly rate is determined by “dividing the salary by the number of

hours which the salary is intended to compensate,” 29 C.F.R. § 778.113(a), or the

applicable minimum wage if the regular rate falls below the applicable minimum. Id.

§ 778.5.

WL 940504, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 25, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, 2022

WL 939769, at *1 (Mar. 29, 2022).

III. Damages

“While a party’s default is deemed to constitute a concession of all well pleaded

allegations of liability, it is not considered an admission of damages.” Greyhound

Exhibitgroup, 973 F.2d at 158. “Although the default establishes a defendant’s liability,

unless the amount of damages is certain, the court is required to make an independent

determination of the sum to be awarded.” Griffiths v. Francillon, No. 10-CV-3101, 2012

WL 1341077, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2012) (quotations and citations omitted), report

and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 1354481, at *2 (Apr. 13, 2012). “The court

must conduct an inquiry to ascertain the amount of damages with reasonable certainty.”

Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. El Norteno Rest. Corp., No. 06-CV-1878, 2007 WL

2891016, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2007) (citing Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency,

Inc. v. Ace Shipping Corp., 109 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir. 1992)). “Where, on a damages

inquest, a plaintiff fails to demonstrate its damages to a reasonable certainty, the court

should decline to award any damages even though liability has been established through

default.” Lenard v. Design Studio, 889 F. Supp. 2d 518, 527 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (adopting

report and recommendation) (collecting cases).

That being said, because under FLSA “[t]he burden is on an employer properly to

record hours,” a “plaintiff need not compute FLSA damages with precision.” Harold

Levinson Assocs., Inc. v. Chao, 37 F. App’x 19, 20–21 (2d Cir. 2002). An employee may

meet her burden of showing the amount and extent of her hours worked through her

own recollection. See Pineda, 831 F. Supp. at 674. As such, “[i]n a FLSA case, in the

absence of rebuttal by defendants, plaintiffs’ recollection and estimates of hours worked

are presumed to be correct.” Ting Yao Lin v. Hayashi Ya II, Inc., No. 08-CV-6071,

2009 WL 289653, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2009) (collecting cases), report and

recommendation adopted, 2009 WL 513371, at *1 (Feb. 27, 2009); see also McLean v.

Wayside Outreach Dev. Inc., 624 F. App’x 44, 45 (2d Cir. 2015) (holding that district

court did not abuse its discretion by failing to hold a hearing to determine damages

where the court relied on “a single affidavit only partially based upon real numbers”

(citations omitted)).

A. Unpaid Minimum Wages

Although Defendants are liable under both FLSA and NYLL for failing to pay

Plaintiffs the minimum wage, supra pp.8, Plaintiffs cannot recover unpaid wages under

both statutes for any period of overlapping work. See Fermin v. Las Delicias Peruanas

Rest., Inc., 93 F. Supp. 3d 19, 49 n.15 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Plaintiffs may not recover for

unpaid wages under both statutes[.]”). NYLL requires that an employee be paid at or

above the state minimum wage rate. See NYLL § 652(1)(a). During 2022, Plaintiffs

Sosa and Dominguez were not paid any wages and thus were paid below the applicable

New York State minimum wage. The Court’s calculations of the Plaintiffs unpaid

minimum wages are set out below.

Total

Minimum Applicable Regular Total Unpaid

Time Period Hourly Wage Paid to Plaintiff UW na dg ee r M Wi an gi em Pu em r WH oo ru kr es d WW oe re kk es d R Heg ou ul ra sr Mi Wni am geu m

NYLL Hour Per Week Worked Under

NYLL

2022 $0.00 $15.00 $15.00 40 3 120 $1,800

Total $1,800

Because Plaintiffs allege that they worked the same hours, the Court recommends

awarding each Plaintiff $1,800.00 in unpaid minimum wages.4

B. Unpaid Overtime Wages

Both federal and state law require that employers pay employees a 50% premium

for their overtime hours—that is, the hours in excess of 40 that they have worked in each

work week. 29 C.F.R. § 778.105; N.Y.C.R.R. tit. 12, § 146-1.4. Like above, Plaintiffs

cannot recover unpaid overtime compensation under both statutes for any period of

overlapping work. See Pinzon v. Paul Lent Mech. Sys. Inc., No. 11-CV-3384, 2012 WL

4174725, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 21, 2012) (holding that a plaintiff may “not double dip” or

obtain a “double recovery” of unpaid overtime wages under FLSA and the NYLL), report

and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 4174410, at *1 (Sept. 19, 2012). “If a plaintiff is

entitled to damages under both federal and state wage law, the Court has discretion to

award [that plaintiff] damages under the statute providing the greatest amount of

relief.” Gamero v. Koodo Sushi Corp., 272 F. Supp. 3d 481, 498 (S.D.N.Y. 2017)

(alteration in original) (quotations omitted), aff’d, 752 F. App’x 33, 37 (2d Cir. 2018).

As explained herein, the Court recommends each Plaintiff be awarded $810.00 in

unpaid overtime wages.

Plaintiffs allege they worked from March 24, 2022, to and including April 14,

2022, for approximately 52 hours each week, of which 12 hours would constitute

overtime. (Compl. ¶¶ 39, 44). The NYLL minimum hourly rate of pay during this time

4 Plaintiffs’ calculations combine all unpaid wages and seek $2,657.14 for each

Plaintiff. (Damages Calculations (“Damages Calculations”), attached as Ex. A to Mizrahi

Decl., Dkt. No. 25-1).

was $15.00. The overtime hourly rate is 1.5 times the hourly rate; therefore, Plaintiffs

are owed $22.50 for each overtime hour worked over the relevant period.

The Court’s calculations are set out below.

March 24–April 14, 2022

Hours Worked Per Week 52

Wages Received $0.00

NYLL Regular Hourly Rate $15.00

NYLL Overtime Rate $22.50

Weekly Overtime Hours 12

Weekly Overtime Wages Owed $270.00

Weeks Worked 3

Total Overtime Wages Owed $810.00

The Court recommends that each Plaintiff be awarded $810.00 in unpaid

overtime damages.

C. Unpaid Spread of Hours Under NYLL

Plaintiffs seek recovery for Defendants’ spread-of-hours violations. (Compl.

¶¶ 81–84). Pursuant to NYLL, employees are entitled to “receive one hour’s pay at the

basic minimum hourly wage rate, in addition to the minimum wage required in this Part

for any day in which . . . the spread of hours exceeds 10 hours.” 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142-

2.4(a); see Vazquez v. 142 Knickerbocker Enter., Corp., 409 F. Supp. 3d 81, 87

(E.D.N.Y. 2018).

The Court calculates the spread-of-hours pay owed to Plaintiffs as set out below.

Spread of Spread of

Pay Period Week Hours Days Actual Applicable Hours

Per Week Houry Rate Min. Wage Wages

Owed

March 24-March, 31, 2022 1 4 $0.00 $15.00 $60.00

April 1-April 7, 2022 2 4 $0.00 $15.00 $60.00

April 8-April 14, 2022 3 4 $0.00 $15.00 $60.00

Total unpaid spread-of-hours wages $180.00

The Court thus recommends that each Plaintiff be awarded $180.00 in unpaid

spread of hours wages.

C. Liquidated Damages

Plaintiffs seek liquidated damages under NYLL.5 (Pls.’ Mem. of Law at 11–12).

An employee can recover liquidated damages under NYLL “unless the employer

proves a good faith basis for believing that its underpayment of wages was in

compliance with the law.” NYLL § 198(1-a). For all NYLL claims that accrued on or

after April 9, 2011, an employer is liable for liquidated damages equal to one hundred

percent of the total amount of wages found to be due. Id. § 663(1).

In light of the default by Defendants, there has been no showing that they acted

in good faith or that the Court should exercise its discretion to deny liquidated damages.

See Brock v. Wiliamowsky, 833 F.2d 11, 19 (2d Cir. 1987) (noting that employer bears

burden of establishing good faith defense under § 260 through “plain and substantial

evidence”); Khan v. IBI Armored Servs., Inc., 474 F. Supp. 2d 448, 459 (E.D.N.Y. 2007)

(“Simply put, double damages are the norm, single damages the exception, the burden

on the employer.” (quotations and citation omitted)); Xochimitl v. Pita Grill of Hell’s

Kitchen, Inc., No. 14-CV-10234, 2016 WL 4704917, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2016),

report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL 6879258, at *1 (Nov. 21, 2016).

Based on the recommendation that Plaintiffs each be awarded $1,800.00 in

unpaid minimum wages, $810.00 in unpaid overtime wages, and $180.00 in spread-of-

5 Though the memorandum of law states that “Plaintiffs are entitled to an award

of liquidated damages under the FLSA,” they also request pre-judgment interest, which

they acknowledge can only be awarded where liquidated damages are calculated under

NYLL. Accordingly, the Court concludes Plaintiffs intended to recover liquidated

damages under NYLL. (Pls.’ Mem. of Law at 12).

hours compensation (a total of $2,790.00),6 the Court recommends that each Plaintiff

be awarded $2,790.00 in liquidated damages.

D. Pre-Judgment Interest

Plaintiffs also seek pre-judgment interest under NYLL. (Pls.’ Mem. of Law at 12,

14–15). “NYLL permits the award of both liquidated damages and pre-judgment

interest.” Fermin v. Las Delicias Peruanas Rest., Inc, 93 F. Supp. 3d 19, 48 (E.D.N.Y.

2015).7 Plaintiffs are each entitled to an award of pre-judgment interest on their NYLL

damages at a rate of 9% per year. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 5004. Where, as here, unpaid wages

are “incurred at various times, interest shall be computed . . . from a single reasonable

intermediate date.” Id. § 5001(b); Coulibaly v. Millennium Super Car Wash, Inc., No.

12-CV-4760, 2013 WL 6021668, at *15 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 13, 2013) (adopting report and

recommendation). Courts have discretion in choosing a reasonable date from which to

calculate pre-judgment interest. See Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 49 (“Courts applying

N.Y. CPLR § 5001 have wide discretion in determining a reasonable date from which to

award pre-judgment interest[.]” (quotations omitted)). The most commonly used

intermediate date is the “median date between the earliest ascertainable date the cause

of action existed and the date the action was filed[.].” See, e.g., Gunawan v. Sake Sushi

Rest., 897 F. Supp. 2d 76, 93 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (collecting cases).

6 The Court’s calculation differs from Plaintiffs’ total calculation of $2,657.14.

(Damages Calculation at 2–3). Plaintiffs’ damages calculations appear to be erroneous,

and although a party may seek fewer damages than he is entitled to, Plaintiffs clearly

seek a full 100% of liquidated damages.

7 Pre-judgment interest is calculated based on the unpaid wages due under NYLL

only, not on liquidated damages. See Jin Li v. W. Metal Work & Supply, Inc., No. 17-

CV-1015, 2019 WL 2436275, at *6 n.7 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2019), report and

recommendation adopted, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56849, at *1 (Mar. 29, 2019).

Plaintiffs began working for Defendants on March 24, 2022 and ended their

employment after completing work on April 14, 2022. (Compl. ¶¶ 39, 44). The

Complaint was filed on August 11, 2022. There are 140 days between these dates. Half

of 140 is 70; 70 days from March 24, 2022 is June 2, 2022. The Court recommends that

pre-judgment interest be awarded to Plaintiffs by the Clerk of Court in a daily amount of

$0.69 per day from June 2, 2022, until the date final judgment is entered.8

E. Post-Judgment Interest

Plaintiffs also request post-judgment interest pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1961. (See

Compl. ¶ 80). “The award of post-judgment interest is mandatory on awards in civil

cases as of the date judgment is entered.” Lewis v. Whelan, 99 F.3d 542, 545 (2d Cir.

1996) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a)). The Court therefore recommends a post-judgment

interest award on the total damages, at the rate set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1961, calculated

from the date on which the Clerk of Court enters judgment until the date of payment.

See Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 53 (listing cases and awarding post-judgment interest in

FLSA cases).

IV. Attorney’s Fees and Costs

It is well-settled that FLSA and NYLL provide for an award of reasonable

attorney’s fees and costs to a prevailing plaintiff. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (“The court . . .

shall, in addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow a

reasonable attorney’s fee to be paid by the defendant, and costs of the action.”); NYLL

§ 198(1-a) (“In any action instituted in the courts upon a wage claim by an employee or

8 The total amount per Plaintiff ($2,790.00) at nine percent annually results in

approximately $251.10 per year in interest, or $0.69 per day per plaintiff (rounded)

based on 365 days per calendar year.

the commissioner in which the employee prevails, the court shall allow such employee

to recover . . . all reasonable attorney’s fees[.]”). By virtue of the entry of default

judgment, Dominguez and Sosa are prevailing plaintiffs. The “starting point” for

determining the amount of attorney’s fees to be paid by Defendants is calculation of the

“lodestar,” which is “the product of a reasonable hourly rate and the reasonable number

of hours required by the case.” Millea v. Metro-N. R.R. Co., 658 F.3d 154, 166 (2d Cir.

2011).

When assessing whether legal fees are reasonable, the Court determines the

“presumptively reasonable fee” for an attorney’s services by examining what reasonable

clients would be willing to pay. See Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n

v. County of Albany, 522 F.3d 182, 183–84 (2d Cir. 2008). To calculate the

presumptively reasonable fee, a court must first determine a reasonable hourly rate for

the legal services performed. Id. The next step is to determine the reasonableness of

the hours expended by counsel. See, e.g., LaBarbera v. Empire State Trucking, Inc.,

No. 07-CV-669, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125161, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2008), report

and recommendation adopted, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21770, at *3 (Mar. 17, 2008).

The number of hours spent on a lawsuit are considered unreasonable if they are

excessive, redundant, or unnecessary. See, e.g., LaBarbera v. Frank J. Batchelder

Transp. LLC, No. 08-CV-3387, 2009 WL 240521, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2009) (citing

Gierlinger v. Gleason, 160 F.3d 858, 876 (2d Cir. 1998)) (adopting report and

recommendation). “District courts have broad discretion, using their experience with

the case, as well as their experience with the practice of law, to assess the reasonableness

of each component of a fee award.” Finkel v. Captre Elec. Supply Co., No. 14-CV-3584,

2015 WL 5316257, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. July 31, 2015) (quotations omitted), report and

recommendation adopted, 2015 WL 5330388, at *1 (Sept. 11, 2015).

A. Hourly Rate

Turning first to the reasonable hourly rate, the Court first examines the

experience and qualifications of counsel seeking the fee award. In determining the

lodestar, courts “should generally use the hourly rates employed in the district in which

the reviewing court sits in calculating the presumptively reasonable fee.” Simmons v.

N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 575 F.3d 170, 174 (2d Cir. 2009) (quotations omitted). “Courts in

the Eastern District have recently awarded hourly rates ranging from $300 to $450 for

partners, $200 to $325 for senior associates, $100 to $200 for junior associates, and

$70 to $100 for legal support staff in FLSA cases.” Diaz v. Rene French Cleaners, Inc.,

No. 20-CV-3848, 2022 WL 4646866, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 29, 2022) (quotations

omitted), report and recommendation adopted, 2022 WL 4662247, at *1 (Sept. 30,

2022). “The burden is on the party moving for attorney’s fees to justify the hourly rates

sought.” Brown v. Green 317 Madison, LLC, No. 11-CV-4466, 2014 WL 1237448, at *5

(E.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2014) (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983)), report

and recommendation adopted, 2014 WL 1237127, at *1 (Mar. 25, 2014). That is, “the

fee applicant [has the burden] to produce satisfactory evidence—in addition to the

attorney’s own affidavits—that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in

the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill,

experience, and reputation.” Id. (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11

(1984)); see also Farbotko v. Clinton County, 433 F.3d 204, 208 (2d Cir. 2005) (“The

relevant community . . . is the district in which the court sits.”).

Joshua D. Levin-Epstein (“Mr. Levin-Epstein”) and Eunon Jason Mizrahi (“Mr.

Mizrahi”) of Levin Epstein & Associates, P.C., represent Plaintiffs and seek attorney’s

fees for themselves and their paralegal, Alexis Abrego (“Ms. Abrego”). (Pls.’ Mem. of

Law at 12–14).9

Mr. Mizrahi is an associate attorney at Levin-Epstein & Associates and requests

an hourly rate of $350. (Pls.’ Mem. of Law at 12–14; Mizrahi Decl. ¶¶ 1, 7). Mr. Mizrahi

graduated from Brooklyn Law School in 2016, after which he practiced as an associate at

a different firm concentrating in labor and employment law. (Mizrahi Decl. ¶ 7). The

Court finds Mr. Mizrahi’s rate excessive, as it is at the high end of what courts in this

district award for work by senior associates in FLSA and NYLL cases. The Court finds

that it is appropriate to award him an hourly rate within the range of that awarded to

senior associates in this district. See Jones v. Pawar Bros. Corp., No. 17-CV-3018, 2023

WL 6214213, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2023) (noting the hourly rate range for senior

associates in FLSA cases as $200 to $325) (collecting cases). The Court declines to

award above-average fees to Mr. Mizrahi and finds an hourly rate of $325 appropriate.

Alexis Abrego is counsel’s paralegal and requests an hourly rate of $50. (See

Contemporaneous Billing Records). The Court finds it is appropriate to award the

requested $50 per hour for Ms. Abrego. See Calle v. Pizza Palace Cafe LLC, No. 20-CV-

4178, 2022 WL 609142, at *15 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2022) (awarding $75 per hour for

paralegal work).

9 Plaintiffs include biographical information and a requested hourly rate for Mr.

Levin-Epstein, but they do not provide contemporaneous time records of any hours

expended by Mr. Levin-Epstein. Accordingly, the Court’s calculations do not include

any hours expended by Mr. Levin-Epstein. (See Contemporaneous Billing Records

(“Contemporaneous Billing Records”), attached as Ex. B. to Mizrahi Decl., Dkt. No. 25-

2).

B. Hours Expended

Turning to the reasonableness of time expended, courts look to the

contemporaneous time records of the attorneys. The Second Circuit requires that “any

attorney . . . who applies for court-ordered compensation in this Circuit . . . document

the application with contemporaneous time records.” N.Y. State Ass’n for Retarded

Child., Inc. v. Carey, 711 F.2d 1136, 1148 (2d Cir. 1983). Those records “should specify,

for each attorney, the date, the hours expended, and the nature of the work done.” Id.

To be contemporaneous, the time records “must be made . . . while the work is being

done or . . . immediately thereafter.” Handschu v. Special Servs. Div., 727 F. Supp. 2d

239, 249 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). “Descriptions of work recollected in tranquility days or weeks

later will not do.” Id. “The contemporaneous time records requirement is strictly

enforced[.]” Valentine v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., No. 14-CV-1752, 2016 WL 4544036, at *7

(E.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2016).

“[C]ourts are . . . expected to take into account their own familiarity and

experience both ‘generally’ and with the particular case at hand, rather than attaining

‘exactitude’ with respect to each individual billing entry.” Concrete Flotation Sys., Inc.

v. Tadco Constr. Corp., No. 07-CV-319, 2010 WL 2539771, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 15,

2010) (citing Clarke v. Frank, 960 F.2d 1146, 1153 (2d Cir. 1992)), report and

recommendation adopted, 2010 WL 2539661, at *1 (June 17, 2010). “The court must

assess whether the hours expended by plaintiff’s counsel were reasonable, and exclude

any hours that were excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary to the litigation.”

See Nuriddinov v. Masada III, Inc., No. 15-CV-5875, 2017 WL 9253401, at *12

(E.D.N.Y. July 24, 2017), report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL 1251335, at *1

(Mar. 12, 2018). Courts have “the authority to make across-the-board percentage cuts in

hours as a practical means of trimming fat from a fee application.” In re Agent Orange

Prod. Liab. Litig., 818 F.2d 226, 237 (2d Cir. 1987) (quotations omitted).

Counsel submitted contemporaneous billing records showing the legal services

rendered for work performed, including the dates that the services were provided, the

amount of time during which services were provided, and a brief description of each

task performed. According to the billing records submitted, Mr. Mizrahi spent a total of

31.65 hours on this case, and Ms. Abrego spent 0.75 hours on this case.

(Contemporaneous Billing Records at 5). Having reviewed the submitted time records,

the Court finds these hours excessive and unnecessary and recommends an across-the-

board percentage cut.

The Court finds 32.4 hours exceeds the number of hours regularly approved in

FLSA and NYLL default judgment cases. See, e.g., Leon v. Chen, No. 16-CV-480, 2017

WL 1184149, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2017) (finding that 13.51 hours was reasonable in

a FLSA/NYLL default judgment motion); Zhang v. Red Mountain Noodle House, Inc.,

No. 15-CV-628, 2016 WL 4124304, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. July 4, 2016) (approving total of 22.1

hours in default judgment FLSA case), report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL

4099090 (Aug. 2, 2016).

In light of the unnecessary hours spent and excessive number of hours requested

for a FLSA default judgment case, the Court recommends that the total amount of hours

be reduced by 15% across the board. This results in the following fee calculations, based

upon the adjusted hourly rates:

Mr. Mizrahi Ms. Abrego

Requested Billing Rate $350 $50

Awarded Billing Rate $325 $50

Requested Hours Billed 31.65 0.75

15% Reduction in Hours 26.9 0.64

Attorney’s Fees $8,742.50 $32.00

Total Attorney’s Fees: $8,774.50

The Court recommends $8,774.50 be awarded in attorney’s fees.

C. Costs

Counsel also seeks reimbursement for $865.55 in costs consisting of $402 in

filing fees, and $463.55 in service of process costs. (Pls.’ Mem. of Law at 14; Cost

Entries (“Cost Invoices”), attached as Ex. C to Mizrahi Decl., Dkt. No. 25-3). Under both

FLSA and NYLL, a prevailing plaintiff is entitled to recover costs from the defendant.

See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); NYLL § 663(1). Ordinarily, plaintiffs may recover “[c]osts

relating to filing fees, process servers, postage, and photocopying.” Teamsters Loc. 814

Welfare Fund v. Dahill Moving & Storage Co., 545 F. Supp. 2d 260, 269 (E.D.N.Y.

2008). Only those costs that are tied to “identifiable, out-of-pocket disbursements” are

recoverable. Moon v. Gab Kwon, 99-CV-11810, 2002 WL 31512816, at *8 (S.D.N.Y.

2002) (quoting Kuzma v. IRS, 821 F.2d 930, 933–34 (2d Cir. 1987)).

Plaintiffs submitted invoices as evidence for each of the requested costs. (Costs

Invoices). The filing fees are also supported by the docket entry that indicates that the

filing fee was paid. (Dkt. No. 1); see, e.g., Shalto v. Bay of Bengal Kabob Corp., No. 12-

CV-920, 2013 WL 867420, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2013) (holding that filing fees are

recoverable without supporting documentation if verified by the docket). The Court

deems these costs to be reasonable and recommends that Plaintiffs be awarded $865.55

in costs.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, it is respectfully recommended that default

judgment be entered against Defendants Guardado and Giron and that Plaintiffs be

awarded:

• $1,800.00 each in unpaid minimum wages ($3,600 total);

• $810.00 each in unpaid overtime wages ($1,620 total);

• $180.00 each in spread-of-hours wages ($360 total);

• $2,790.00 each in liquidated damages ($5,580);

• Pre-judgment interest in the amount of $0.69 per day between June 2, 2022 and

the day judgment is entered;

• Post-judgment interest in an amount to be calculated by the Clerk of Court

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a);

• $8,774.50 in attorney’s fees; and

• $865.55 in costs.

The Court also recommends that claims for failure to provide wage statements,

wage notices, and wage frequency claims be dismissed. (See supra n.2).

Within 14 days of the adoption of this R&R, Plaintiffs are directed to show good

cause for their failure to timely serve the Doe Defendant. Failure to demonstrate such

cause will result in dismissal without prejudice of the claims against the Doe Defendant.

See supra pp.1–2 n.1; Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) (“[T]he court . . . must dismiss the action

without prejudice[.]”). Alternatively, Plaintiffs may voluntarily dismiss the Doe

Defendant. See Animas v. Balcon Quiteno Inc., No. 14-CV-3763, 2016 WL 1271478, at

*2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2016).

Any objections to the Report and Recommendation above must be filed with the

Clerk of the Court within 14 days of service of this report. Failure to file objections

within the specified time may waive the right to appeal any judgment or order entered

by the District Court in reliance on this Report and Recommendation. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2); see also Caidor v. Onondaga County, 517 F.3d 601,

604 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[F]ailure to object timely to a magistrate[] [judge’s] report operates

as a waiver of any further judicial review of the magistrate[] [judge’s] decision.”

(quotations omitted)).

Plaintiffs are directed to serve a copy of this Report and Recommendation on

Defendants and file proof of such service on the docket.

SO ORDERED.

/s/ Sanket J. Bulsara August 15, 2024

SANKET J. BULSARA

United States Magistrate Judge

Brooklyn, New York